Anno scolastico 2013-2014 Genny Moruzzi Federica Pontonutti Pamela Pascoli

FUEL AND

ENERGY

WATER

Gristmill

Blast furnace

Mills

Bellow

COAL

FOSSIL FUEL

FOSSIL FUEL

Drill down

Layers

trapanare

strati

ELECTRICITY

PETROL

POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION

LAND POLLUTION

Health effects of pollution

DEFORESTATION

GREENHOUSE EFFECTS

GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE

RENEWABLE ENERGY

WIND ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY

HYDROPOWER

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

WHAT DO GOVERNAMENTS DO?

►The EU started 10 years ago to use renewable energy

►China gets two-thirds of its electricity from coal but started to use natural gas, hydroelectricity and nuclear energy.

►The USA uses the technique of FRACKING

THE KYOTO PROTOCOL

The Kyoto Protocol was presented at United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) .

It is an international treaty that requires industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenouse gases.

Anno scolastico 2013-2014

Moruzzi Genny – Pontonutti Federica – Pascoli Pamela

FUEL AND ENERGY through the Industrial Revolution

FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION : In the first Industrial Revolution energy was produced by the following: WATER At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution water was the main source of power. Water power was used in mills and factories such as driving the bellows in a small blast furnace (a type of metallurgical furnace to produce industrial metal, generally iron) and gristmill (grinds grain into flour). COAL Fossil fuel coal forever changed the way people would live and utilize energy. Use of fossil fuels changed the energy system and drastically altered the way we live our lives. STEAM A steam engine is an engine which uses coal to produce steam from boiling water to make it work. It can change energy, from hot steam, into movement, which can then be used to work a machine or move a railway train or boat. Steam engines were used in factories to run machines and in mines to move pumps. SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: ELECTRICITY We get electricity, which is a secondary source from the conversion of other sources of energy like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. PETROL / OIL Gasoline or petrol is a liquid used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation (Fractional distillation differs from distillation only in that it separates a mixture into a number of different parts, called fractions) of petroleum and a variety of additives. CONSEQUENCES: POLLUTION Pollution is the introduction of a contaminant into the environment. It can be a result of natural disasters such as forest fires, earthquakes and floods but it is caused mostly by human activity: industrial and commercial waste, agricultural practice, everyday activities and transport. Pollution has a harmful effect on every living organism in the environment.

Air pollution Fossil fuels and coal in particular, have been used for the production of energy since the beginning of industrialization. Burning fossil fuels (oil, coal, and gas) releases large quantities of dangerous gases, called emissions. Emissions from factories and power stations, and fumes from motor vehicles make the air we breathe dirty and unhealthy.

Water pollution Oil spills contaminate the oceans but, in most cases, water pollution is caused by factories and residential areas that emit waste.

Land Pollution Rubbish tips, litter and thrown-away plastic bottles and bags are some of the different types of land pollution. Some of these are just unpleasant to look at. Others can be dangerous to people and animals. Open tips even in designated areas are unhealthy and incinerators can be harmful to health. One possible solution to the problem is the sorting and recycling of waste materials. DEFORESTATION Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest for non-forest use. More than half of the world’s plants and animals live in the tropical rainforest land about 50 to 100 species of animals are endangered or become extinct every day as a result of the destruction of their habitats.

Anno scolastico 2013-2014

Moruzzi Genny – Pontonutti Federica – Pascoli Pamela

GLOBAL WARMING Global warming is climate change induced by human activity. It is produced by carbon dioxin emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, natural oil and gas) or from car exhaust fumes and deforestation. CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change is the natural change in global temperatures over time. The term ‘climate change’ usually refers to recent changes in climate that have been observed since the early 1900’s. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT The earth is kept warm by the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases such as a carbon dioxin and methane are naturally found in the atmosphere. Without greenhouse gases Earth’s temperature would be below freezing, but the increase in gases produces climate change. WHAT DO THE GOVERNMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS DO? The EU has shown for 10 years that economic growth is possible with declining emissions through energy efficiency and renewable energy. China, the world’s largest emitter has started to use resources better and cut pollution. China still gets two-thirds of its electricity from coal, but it is shifting to natural gas, hydroelectricity and nuclear. The USA uses the technique of FRACKING which involves firing a high-pressure mixture of water, sand and chemicals at shale rocks to release gas and oil inside. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty that sets binding obligations on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.

WIND ENERGY

Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome. This would require wind turbines to be installed over large areas, particularly in areas of higher wind resources, such as offshore.HYDROPOWER

Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy.

SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal electricity, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP).

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy is from thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%).