Fuel Cell Technologies in the Japanese National Innovation ... · Gas-to-Liquid (GTL), Methanol, Di-methyl ether Pipe lines Fuel production Steel Plants, Soda Plants, etc. By-products

Fuel Cell Technologies in the Fuel Cell Technologies in the Japanese National Innovation SystemJapanese National Innovation System

A Talk at International Conference on Innovation in A Talk at International Conference on Innovation in Energy TechnologiesEnergy Technologies

September 29September 29--30, 2003. Washington, DC.30, 2003. Washington, DC.

Akira MaedaAkira MaedaKeio University, JapanKeio University, Japan

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OutlineOutline

1.1. Motivations for Fuel CellsMotivations for Fuel Cells2.2. Main Actors for FC R&DMain Actors for FC R&D3.3. "Roadmap" for "Roadmap" for PEFCsPEFCs4.4. R&D Funding ProgramsR&D Funding Programs5.5. ConclusionConclusion

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OutlineOutline


44

Motivations for Motivations for FCsFCs

•• Energy policy aspects:Energy policy aspects:–– Energy securityEnergy security

•• Due to scarcity of natural resources, technologyDue to scarcity of natural resources, technology--intensive intensive energy supply systems are needed.energy supply systems are needed.

•• First choice: Nuclear.First choice: Nuclear.•• Among technologies including IGCC and Among technologies including IGCC and renewablesrenewables, fuel cell , fuel cell

is moving up the notches to the second.is moving up the notches to the second.

–– Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues•• Regional environmental issues such as acid rain (Regional environmental issues such as acid rain (SOxSOx, , NOxNOx), ),

water pollution, etc. are not important so much in Japan. water pollution, etc. are not important so much in Japan. They have been resolved in 1970s.They have been resolved in 1970s.

•• The global environmental issue, that is "climate change," The global environmental issue, that is "climate change," attracts the attention. attracts the attention. –– How to attain the target given by How to attain the target given by the Kyoto protocol.the Kyoto protocol.

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Motivations for Motivations for FCsFCs (Cont'd)(Cont'd)

•• Industrial policy aspects:Industrial policy aspects:–– Industrial policy target is to seek competitive Industrial policy target is to seek competitive

positions in the global economy.positions in the global economy.•• Science & technology is a source of nation's competitive Science & technology is a source of nation's competitive

advantage.advantage.

–– Governmental entities want to take initiatives for R&D Governmental entities want to take initiatives for R&D within the country.within the country.

•• Governmental entities are competing for leading positions Governmental entities are competing for leading positions visvis--àà--vis industries.vis industries.

•• METI (formerly, MITI) has been in the leading position, even METI (formerly, MITI) has been in the leading position, even after the complete restructuring of ministries in January 2001.after the complete restructuring of ministries in January 2001.

•• Within METI, bureaus, agencies, research institutions, and Within METI, bureaus, agencies, research institutions, and affiliates are competing each other.affiliates are competing each other.

66

Advantages of Fuel CellsAdvantages of Fuel Cells

Fuel cell technology:Fuel cell technology:1.1. facilitates energy conservation / improves efficiency,facilitates energy conservation / improves efficiency,

•• Efficiency: about 48% (Efficiency: about 48% (FCVsFCVs), over 80% with heat use ), over 80% with heat use (Stationary FC)(Stationary FC)

2.2. diversifies primary energy sources,diversifies primary energy sources,•• Hydrogen can be made from not only petroleum and Hydrogen can be made from not only petroleum and

natural gas but also any natural gas but also any renewablesrenewables..

3.3. helps build flexible energy systems,helps build flexible energy systems,•• FCsFCs are small, onare small, on--site generation and storage devices.site generation and storage devices.

4.4. reduces impacts on the environment.reduces impacts on the environment.•• Less CO2; No Less CO2; No SOxSOx, , NOxNOx..

5.5. A new technology can create new industries and A new technology can create new industries and jobs, and contribute to national competitive jobs, and contribute to national competitive advantages.advantages.

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Types of Types of FCsFCs

Practical use and Practical use and commercializationcommercialization

Automobile, Automobile, residential use, residential use, commercial use, commercial use, and portable and portable batteries.batteries.

kW ~ 250kWkW ~ 250kW30~40%30~40%

Polymer Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC)Cell (PEFC)

Market penetrationMarket penetrationCommercial use Commercial use and industrial and industrial use.use.

kW ~ MWkW ~ MW35~42%35~42%

Phosphoric Acid Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)Fuel Cell (PAFC)

Basic researchBasic researchIndustrial use Industrial use and power and power utilities.utilities.

kW ~ 100MWkW ~ 100MW41~54%41~54%

Melton Carbonate Melton Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)Fuel Cell (MCFC)

Basic researchBasic researchCommercial use, Commercial use, industrial use, industrial use, and power and power utilities.utilities.

kW ~ 10MWkW ~ 10MW47~59%47~59%

Solid Oxide Fuel Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)Cell (SOFC)

R&D PhaseR&D PhaseTypical UsageTypical UsageTypical Size / Typical Size / EfficiencyEfficiency

TypesTypesTemperature

1000°C

500°C

200°C

100°C

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OutlineOutline


99

Main Actors for FC R&D Main Actors for FC R&D

•• GovernmentGovernment–– Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI. formerly known asMinistry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI. formerly known as

MITI)MITI)–– The Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE), part of METIThe Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE), part of METI–– Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT)Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT)

•• SemiSemi--governmental organizationgovernmental organization–– New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization

(NEDO), an affiliate of METI(NEDO), an affiliate of METI•• Public Research InstitutionsPublic Research Institutions

–– National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST), part of METI. Formerly, (AIST), part of METI. Formerly, The Agency of Industrial Science and The Agency of Industrial Science and TechnologyTechnology..

•• Private FirmsPrivate Firms–– Firms in a consortium called the Fuel Cell Commercialization ConFirms in a consortium called the Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference ference

of Japan (FCCJ)of Japan (FCCJ)

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METIMETI’’ss InitiativesInitiatives

•• Basic research activities directed by METIBasic research activities directed by METI–– 1981: The "Moonlight Plan" engaged in:1981: The "Moonlight Plan" engaged in:

•• PAFC: Performance tests (200kW and 1000kW)PAFC: Performance tests (200kW and 1000kW)•• MCFC: Development of prototypeMCFC: Development of prototype--plants (1000kW)plants (1000kW)•• SOFC: Basic research (2~3kW)SOFC: Basic research (2~3kW)•• The main achievement: Developed The main achievement: Developed PAFCsPAFCs with the practical with the practical

size of 200kW.size of 200kW.

–– 1992: The "New Sunshine Plan"1992: The "New Sunshine Plan"•• succeeds the Moonlight Plan.succeeds the Moonlight Plan.•• starts R&D efforts on PEFC.starts R&D efforts on PEFC.

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METIMETI’’ss Initiatives (Cont'd)Initiatives (Cont'd)

•• R&D for practical use of R&D for practical use of PEFCsPEFCs–– R&D activities (mainly, R&D funding programs) have R&D activities (mainly, R&D funding programs) have

been centered around PEFC in a past few years.been centered around PEFC in a past few years.–– Why?Why?

•• In 2001, two reports are submitted to the In 2001, two reports are submitted to the Director General of Director General of The Agency of Natural Resources and Energy of METI.The Agency of Natural Resources and Energy of METI.

–– The first report: "Study Group Report on Commercialization of The first report: "Study Group Report on Commercialization of Fuel Cell Technology." (January 2001)Fuel Cell Technology." (January 2001)

–– The second report: "PEFC & Hydrogen Energy Technology The second report: "PEFC & Hydrogen Energy Technology Development Strategy." (August 2001)Development Strategy." (August 2001)

•• They suggested that emphasis be made They suggested that emphasis be made upon PEFC.upon PEFC.

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NetworkingNetworking

•• The Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE) of The Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE) of METI created a private committee to advise the Director METI created a private committee to advise the Director General on fuel cell commercialization strategies in General on fuel cell commercialization strategies in December 1999.December 1999.–– The private committee to the Director General of ANRE is called The private committee to the Director General of ANRE is called

"Policy Study Group for Fuel Cell Commercialization.""Policy Study Group for Fuel Cell Commercialization."–– The committee is not based on legislation of the Diet, but on The committee is not based on legislation of the Diet, but on

administrative decision of the Director General, thus is called administrative decision of the Director General, thus is called "private.""private."

–– However, the committee's recommendations, which appear in However, the committee's recommendations, which appear in two reports in 2001, are expected to reflect official perspectivtwo reports in 2001, are expected to reflect official perspectives es of ANRE.of ANRE.

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The Advisory CommitteeThe Advisory Committee

•• The committee consists of 28 representatives from The committee consists of 28 representatives from academia, industries, and public institutions.academia, industries, and public institutions.–– University professors: 9University professors: 9–– Automobile manufacturers: 4Automobile manufacturers: 4–– Petroleum suppliers: 3Petroleum suppliers: 3–– Electric utilities: 3Electric utilities: 3–– Electronics manufacturers: 3Electronics manufacturers: 3–– Gas utilities: 2 Gas utilities: 2 –– Raw material products manufacturers: 1 Raw material products manufacturers: 1 –– National research institutes: 1National research institutes: 1–– New Energy and Industrial Technology Development New Energy and Industrial Technology Development

Organization (NEDO) : 1Organization (NEDO) : 1–– Journalists: 1Journalists: 1

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Committee's RecommendationsCommittee's Recommendations

•• Two reports to the Director General in 2001Two reports to the Director General in 2001–– analyzed technical and regulatory hurdles against analyzed technical and regulatory hurdles against

commercialization of commercialization of PEFCsPEFCs,,–– estimated timeframes to market penetration as well as R&D estimated timeframes to market penetration as well as R&D

activities required, andactivities required, and–– offered a offered a ““roadmaproadmap”” and technology policy targets.and technology policy targets.

•• METI'sMETI's policy toward FC R&D afterward basically follows policy toward FC R&D afterward basically follows these recommendations.these recommendations.

•• The first report also motivated the creation of a nonThe first report also motivated the creation of a non--profit organization; a consortium of 134 firms in the profit organization; a consortium of 134 firms in the country.country.

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NonNon--Profit ConsortiumProfit Consortium

•• The Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of The Fuel Cell Commercialization Conference of Japan (FCCJ), March 2001.Japan (FCCJ), March 2001.–– consists of 134 member firms and individuals,consists of 134 member firms and individuals,–– chaired by Chairman and CEO of Toshiba Corporation, chaired by Chairman and CEO of Toshiba Corporation,

one of Japanese leading electronics manufacturers.one of Japanese leading electronics manufacturers.–– The purpose and objectives:The purpose and objectives:

•• to focus upon strategic issues regarding the to focus upon strategic issues regarding the commercialization and widespread use of fuel cells,commercialization and widespread use of fuel cells,

•• to facilitate opportunities for member firms to discuss these to facilitate opportunities for member firms to discuss these issues, andissues, and

•• to influence governmental policies.to influence governmental policies.

–– published a report to make recommendations to the published a report to make recommendations to the government in July 2001.government in July 2001.

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Consortium MembersConsortium Members

•• Chairman from Toshiba corporationChairman from Toshiba corporation•• 4 Vice Chairs from4 Vice Chairs from

–– Petroleum supplier (Japan Petroleum)Petroleum supplier (Japan Petroleum)–– Gas utility (Tokyo Gas)Gas utility (Tokyo Gas)–– Automobile manufacturer (Toyota Motors)Automobile manufacturer (Toyota Motors)–– Consumer electronics (Matsushita)Consumer electronics (Matsushita)

•• Member organizations:Member organizations:–– Board members: 23 firmsBoard members: 23 firms–– General members: 61 firmsGeneral members: 61 firms–– Associate members: 39 firmsAssociate members: 39 firms–– Advisory members: 12 industry associations and 2 individualsAdvisory members: 12 industry associations and 2 individuals

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OutlineOutline


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"Roadmap" for "Roadmap" for PEFCsPEFCs

•• They share information and "Roadmap" for the They share information and "Roadmap" for the commercialization of commercialization of PEFCsPEFCs..–– Policy makersPolicy makers

•• METIMETI•• The Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE) of METIThe Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE) of METI

–– AcademiaAcademia•• UniversitiesUniversities•• National and public research institutions (inc. NEDO)National and public research institutions (inc. NEDO)

–– IndustriesIndustries•• Member firms in the Advisory CommitteeMember firms in the Advisory Committee•• Member firms in the consortium (FCCJ)Member firms in the consortium (FCCJ)

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"Roadmap" for "Roadmap" for PEFCsPEFCs (Cont'd)(Cont'd)

•• Phase I (2000~2005): startPhase I (2000~2005): start--upup–– creating and implementing a consistent FC R&D strategy,creating and implementing a consistent FC R&D strategy,–– demonstrating prototype devices, anddemonstrating prototype devices, and

•• not only testing technological aspects, but alsonot only testing technological aspects, but also•• inquiring social acceptance.inquiring social acceptance.

–– identifying fuel quality requirements.identifying fuel quality requirements.

•• Phase II (2005~2010): market penetrationPhase II (2005~2010): market penetration–– starting efforts for market penetration, andstarting efforts for market penetration, and–– starting building fuel supply infrastructure for starting building fuel supply infrastructure for FCVsFCVs..–– Target:Target: 50,000 50,000 FCVsFCVs in Japan; 2.1GW generated by stationary in Japan; 2.1GW generated by stationary FCsFCs..

•• Phase III (after 2010): diffusionPhase III (after 2010): diffusion–– expanding supply infrastructure for the widespread use of expanding supply infrastructure for the widespread use of FCVsFCVs, and, and–– expecting markets to grow by itself.expecting markets to grow by itself.–– Target:Target: 5 million 5 million FCVsFCVs in Japan; 10GW generated by stationary in Japan; 10GW generated by stationary FCsFCs..

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Infrastructure for Infrastructure for FCVsFCVs

•• Widespread use of fuel cell vehicles (Widespread use of fuel cell vehicles (FCVsFCVs) will ) will be impossible if not for fuel supply infrastructure.be impossible if not for fuel supply infrastructure.

•• FCV R&D and the development of fuel supply FCV R&D and the development of fuel supply systems must go together.systems must go together.

•• Two types of fuel supply systems have been Two types of fuel supply systems have been considered:considered:

•• The choice might be much more important than the The choice might be much more important than the development of individual vehicles.development of individual vehicles.

–– Hydrogen Loading TypeHydrogen Loading Type–– Fuel Loading TypeFuel Loading Type

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Hydrogen Loading TypeHydrogen Loading Type•Nuclear•Renewables(e.g, PV)Electric Power

Generation

LNG

Coal

PetroleumNaphtha, Kerosene, LPG(Liquefied petroleum fuels)

Refinery plants

Gas-to-Liquid (GTL),Methanol, Di-methyl ether

Pipe lines

Fuelproduction

Steel Plants,Soda Plants, etc.

By-productsH2

Reformer:H2 ← Naphtha

Reformer:H2 ← CH4

Reformer:H2 ← GTL

WaterElectrolysis

HydrogenStorage Tanks

FC

H2

H2

Hydrogen Storage1. Compressed Hydrogen2. Liquefied Hydrogen3. Metal Hydride4. Carbon Nano Tubes5. Chemical Hydride

HydrogenStations

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Fuel Loading TypeFuel Loading Type

LNG

Coal

Petroleum

Clean Hydrocarbon FuelRefinery plants

Gas-to-Liquid (GTL)

Fuelproduction

Fuel Tanks

FCH2

GasolineStations

ReformerSystems

Methanol, Di-methyl ether

Fuelproduction

OnboardReforming

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Key Technologies for Key Technologies for FCVsFCVs

•• Components of FC, common to both vehicles and Components of FC, common to both vehicles and stationary stationary FCsFCs::–– Membrane, electrode, catalyst, and separator.Membrane, electrode, catalyst, and separator.

•• Reforming technology, esp. suitable to FCVReforming technology, esp. suitable to FCV--onboard onboard reforming:reforming:–– efficient reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels such as clean efficient reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels such as clean

gasoline and gasgasoline and gas--toto--liquid (GTL)liquid (GTL)

•• GTL production technology:GTL production technology:–– Producing GTL from natural gas contributes to substitution of Producing GTL from natural gas contributes to substitution of

petroleum.petroleum.

•• Hydrogen storage for hydrogen supply systems:Hydrogen storage for hydrogen supply systems:–– Not only storage, transportation is also a key factor.Not only storage, transportation is also a key factor.

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OutlineOutline


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R&D Funding Programs (1)R&D Funding Programs (1)

•• Basic Research for PEFCBasic Research for PEFC–– The Agency of Industrial Science and TechnologyThe Agency of Industrial Science and Technology and NEDO:and NEDO:

•• R&D on High Efficiency Energy System Technologies for R&D on High Efficiency Energy System Technologies for Transportation and Commercial Sectors (one of projects in Transportation and Commercial Sectors (one of projects in the New Sunshine Plan)the New Sunshine Plan)

–– Terms: FY1992Terms: FY1992--20002000–– Budget: 440 million US$ (New Sunshine Plan total, FY2000).Budget: 440 million US$ (New Sunshine Plan total, FY2000).

–– METI (formerly, MITI) and NEDO:METI (formerly, MITI) and NEDO:•• ““International Clean Energy System Technology Utilizing International Clean Energy System Technology Utilizing

HydrogenHydrogen”” Project; known as Project; known as ““World Energy Network ProjectWorld Energy Network Project””(WE(WE--NET Project)NET Project)

–– Terms: WETerms: WE--NET Phase II (FY1999NET Phase II (FY1999--2003)2003)–– Budget: 14 million US$ (FY2000); 23 million US$ (FY2001)Budget: 14 million US$ (FY2000); 23 million US$ (FY2001)–– Main organizations that conduct the projects include: the EngineMain organizations that conduct the projects include: the Engineering ering

Advancement Association of Japan, etc.Advancement Association of Japan, etc.

(1US$=120yen)(1US$=120yen)

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•• Commercialization of PEFCCommercialization of PEFC–– METI (formerly, MITI) and NEDO:METI (formerly, MITI) and NEDO:

1. Development and Demonstration of Platform Technology for 1. Development and Demonstration of Platform Technology for Commercialization of Fuel CellCommercialization of Fuel Cell

–– Terms: FY1999Terms: FY1999–– Budget: (NA)Budget: (NA)

2. Development of Technologies for the Commercialization of 2. Development of Technologies for the Commercialization of Highly Efficient Fuel Cell Systems Highly Efficient Fuel Cell Systems

–– Terms: FY2000Terms: FY2000--FY2001FY2001–– Budget: 14 million US$ in FY2001Budget: 14 million US$ in FY2001

3. Ground Work Project for Diffusion of Fuel Cells, part of a 3. Ground Work Project for Diffusion of Fuel Cells, part of a national S&T project called the national S&T project called the ““Millennium Project.Millennium Project.””

–– Terms: FY2000Terms: FY2000-- FY2001FY2001–– Budget: 11 million US$ (FY2000)Budget: 11 million US$ (FY2000)–– Main organizations that conduct the projects include: Japan AutoMain organizations that conduct the projects include: Japan Automobile mobile

Research Institute (JARI), Japan Gas Association (JGA), etc.Research Institute (JARI), Japan Gas Association (JGA), etc.

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•• Commercialization of PEFCCommercialization of PEFC–– METI (formerly, MITI) and NEDO:METI (formerly, MITI) and NEDO:

4. Research and Development of PEFC Technologies4. Research and Development of PEFC Technologies–– Terms: FY2002Terms: FY2002--FY2004 (scheduled)FY2004 (scheduled)–– Budget: 26 million US$ (FY2001) Budget: 26 million US$ (FY2001) –– Main organizations that conduct the projects include: the Japan Main organizations that conduct the projects include: the Japan

Automobile Research Institute (JARI), the Japan Gas Association Automobile Research Institute (JARI), the Japan Gas Association (JGA), (JGA), etc.etc.

–– Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT)Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) ::•• ““LowLow--emission car for next generationemission car for next generation”” development and development and

promotion projectpromotion project–– Terms: FY2002Terms: FY2002--FY2003FY2003–– Budget: 13 million US$Budget: 13 million US$

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•• Commercialization of PEFCCommercialization of PEFC–– The Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE):The Agency of Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE):

•• Fuel Cell Demonstration Test ProgramFuel Cell Demonstration Test Program–– Terms: FY2002Terms: FY2002--FY2004 (scheduled)FY2004 (scheduled)–– Budget: 21 million US$ in FY 2002Budget: 21 million US$ in FY 2002The program comprises of two projects:The program comprises of two projects:–– Project on fuel cell vehicles (Project on fuel cell vehicles (FCVsFCVs) and hydrogen supply stations, and ) and hydrogen supply stations, and –– Project on stationary fuel cells and coProject on stationary fuel cells and co--generation systems.generation systems.

Main organizations that conduct the projects include:Main organizations that conduct the projects include:–– FCVsFCVs and hydrogen: Japan Electric Vehicle Association (JEVA) and and hydrogen: Japan Electric Vehicle Association (JEVA) and

Engineering Advancement Association of Japan (ENAA)Engineering Advancement Association of Japan (ENAA)–– CoCo--generation: New Energy Foundation (NEF).generation: New Energy Foundation (NEF).

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Fuel Cell Demonstration Test Fuel Cell Demonstration Test Program: Details (1)Program: Details (1)

•• Objectives:Objectives:Aiming at the establishment of public Aiming at the establishment of public acceptance visacceptance vis--àà--vis FC and hydrogen systems, vis FC and hydrogen systems, gather data and information regarding:gather data and information regarding:–– Key obstacles against R&DKey obstacles against R&D–– EmissionsEmissions–– Energy efficiency (Life cycle assessment: wells to Energy efficiency (Life cycle assessment: wells to

wheel)wheel)–– Necessary fuel qualityNecessary fuel quality–– Public safetyPublic safety

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Fuel Cell Demonstration Test Fuel Cell Demonstration Test Program: Details (2)Program: Details (2)

HydrogenStorage Tanks

FC

H2

Fuel / hydrogenproduction

UrbanHydrogenSupply Systems

Stationary Fuel CellCogeneration Systems

Project on FCVs andhydrogen supply stations

Project on stationaryfuel cells

GasH2

Driving Test:•Urban area•Highways•Country yards

Storage Performance Test:•Compressed •Liquefied hydrogen

Reforming and Supply Systems Performance Test:•Methanol reformer•GTL (naphtha) reformer•Water electrolysis•LNG reformer•Pure hydrogen transportation

Cogeneration Performance Test:•Residential area•Industrial area•Coastal area•Cold weather area

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OutlineOutline


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ConclusionConclusion

•• Fuel cell is gaining much attention due to increasing Fuel cell is gaining much attention due to increasing concern on the environment in these days.concern on the environment in these days.

•• The recent development of the technology can make The recent development of the technology can make significant changes in both the automobile industry and significant changes in both the automobile industry and the energy industry in near future.the energy industry in near future.

•• One of the main obstacles against widespread use of One of the main obstacles against widespread use of FCsFCswill be the lack of fuel supply infrastructure including will be the lack of fuel supply infrastructure including either hydrocarboneither hydrocarbon-- or hydrogenor hydrogen--production and production and transportation.transportation.

•• Government's initiatives as well as networking among Government's initiatives as well as networking among policy makers, academia, and industries are expected to policy makers, academia, and industries are expected to play an important role in getting rid of such obstacles.play an important role in getting rid of such obstacles.

•• Currently, they share information and future Currently, they share information and future perspectives.perspectives.

Documents

Fuel Cell Technologies in the Japanese National Innovation ... · Gas-to-Liquid (GTL), Methanol, Di-methyl ether Pipe lines Fuel production Steel Plants, Soda Plants, etc. By-products