FUEL EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS FROM NON-ROAD ENGINES IEA-AMF ANNEX XXV International ... · 2013-02-05 · 1st International Symposium on Incomplete Combustion, ... – international income

FUEL EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS FROMNON-ROAD ENGINESIEA-AMF ANNEX XXV

Timo Murtonen1st International Symposium on Incomplete Combustion,

Kuopio 9.-11.11.2003

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

21/04/2005 2VTT PROCESSES

Engines and Vehicles at VTT

5 doctors and licenciates(Dtech, PhD, TechLic, PhLic)8 research scientists (MSc)2 trainees7 engineers6 technicians

in total 28 persons (research personel)

2002 activities– turnover 4.0 M€– external income 74 %– international income 24 %



Facilities/Instrumentation..

Light-duty vehicle research– climatic chamber for cold tests

Engine research – steady-state and transient engine testing

Particle research– CPC, DMA, 2 ELPIs, access to SEM and TEM

electron microscopes Heavy-duty vehicle research



Background of the project

The emission regulations for non-road engines are less stringent than for on-road applications

The use of low-grade heating type fuel oils is allowed in diesel machinery in many countries

The specific emissions of spark-ignited small engines are very high

The relative amount of emissions from non-road engines is increasing as the on-road vehicles are cleaning up rapidly



Objective

To demonstrate that also non-road engines will benefit from improved fuel qualities and exhaust aftertreatmenttechnologies

To document the effects of fuel quality and exhaust gas aftertreatment on emissions from non-road machinery, both diesel and gasoline powered engines and report results publicly via IEA-AMF



Test program for diesel engines

Engines2 engine versionspre EU Stage 1 turbocharged engine (“old engine”)

Valmet 411 DS MY85EU Stage 2 turbocharged and aftercooled engine (“advanced engine”)

Sisu Diesel 44EWA MY02this engine also with exhaust aftertreatment

Fuels5 fuel qualities, also biocomponents includedreformulated automotive diesel S< 50 ppmEuro 2000 automotive dieselS< 350 ppmreformulated diesel + 5 % RMEreformulated diesel + 30 % RMElight fuel oil, S≅ 2000 ppm

Total number of fuel/engine/aftertreatment combinations: 12



Test program for gasoline engines

Engines2 small spark-ignited engines air cooled two-stroke chain saw

category 50-60 cc engineair-cooled four-stroke engine

Briggs&Stratton 190cc OHVsuitable for generator or lawn mover use

Fuels3 fuel qualitiesEU year 2000 gasolinespecial alkylate gasoline for small enginesalkylate gasoline with oxygenate (ETBE)

for the two-stroke engines, also the lubricating oilquality was variedwith one fuel

Total number of fuel/engine/aftertreatment combinations: 14



Test procedures and facilities

Diesel engines

Tests were carried out at VTT’sengine laboratory according to ISO8178 standard

In addition to the regulated emissions, particle size distribution and filter smoke number were measured

With selected fuels, PAH and Ames analysis were done from particle mass samples



Test procedures and facilities

Gasoline engines

Tests were carried out at Agricultural Engineering Research Center (Vihti, Finland) according to ISO8178 standard

In addition to the regulated emissions, particle size distribution was measured

With selected fuels, PAH and Ames analysis were done from particle mass samples (with 2-stroke engine)



Results from diesel engine measurements

With both engines the fuel effects were very similar

The effects on gaseous emissions were in generally only marginal

With good quality fuel some 30 to 40 % reductions were gained on particle mass emissions

With low sulphur and low aromatics fuel the PAH and Ames analysis results were lower (even 50 to 60% in best cases)




The effect of different fuels to PM emissions with pre-EU stage 1 engine

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Emis

sion

, g/k

Wh LFO

EUD2000

EUD2005

Bio5

Bio30




The effect of oxidation catalyst to CO, HC and PM emissions with EU stage 2 engine

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

CO HC PM

Emis

sion

, g/k

Wh

EUD2005

B io30

EUD2005+cat

B io30+cat




Average emissions from diesel engines HC, CO and PM multiplied by a factor of 10

8.3

4.3

6.2

3.7

5.6

13.212.7

2.6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

CO HC NOx PM

Emis

sion

g/k

Wh

pre-EU Stage 1EU Stage 2



Results from gasoline engine measurements

The effect of fuel was detected on HC, NOx and particle mass emissions with both engines

Catalyst with 2-stroke engine was not as efficient as expected (the best conversion ratios some 50 %)

Catalyst with 4-stroke engine turned out to be quite efficient (conversion ratios from 45 % to over 90 %)

With low sulphur and low aromatics fuel the PAH and Ames analysis results were 20 to 85 % lower




Effect of fuels and catalyst to NOx emissions with chain saw

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

EUG2000 SEG SEGO SEGO+biolube

Em

issi

on, g

/kW

h

w/o catwith cat




Effect of fuels and catalyst to particle mass emissions with chain saw

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

EUG2000 SEG SEGO SEGO+biolube

Em

issi

on, g

/kW

h

w/o catwith cat




Effect of catalyst and fuel to CO emissions from 4-stroke small engine

389

216

467419

149

249

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

commercial fuel alkylate fuel alkylate fuel + ETBE

Emis

sion

, g/k

Wh

w /o cat

w ith cat




Effect of fuel and catalyst to NOx emissions with 4-stroke small engine

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

EUG2000 SEG SEGO

Em

issi

on, g

/kW

h

w/o cat with cat



ConclusionsProject has shown that a good quality fuel (e.g. low sulphur, low aromatics) makes a difference to the exhaust gas emissions from non-road engines

Improving the engine technology of small gasoline engines is limited (price, weight, etc.) so using catalyst and good quality fuel is the easiest way to reduce the exhaust emissions

With diesel engines a significant reductions in particle emissions were achieved with a good quality fuel



ConclusionsIt is possible to effect to the quality of exhaust particles by lowering sulphur and aromatics content of fuel (with diesel and gasoline)

The harmful effects of particles with different fuel qualities should be studied more

The full report is for the use of the participants only but a short version of final report can be found on IEA-AMF web pages:

http://www.vtt.fi/virtual/amf/annex_xxv/reports.htm



Acknowledgements

Agence de l´Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l´Energie (ADEME), Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP), France

Swedish Energy Agency (STEM), Sweden,

United States Department of Energy (DOE), USA

The Finnish partners, who have took part to this project are Fortum Oil and Gas Oy, Ecocat Oy, Sisu Diesel Oy, Tekes, Finnkatalyt Oy and Agricultural Engineering Research (Vakola).

Documents

FUEL EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS FROM NON-ROAD ENGINES IEA-AMF ANNEX XXV International ... · 2013-02-05 · 1st International Symposium on Incomplete Combustion, ... – international income