Fuel Formulation Effects on Diesel Fuel Injection ...energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f9/2003_deer_boehman.pdfThe Energy Institute Fuel Formulation Effects on Diesel Fuel Injection,

The Energy Institute

Fuel Formulation Effects on Diesel Fuel Injection, Combustion, Emissions and Emission Control

Fuel Formulation Effects on Diesel Fuel Injection, Combustion, Emissions and Emission Control

André Boehman, Mahabubul Alam, Juhun Song, Ragini Acharya, Jim Szybist and Vince Zello

Department of Energy and Geo-Environmental EngineeringThe Penn State Energy Institute

College of Earth and Mineral Sciences

The Pennsylvania State University

Kirk MillerConocoPhillips (COP)

National Energy Technology LaboratoryPennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

Cummins Engine Company

André Boehman, Mahabubul Alam, Juhun Song, Ragini Acharya, Jim Szybist and Vince Zello

Department of Energy and Geo-Environmental EngineeringThe Penn State Energy Institute

College of Earth and Mineral Sciences

The Pennsylvania State University

Kirk MillerConocoPhillips (COP)

National Energy Technology LaboratoryPennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

Cummins Engine Company

2003 Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction Conference


BackgroundBackground

In the case of biodiesel fueling (e.g., “B20”, a blend of 20vol.% methyl soyate in diesel fuel), there is a well documented increase of 2-4% in NOx emissions [Graboski, M.S. and R.L. McCormick, “Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel engines.” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1998, 24(2): p. 125-164.]As shown by Van Gerpen and co-workers, the NOx increase with biodiesel fueling is attributable to an inadvertent advanceof fuel injection timing due to the higher bulk modulus of compressibility, or speed of sound, in the fuel blend, which leads to a more rapid transferal of the pressure wave from the fuel pump to the injector needle and an earlier needle lift[Monyem, A., J.H. Van Gerpen, and M. Canakci, “The effect of timing and oxidation on emissions from biodiesel- fueled engines”. Transactions of the ASAE, 2001, 44(1): p. 35-42.]

In the case of biodiesel fueling (e.g., “B20”, a blend of 20vol.% methyl soyate in diesel fuel), there is a well documented increase of 2-4% in NOx emissions [Graboski, M.S. and R.L. McCormick, “Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel engines.” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1998, 24(2): p. 125-164.]As shown by Van Gerpen and co-workers, the NOx increase with biodiesel fueling is attributable to an inadvertent advanceof fuel injection timing due to the higher bulk modulus of compressibility, or speed of sound, in the fuel blend, which leads to a more rapid transferal of the pressure wave from the fuel pump to the injector needle and an earlier needle lift[Monyem, A., J.H. Van Gerpen, and M. Canakci, “The effect of timing and oxidation on emissions from biodiesel- fueled engines”. Transactions of the ASAE, 2001, 44(1): p. 35-42.]


ObjectivesObjectives

Determine the Interaction between Formulation of Conventional, Renewable and Synthetic Diesel Fuels and their Injection CharacteristicsMeasure Physical Properties of Fuels that Can Provide Support for Understanding Injection, Combustion and Emissions Performance of Diesel FuelsUse Injection Studies, Physical Properties, Emissions Measurements and In-Cylinder Visualization to Determine Optimal Fuel FormulationsLink Feedstock and Fuel Production Process to Physical Properties and, Thereby, Injection, Combustion and Emissions Performance

Determine the Interaction between Formulation of Conventional, Renewable and Synthetic Diesel Fuels and their Injection CharacteristicsMeasure Physical Properties of Fuels that Can Provide Support for Understanding Injection, Combustion and Emissions Performance of Diesel FuelsUse Injection Studies, Physical Properties, Emissions Measurements and In-Cylinder Visualization to Determine Optimal Fuel FormulationsLink Feedstock and Fuel Production Process to Physical Properties and, Thereby, Injection, Combustion and Emissions Performance


•Fuel Properties

•Injection Characteristics

•Combustion

•Pollutant Formation

•Particulate Filtration

•DPF Regeneration

•NOx Reduction

•Feedstock

•Fuel Production

•Fuel Properties

Feedback of Behavior and Performance Information

Spray Visualization ChamberBulk Modulus of Compressibility

AVL 513D Engine VideoscopeParticulate and Gaseous Emissions

Various Aftertreatment Strategies

Research StrategyResearch Strategy


ExperimentalExperimental

High Pressure Fuel Line From Engine

Fuel Line Pressure Sensor

High Speed Data Acquisition System0.1 CA Degrees Resolution Signal From Phototransistor Signal From Pressure Sensor

Fuel Injector Phototransistor

Laser

Spray Chamber

Digital Camera

AVL Videoscope Image Acquisition 0.1 CA Degrees Resolution

Spray Visualization System

• SAE 2003-01-1039

• ACS Nat’l Mtg. New Orleans, 2003 Fuel Chemistry Div.

High Pressure Housing for Pycnometer


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-5.5 -5 -4.5 -4 -3.5 -3

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

Rel

ativ

e S

pray

Inte

nsity

Crank Angle (ATDC)

Time (ms)

Fuel injection timing for biodiesel blends in conventional diesel fuel ( ) Baseline diesel fuel, ( ) B20, ( ) B100, ( ) 16vol.% Soy oil in diesel fuel.

Fuel Injection and Bulk ModulusBiodiesel and Soybean Oil

Fuel Injection and Bulk ModulusBiodiesel and Soybean Oil

1.5 105

2 105

2.5 105

3 105

3.5 105

500 1500 2500 3500 4500B

ulk

Mod

ulus

(ps

i)Pressure (psi)

Bulk modulus of ( ) Water, conventional and ultra low sulfur fuels, ( ) Soy oil, ( ) Biodiesel, B100, ( ) 20% Soy oil blend in conventional diesel fuel, ( ) diesel fuel and ( ) paraffinic distillate and ( ) Norpar-13.

D. Morris, M.S. Thesis


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

Rel

ativ

e S

pray

Inte

nsity

Crank Angle (ATDC)

Time (ms)

Fuel injection timing for paraffinic fuels versus conventional diesel fuel., ( ) 15 ppm sulfur diesel fuel (BP15), ( ) 325 ppm sulfur diesel fuel, ( ) Norpar-13, ( ) paraffinic distillate.

Fuel Injection and Bulk ModulusParaffinic Fuels

Fuel Injection and Bulk ModulusParaffinic Fuels

1.5 105

2 105

2.5 105

3 105

3.5 105

500 1500 2500 3500 4500B

ulk

Mod

ulus

(ps

i)Pressure (psi)

Bulk modulus of ( ) Water, conventional and ultra low sulfur fuels, ( ) Soy oil, ( ) Biodiesel, B100, ( ) 20% Soy oil blend in conventional diesel fuel, ( ) diesel fuel and ( ) paraffinic distillate and ( ) Norpar-13.


Endoscopes

Glass Windows

Illumination Tips

0, 30 and 60 degrees



Main Processing Unit

AVL 513D Videoscope and AccessoriesAVL 513D Videoscope and Accessories

Console


Test Engine

Camera

Endoscope

Strobe Light

Videoscope Instrumentation

Cummins ISB 5.9L 6-Cylinder Test EngineCummins ISB 5.9L 6-Cylinder Test Engine


Engine horizontal axis

Engine vertical axis

60 60 00

11 11 00

80 80 00

Injector tip

Spray

Endoscope Axis

Center line of the view

angle

Viewing Window of EndoscopeViewing Window of Endoscope

• Endoscopes 0, 30 and 60 deg

• Strobe lights 0, 30 and 70 deg

• Viewing window of endoscope is 80 deg


BP 15 BP 15 + 40 % Biodiesel B100

Spray and Combustion 10% Load and 1800 RPM in Cummins 5.9L ISB

Spray and Combustion 10% Load and 1800 RPM in Cummins 5.9L ISB


Injection and Rate of Heat Release AnalysesDiesel and B20 Test Fuels in the Cummins 5.9L ISB

Injection and Rate of Heat Release AnalysesDiesel and B20 Test Fuels in the Cummins 5.9L ISB

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

355 360 365 370 375 380

Crank Angle (deg)

Nee

dle

Lift

(mm

)

-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

Hea

t Rel

ease

Rat

e(K

J/de

g)

BP15 FuelBP15B20 FuelBP325 FuelBP325B20 Fuel

0.2 CA Advance

0.3 CA Retard


Fuel Composition Effects on EmissionsBP-325 and BP-15 Test Fuels in the Cummins 5.9L ISB


300

400

500

600

700

800

900

200 250 300 350 400 450 500Temperature (degrees C)

DPF

Inle

t NO

x (p

pm)

LSD

LSD/B20

ULSD

ULSD/B20




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

200 250 300 350 400 450 500Temperature (degrees C)

Perc

ent N

O c

onve

rsio

n

LSD

LSD/B20

ULSD

ULSD/B20




-0.12

-0.1

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0

0.02

0.04

200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360

Inlet Filter Temp (degrees C)

Slop

e of

Pre

ssur

e D

rop

("W

ater

/min

)

LSDLSD/B20ULSDULSD/B20


1662.583COP FT Diesel

1542.749.2BP-325 /B20

1512.752.5BP-15 /B20

1462.546.8BP-325 LSD

1472.549.7BP-15 ULSD

Flash Point, F

Viscosity @40 C, cSt

CetaneNumberFuel

Injection Timing Study with COP FT DieselProperties of Test Fuels

Injection Timing Study with COP FT DieselProperties of Test Fuels


Injection Timing Study with COP FT DieselBulk Modulus of Test Fuels

Injection Timing Study with COP FT DieselBulk Modulus of Test Fuels

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Soy OilB100B20

BP15 Fischer TropschNorpar

Bul

k M

odul

us (M

Pa)

Pressure (MPa)


Injection Timing Study with COP FT DieselYanmar L70EE 7 hp Air-Cooled Single-Cylinder DI Diesel Engine

Injection Timing Study with COP FT DieselYanmar L70EE 7 hp Air-Cooled Single-Cylinder DI Diesel Engine

0

2

4

6

8

10

-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

BP15

B20

FT-B20

FT

Trendline

Bra

ke S

pe

cifi

c N

Ox

(g/k

W-h

)

Fuel Injection Timing (CAD ATDC)


0

50

100

150

200

250

BP15 B20 FTB20 FT

NO x E miss io ns25% Lo ad Early

M id Late

NO

x (

pp

m)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

BP15 B20 FTB20 FT

C arbon M onox ide E miss ions25% Load Early

Mid Late

Ca

rbo

n M

on

oxi

de

(p

pm

)

0

0 .05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

-0.005

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

350 355 360 365 370 375 380 385 390

25% Load, M id Injection Tim ing

BP15B20FT-B20FT

BP15B20FT-B20FT

Ne

ed

le L

ift

He

at R

ele

ase

(kJ/de

g)

0

0 .05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

-0.005

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

360 370 380 390 400

25% Load, Late Injection Tim ing

BP15

B20FT-B20FT

BP15B20FT-B20FT

Ne

ed

le L

ift

He

at R

ele

ase

(kJ/de

g)

Crank Angle

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

-0.005

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

345 350 355 360 365 370 375

25% Load, Early Injection Tim ingBP15B20FT-B20FT

BP15B20FT-B20FT

Ne

ed

le L

ift

He

at R

ele

ase

(kJ/de

g)

0

100

200

300

400

500

BP15 B20 FTB20 FT

Brake S pecific Fue l C on su mp tion25% Lo ad Early

M id Late

BS

FC

(g

/kW

-h)


0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

-0.01

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

345 350 355 360 365 370 375

75% Load, Early Injection T im ing

BP15B20FT-B20FT

BP15B20FT-B20FT

Ne

ed

le L

ift

He

at R

ele

as

e (kJ/d

eg

)

0

0 .05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

-0.01

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

350 355 360 365 370 375 380 385 390

75% Load, M id Injection Tim ing

BP15B20FT-B20FT

BP15B20FT-B20FT

Ne

ed

le L

ift

He

at R

ele

ase

(kJ/de

g)

0

0 .05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

-0.01

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

350 355 360 365 370 375 380 385 390

75% Load, Late Injection T im ing

BP15B20FT-B20FT

BP15B20FT-B20FT

Ne

ed

le L

ift

He

at R

ele

ase

(kJ/de

g)

Crank Angle

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

BP15 B20 FTB20 FT

NO x E miss io ns75% Lo ad Early

M id Late

NO

x E

mis

sio

ns

(p

pm

)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

BP15 B20 FTB20 FT

Carbon M ono xide Em issions75% Lo ad Early

M id Late

Ca

rbo

n M

on

ox

ide

(p

pm

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

BP15 B20 FTB20 FT

Brake S pecific Fue l C on su mp tion75% Lo ad Early

M id Late

BS

FC

(g

/kW

-h)


ConclusionsConclusions

Biodiesel and Soybean Oil FuelsThe higher bulk modulus of compressibility of vegetable oils andtheir methyl esters leads to advanced injection timingThe advanced injection timing results in the increased NOxemissions associated with Biodiesel, the “NOx effect”

Paraffinic and Fischer-Tropsch FuelsThe lower bulk modulus of compressibility of paraffinic fuels lead to a retarding of injection timing The retarded timing supports the observation that paraffinic fuels such as Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuels yield lower NOx emissionsThe high cetane number of the COP FT diesel permits retarded injection timing without degraded combustion

Aggregate Effects on Emissions ControlHigher engine-out NOx and higher PM-SOF can enhance DPF regeneration and lower the Break Even Temperature (BET)NOx/PM ratio and PM composition/reactivity are key issues in DPF regeneration

Biodiesel and Soybean Oil FuelsThe higher bulk modulus of compressibility of vegetable oils andtheir methyl esters leads to advanced injection timingThe advanced injection timing results in the increased NOxemissions associated with Biodiesel, the “NOx effect”

Paraffinic and Fischer-Tropsch FuelsThe lower bulk modulus of compressibility of paraffinic fuels lead to a retarding of injection timing The retarded timing supports the observation that paraffinic fuels such as Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuels yield lower NOx emissionsThe high cetane number of the COP FT diesel permits retarded injection timing without degraded combustion

Aggregate Effects on Emissions ControlHigher engine-out NOx and higher PM-SOF can enhance DPF regeneration and lower the Break Even Temperature (BET)NOx/PM ratio and PM composition/reactivity are key issues in DPF regeneration


Future WorkFuture Work

Ultra Clean Fuels ProgramExamine COP Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Products Neat and in Blends, Including Blended with Biodiesel, in the Cummins ISB 5.9L Turbodiesel EngineIncludes Property Evaluation, Combustion & Emissions Tests, Exhaust Aftertreatment and In-Cylinder VisualizationExamine Optimization of Engine Control Parameters to Maximize the Benefits from the Unique Properties of the COP F-T Diesel

Ultra Clean Fuels ProgramExamine COP Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Products Neat and in Blends, Including Blended with Biodiesel, in the Cummins ISB 5.9L Turbodiesel EngineIncludes Property Evaluation, Combustion & Emissions Tests, Exhaust Aftertreatment and In-Cylinder VisualizationExamine Optimization of Engine Control Parameters to Maximize the Benefits from the Unique Properties of the COP F-T Diesel


Acknowledgment and DisclaimersAcknowledgment and Disclaimers

Rafael Espinoza, Keith Lawson and Ed Casey of ConocoPhillipsDan Cicero, Project Manager, DOE-NETLEdward Lyford-Pike, John Wright and Vinod Duggal of CumminsKen Voss and Joe Patchett of Engelhard CorporationHoward Hess of Johnson-MattheyButch Glunt of Penn State UniversityDr. Farley Fisher of the National Science Foundation for supporting the acquisition of the AVL Videoscope (Grant# CTS-0079073)This presentation was prepared with partial support from the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-FC26-01NT41098. The Government reserves for itself and others acting on its behalf a royalty-free, nonexclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license for Governmental purposes to publish, distribute, translate, duplicate, exhibit, and perform this copyrighted paper.This material was prepared with the support of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the DEP.

Rafael Espinoza, Keith Lawson and Ed Casey of ConocoPhillipsDan Cicero, Project Manager, DOE-NETLEdward Lyford-Pike, John Wright and Vinod Duggal of CumminsKen Voss and Joe Patchett of Engelhard CorporationHoward Hess of Johnson-MattheyButch Glunt of Penn State UniversityDr. Farley Fisher of the National Science Foundation for supporting the acquisition of the AVL Videoscope (Grant# CTS-0079073)This presentation was prepared with partial support from the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-FC26-01NT41098. The Government reserves for itself and others acting on its behalf a royalty-free, nonexclusive, irrevocable, worldwide license for Governmental purposes to publish, distribute, translate, duplicate, exhibit, and perform this copyrighted paper.This material was prepared with the support of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the DEP.

Documents

Fuel Formulation Effects on Diesel Fuel Injection ...energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f9/2003_deer_boehman.pdfThe Energy Institute Fuel Formulation Effects on Diesel Fuel Injection,