Fueling H2 City

Fueling H2 CityBy: Brad Fairchild, Annan Shang, Eddie Trejo, Kristen Woznick1Graphical Representation (trimetric)

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Definition of Needs and RequirementsObjectiveBackgroundRequirementsConsiderationsIssues

7ObjectiveChange a citys infrastructure to incorporate 100% Hydrogen and Hydrogen/ compressed natural gas blends (HCNG) from renewable resources to develop a world class, sustainable energy community by developing a fueling station

8BackgroundAir Products global provider of atmospheric, process and specialty gases, performance materials, equipment and servicesCommitted to safety and environment by being a leader in hydrogen production and distributionBuild relationships with customers through understanding, integrity, and passionAnnual revenues: $8.3 billion while operating in 30 countriesCurrently involved in 110 fueling projects in 18 countriesPaving the way for a future hydrogen economy

9Requirements: specificsProduce Hydrogen at 350 and 700 BAR PressureSuitable for passenger cars and commercial vehiclesHCNG contains 30% Hydrogen at 250 Bar in order to accommodate city public transportation vehicles and commercial vehiclesProvide enough hydrogen through a capable fueling station that is run to capacity to replace all the gas/ diesel fuel with minimum opportunity costsHydrogen fuel cell vehicles and HCNG fueled vehicles are readily available

10Requirements: ConsiderationsCityPopulationRenewable resourcesFuel dispensing methodStorage systemFueling station amenitiesSupply methodGasLiquidPipeline supplyOn site production

11Requirements: IssuesSafetyEnvironmental ImpactShift to new forms of energy that are sustainable, pollution free and domestically producedBetter environment, economic growth, and improved national securityEconomic ViabilityGeographic Location12ProposalsOption 1: BradOption 2: AnnanOption 3: EddieOption 4: Kristen13Option 1: BradLocation: Mineola, TexasSuburban area 20 minutes outside of Dallas, TexasDeveloped and located just outside the city so that a car can travel to and from the city on one tank of gasSource of H2/ HCNG: Nuclear Reactor*thermochemical processes is $1.30 per kg of H2 Electrolysis is $3.00 per kg H2 cost of 6 cents per kWh. Storage of H2/ HCNG: on site and cooled to liquid formCompressed by small reformers in building and pushed into cylindersAbove ground in giant thermosNo required electricityStored indefinitelyLiquid hydrogen tankImproves energy densityAble to store more hydrogen than compressed gas tankIssue: hydrogen boiling off, energy for liquefaction, volume, weight, and tank cost14Option 1: BradFuel Dispensing MethodGasoline dispensing with pumpTake several minutesPower for operationsNuclear power plant power/ electricity to stationImpact in location/ areaNuclear reactor take up large location in townunappealingSafety Issues:Nuclear wastePollution/ excess in airRadiation exposure

16Option 2: AnnanLocation: Dearborn, MichiganRouge river runs through the cityHydrogen station located close byMajor employersAuto suppliersTransport Hydrogen by trucks provided by nearby auto suppliersUniversity of Michigan Dearborn and Henry Ford community collegeRecruit employees from nearby colleges and universitiesHome of Ford Motor CompanyControls many properties owned by Ford including sales and leasing to unrelated businesesPopulation=98,153 26 miles from Detroit17Option 2: AnnanSource of H2/ HCNG: lab hydrogen stationContains liquid H2 and liquid to compress to H2 leaving the options open or interchangeable for storageChoose liquid carry more when liquefiedStorage of H2/ HCNG: liquidFuel Dispensing MethodPower for operations: Water power using nearby riverImpact in location/ areaAdjusts to area well due to the surrounding motor companiesDownside: location is 26 miles from Detroit meaning low trafficLeased by Ford Motor CompanyMany properties owned by FordSafety IssuesWhere it is placed and what its run with, do not know how it is not safe enough

Option 3: EddieLocation: Zurich, SwitzerlandPipelines already in placeGovernment initiative pushing for clean energy by 2012Source of H2/ HCNG: PhotoelectricalStorage of H2/ HCNG: GasLiquid conversion energy and cost expensiveFuel Dispensing MethodNozzle dispenser*Power for operations: HydroelectricAlready in place in ZurichUse of water to power operationsImpact in location/ areaProduce a complete green energy zone with the aid of the governmentSafety Issues: none

19Option 4: KristenLocation: Los Angeles, CaliforniaSource of H2/ HCNG: Electrolysis provided with electricity from solar panelSeparates hydrogen and oxygen from water by providing electric current produced by renewable power2 electrodes connected to power sourceOxygen released into airHydrogen gas is collected and storedVoltage is ineeficient, cost =gainsUse mixed proton-electron conducting membrane while water is decomposed on feed surfaceH is ionized or loses electronsOn permeate side combine into hydrogen gas molecules20Option 4: kristenStorage of H2/ HCNG: On site ProductionElectrolyzer refrigerator attached to water lineLocated in forecourt or canopySolar panels connected to grid day=electricity Night=used by electrolyzer for hydrogen production\50 vehicles per dayFuel Dispensing MethodNozzle dispenser*Power for operations: Solar Panel*Impact in location/ areaDo not produce toxic or greenhouse gas emissionsDo not burn fossil fuelsCan be recycled inexpensivelyExpand transit program

New vehicle optionsJobs and business opportunitiesLay foundation for new commercial marketFuel for non vehicle operationsSafety issuesWind resistanceFewer power-generating technologies have as little environmental impact as solar panelsHazards associate with life cycles of voltaic cellsChemicals in manufacturing process

22Determining Weight Factors

23Weighted Selection Matrix

24Final Concept ProposalLocation: Los Angeles, CaliforniaSources: Nuclear ReactorStorage: Delivered as gasDispensing of fuel: Nozzle DispenserPower for operation: solar panelImpact on locationSafety25Functional Process DiagramSafety needsHydrogen ProductionDistribution of Hydrogen to Fueling StationHydrogen fuel supplyAmenitiesEnvironmentCompliance at levels lower than existing emission standards Consumer AppealDelivery of fuel to applicationAdequate supply of Hydrogen, at least cost & impact on the environmentHydrogenSafe and incident free workforce and work placeFunctional Process DiagramHydrogen fuel supplyAmenitiesEnvironmentSafety needsHydrogen ProductionDelivery of fuel to applicationConsumer AppealDistribution of Hydrogen to Fueling StationSafe and incident free workforce and work placeHydrogenAdequate supply of Hydrogen, at least cost & impact on the environmentCompliance at levels lower than existing emission standards Safety and emergency response trainingOperating procedureMeet emission standardEquipment and operational reviewsOn site safety auditsPermitsCodes and StandardsVaporizerCompressorHigh Pressure storage (7000 psi)Dispensed at 250-350 BarDelivered as gasCompressedPacked into cylindersstorageTube trailerNuclear reactorelectrolysisH20H+ and OH-27Final SolutionLocation of Fueling Station: Los Angeles, CaliforniaLargest producer of HydrogenCurrently state has 6 Hydrogen fuel stations open to the public 46 stations by 201410/15 most populated U.S. cities are located in CA#1 being Los AngelesHighest U.S. average gas prices among 50 statesLeast expensive price in northern CA: Modesto at $3.84Highest average price in CA: Eureka at $4.06Capabiltity to meet Californias 2007 heavy duty emissions standard with less than 0.2 g horsepower hourUses 30% Hydrogen, 70% compressed natural gasVehicles run with reduced carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbon emissions

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29Final Solution: Source of H2/ HCNGNuclear Reactorthermochemical processes is $1.30 per kg of H2 Electrolysis is $3.00 per kg H2 cost of 6 cents per kWhReactor solely devoted to hydrogen productionElectricity generation is by renewable resources instead Pebble Bed Modular Reactor 30Pebble Bed Modular ReactorCurrently,Small pebbles of low-enriched uranium (few percent) are coated with ceramics and graphitePressed into balls, size of an orange million pebbles placed into reactor coreHelium gas = coolant does not absorb neutrons to produce radioactive products but carries away heat generated by nuclear fissionPebbles heat helium which drives turbine connected to a generatorControl rods composed of cadmium or boron, control the process by absorbing neutrons to keep it self sustaining and protects the process from overheating

31Pebble bed modular reactorDoes not need to be shut down to add more fuel Simply add more pebbles to the top of the pileDecreased efficiencyCapture neutrons as fission products accumulatesProblemsTransport of nuclear waste on nations roadsDisposal of radioactive wastesFormation of glass, ceramic, or synthetic rock from wastesPlaced in high resistant containers and buried undergroundRadioactive fuel rods removed stored for several months in pools at reactor sitesAllow decay of radioactive nuclei20 half lives are necessary to allow radioactively levels to decrease levels of radioactivity to be acceptable for biological exposure

Pebble Bed Modular ReactorIn Future,High temperature gas to crack steam to produce hydrogenWater is the coolantH20H+ and OH-Reaction between zirconium and the oxygen in water molecule takes place at high temperatures Releases hydrogen at around 1200 degrees Fahrenheitfuel bundles uncovered the uranium pellets are clad in a zirconium alloymelting

33

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35Final Solution: storage of H2/ HCNGcompressed hydrogen gas tanksWhen produced, compressed and packaged into cylindersTube trailer leaves tubes or trailer in designated area on siteFed to pipes connected to dispenserLess equipmentCan store less hydrogen

36Final solution: dispensing of fuelCustomer turns on hydrogen dispenserFuel flows from tank through pipes (above or below ground)Passes through silver heat exchangers to warm temperatureIf dispensed at 35MPa, the fuel goes directly into vehicleIf dispensed at 70MPa, hydrogen flows to another compressor where it is cooled and compressed Different pressures require different nozzles for the Hydrogen fuelRequires 3-5 minutes for 350 BAR or 7-10 minutes for 700 BAR to fill a cars tank

37Compressed Hydrogen Gas TankVolumetric capacity: 0.030 kg/L for 10,000 psi gas tanksStored at higher pressuresCarbon fiber reinforced 5000 psi-10,000 psi compressed hydrogen gas tanksInner liner = high molecular weight polymer hydrogen gas permeation barrierShell=carbon fiber epoxy resin gas pressure load bearing componentOuter shell=impact and damage resistanceLocated in the tank temperature sensor and pressure regulatorAs tank temperature decreases, gas tank volumetric capacity increases38

39Final Solution: Power for OperationPower for station operations (not including nuclear reactor): solar powerSolar panels (photovoltaic cells)use renewable sun energy Clean and environmentally soundConvert photons to electricity through photovoltaic effectutilize a large-area p-n junction diodethe p-n junction diodes convert the energy from sunlight into usable electrical energy Striking photons produce energy that knocks electrons out of their orbit and they are releasedelectric fields in solar cells pull free electrons in a directional current metal contacts in solar cell produce electricitySeveral panelsUse crystalline silicon cells or thin film cells connected to copper or solver wire in a parallel seriesPlace in direct sunlightDynamic mounts that follow position of the sun in the skyAverage price = $4.30 per wattEfficiency: convert 20% of captured sunlight40

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42Impact on LocationMining of uraniumEmit less radiation to surrounding areas than coal power plantsRadioactive wastePollution in airRadiation exposureEmployment opportunities to surrounding areasBurden to areaNew roads, highways, etc SafetyFlammability of hydrogenOxygen must be presentRadioactive wasteFederal government will not allow waste to be refurbishedNot allowed to be used again in nuclear reactor like FranceMaintain own waste

Sourceshttp://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-10204075-48.htmlhttp://gasbuddy.com/gb_gastemperaturemap.aspxhttp://www.nirs.org/factsheets/hydrogenbynuclear.pdfhttp://beniciaherald.wordpress.com/2011/03/08/aaa-california-has-nations-highest-gas-prices/Chemistry: The Central Science, 11th edition, Pearson Education, Incorporated, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2009http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/hydrogen_storage.html?m=1&http://www.solarpanelinfo.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panelhttp://www.gizmag.com/honda-solar-powered-ev-charging-station/17326/http://www.deskeng.com/articles/aaantj.htmhttp://www.3dcontentcentral.com/search.aspx?arg=pan&keywordsnavigator=Household&contentsourcefilter=!Supplier%7CUserSupplied%20(SupplierAgent)%7CUser&tagsnavigator=panelhttp://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mvigeant/univ_270_03/john/sources.htmhttp://www.hydrogencarsnow.com/hydrogen-electrolysis.htmhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/natural_gas.html?m=1&http://www.fuelcellpartnership.org/hydrogen-station-configurationhttp://cafcp.org/sites/files/FountainValleyDiagram(out)_.jpghttp://www.cityofdearborn/org/work/where-we-workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearborn._Michiganhttp://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/h2fuelingstations.pdf

45Criteria/ RequirementsLocation of fueling station(s)Source of H2/HCNGStorage of H2/HCNGFuel dispensing methodPower for operationsImpact in location/ areaSafety IssuesTotal for each rowWF for each row = Total of row/ Sum of totals

Location of the Fueling Station(s) (Area, integration with infrastructure)0001102.10

Source of H2/HCNG1011104.19

Storage of H2/HCNG1111004.19

Fuel dispensing method1000001.05

Power for operations0001001.05

Impact in location/ area0011103.14

Safety Issues1111116.29

Sum of TotalsSum of WFs = 100%

Weight Factors of Criteria = WFOption 1 BradOption 2AnnanOption 3EddieOption 4KristenOption

Criteria/ Requirements

Location of fueling station(s) (Area, integration with infrastructure).102

.23

.33

.34

.4Option 4

Source of H2, HCNG (Production, delivery).194

.762

.383

.573

.57Option 1

Storage of H2/ HCNG (Fueling station facilities).192

.382

.383

.573

.57Option 3,4

Fuel dispensing method (Fueling station facilities).052

.12

.12

.12

.1Option 1,2,3,4

Power for operations (Fueling station facilities).052

.102

.102

.103

.15Option 4

Impact in location/ area (Environment, transportation).142

.282

.282

.282

.28Option 1,2,3,4

Safety Issues.291

.293

.873

.873

.87Option 2,3,4

2.112.412.792.94