Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Single Particle Burning of Polish Coal ndash 2714 mg

800 ordmC

21 O2 (air)Burning in open furnace and the sample on a hook

Polish Coal Particle ndash 271 mg

Polish Coal Particle Residue after Burning

Single Particle Burning of Wood ndash 926 mg

800 ordmC

21 O2 (air)

Wood Sample Before Burning

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

N2

O2

CO2

Vent

pump

NOCOCO2

Filter

SO2

pump

Vent

Single Particle Burning System

(Source Aringbo Akademi)

Single Particle Burning ndashOn-line CO2 Analysis

0

1

2

3

4

0 20 40 60time (seconds)

CO

2fo

rmati

on Pyrolysis

Char combustion

time

CO

2

(ppm

)

Volatile

carbon

Char

carbon

Single Particle Burning ndashVolatile vs Char Carbon

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Single Particle Burning of Polish Coal ndash 2714 mg

800 ordmC

21 O2 (air)Burning in open furnace and the sample on a hook

Polish Coal Particle ndash 271 mg

Polish Coal Particle Residue after Burning

Single Particle Burning of Wood ndash 926 mg

800 ordmC

21 O2 (air)

Wood Sample Before Burning

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

N2

O2

CO2

Vent

pump

NOCOCO2

Filter

SO2

pump

Vent

Single Particle Burning System

(Source Aringbo Akademi)

Single Particle Burning ndashOn-line CO2 Analysis

0

1

2

3

4

0 20 40 60time (seconds)

CO

2fo

rmati

on Pyrolysis

Char combustion

time

CO

2

(ppm

)

Volatile

carbon

Char

carbon

Single Particle Burning ndashVolatile vs Char Carbon

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Single Particle Burning of Polish Coal ndash 2714 mg

800 ordmC

21 O2 (air)Burning in open furnace and the sample on a hook

Polish Coal Particle ndash 271 mg

Polish Coal Particle Residue after Burning

Single Particle Burning of Wood ndash 926 mg

800 ordmC

21 O2 (air)

Wood Sample Before Burning

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

N2

O2

CO2

Vent

pump

NOCOCO2

Filter

SO2

pump

Vent

Single Particle Burning System

(Source Aringbo Akademi)

Single Particle Burning ndashOn-line CO2 Analysis

0

1

2

3

4

0 20 40 60time (seconds)

CO

2fo

rmati

on Pyrolysis

Char combustion

time

CO

2

(ppm

)

Volatile

carbon

Char

carbon

Single Particle Burning ndashVolatile vs Char Carbon

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Polish Coal Particle ndash 271 mg

Polish Coal Particle Residue after Burning

Single Particle Burning of Wood ndash 926 mg

800 ordmC

21 O2 (air)

Wood Sample Before Burning

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

N2

O2

CO2

Vent

pump

NOCOCO2

Filter

SO2

pump

Vent

Single Particle Burning System

(Source Aringbo Akademi)

Single Particle Burning ndashOn-line CO2 Analysis

0

1

2

3

4

0 20 40 60time (seconds)

CO

2fo

rmati

on Pyrolysis

Char combustion

time

CO

2

(ppm

)

Volatile

carbon

Char

carbon

Single Particle Burning ndashVolatile vs Char Carbon

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Polish Coal Particle Residue after Burning

Single Particle Burning of Wood ndash 926 mg

800 ordmC

21 O2 (air)

Wood Sample Before Burning

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

N2

O2

CO2

Vent

pump

NOCOCO2

Filter

SO2

pump

Vent

Single Particle Burning System

(Source Aringbo Akademi)

Single Particle Burning ndashOn-line CO2 Analysis

0

1

2

3

4

0 20 40 60time (seconds)

CO

2fo

rmati

on Pyrolysis

Char combustion

time

CO

2

(ppm

)

Volatile

carbon

Char

carbon

Single Particle Burning ndashVolatile vs Char Carbon

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Single Particle Burning of Wood ndash 926 mg

800 ordmC

21 O2 (air)

Wood Sample Before Burning

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

N2

O2

CO2

Vent

pump

NOCOCO2

Filter

SO2

pump

Vent

Single Particle Burning System

(Source Aringbo Akademi)

Single Particle Burning ndashOn-line CO2 Analysis

0

1

2

3

4

0 20 40 60time (seconds)

CO

2fo

rmati

on Pyrolysis

Char combustion

time

CO

2

(ppm

)

Volatile

carbon

Char

carbon

Single Particle Burning ndashVolatile vs Char Carbon

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Wood Sample Before Burning

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

N2

O2

CO2

Vent

pump

NOCOCO2

Filter

SO2

pump

Vent

Single Particle Burning System

(Source Aringbo Akademi)

Single Particle Burning ndashOn-line CO2 Analysis

0

1

2

3

4

0 20 40 60time (seconds)

CO

2fo

rmati

on Pyrolysis

Char combustion

time

CO

2

(ppm

)

Volatile

carbon

Char

carbon

Single Particle Burning ndashVolatile vs Char Carbon

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

N2

O2

CO2

Vent

pump

NOCOCO2

Filter

SO2

pump

Vent

Single Particle Burning System

(Source Aringbo Akademi)

Single Particle Burning ndashOn-line CO2 Analysis

0

1

2

3

4

0 20 40 60time (seconds)

CO

2fo

rmati

on Pyrolysis

Char combustion

time

CO

2

(ppm

)

Volatile

carbon

Char

carbon

Single Particle Burning ndashVolatile vs Char Carbon

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

N2

O2

CO2

Vent

pump

NOCOCO2

Filter

SO2

pump

Vent

Single Particle Burning System

(Source Aringbo Akademi)

Single Particle Burning ndashOn-line CO2 Analysis

0

1

2

3

4

0 20 40 60time (seconds)

CO

2fo

rmati

on Pyrolysis

Char combustion

time

CO

2

(ppm

)

Volatile

carbon

Char

carbon

Single Particle Burning ndashVolatile vs Char Carbon

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Single Particle Burning ndashOn-line CO2 Analysis

0

1

2

3

4

0 20 40 60time (seconds)

CO

2fo

rmati

on Pyrolysis

Char combustion

time

CO

2

(ppm

)

Volatile

carbon

Char

carbon

Single Particle Burning ndashVolatile vs Char Carbon

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

time

CO

2

(ppm

)

Volatile

carbon

Char

carbon

Single Particle Burning ndashVolatile vs Char Carbon

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Magazine Paper Waste

magazine paper

time (seconds)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Rec-Mod-03

00758 g N 100 g

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

302 g C 100 g

Rec-Mod-03

NO

form

ed (

pp

m)

(CO

+C

O2)

form

ed (

pp

m)

SO

2 f

orm

ed (

pp

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Rec-Mod-03018 g S 100 g bull Standard fuel analysis

bull C 321

bull H 45

bull N 01

bull S 02

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Burning Stages

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Fuel particle

Ash

Drying

Pyrolysis

devolatilisation

and

gas combustion

Char combustion

Combustion of Solid Fuel Particles ndashStages of Burning

O2

O2

CxHy

CO CO2 H2O

CO CO2

H2O

Air

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Drying

bull Heat from surrounding atmosphere leads to vaporization of water in fuel

bull Rate determined by heat transfer

H2O

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

DevolatilizationPyrolysis

bull Terms which can be used interchangeably

bull Thermal break-down of fuel during heating

bull Results in release of volatile organic gases

bull Volatile gases CH4 CO H2 CxHy tars hellip

bull Burns with visible flame (soot)

CxHy

O2

CO CO2 H2O

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Volatile Yield

bullAt a given T amp PbullFuel dependentbullINCREASES WITH

bull Increasing HC ratio of fuel(example wood vs coal)

bull Increasing Temperature

bullDECREASES WITHbull Increasing ParticleDroplet Sizebull Increasing Pressure

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Char combustion

bull Heterogeneous reaction (gas-solid)

bull Rate dependent on pO2 and T

bull Usually slower than pyrolysis

bull No visible flame

O2

CO CO2

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Solid Fuels Proximate Analysis

bullWater

bull Volatile Matter

bull Char (Fixed Carbon)

bullAsh

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Proximate Analysis

1 MOISTUREWATER Dry a weighed sample of fuel at 105-115 oC amp 1 atm

2 VOLATILES Heat up the dried fuel to a defined temperature and pressure (600-1000 oC 1-10 bar) in an inert gas atmosphere (N2 Ar) Weigh sample after thermal treatment

3 ASH Combust the remaining fixed carbon (CHAR) structure and weigh the residue (=ash)

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

AbbreviationsTerms

bull d = dry all water is removeddm = dry matter

bull ad = air dry the amount of water in fuel is in balance withwater content of surrounding gas (air) atmosphere

bull ar = as received principally equal to rdquoas firedrdquo condition of fuel

bull daf = dry and ash free the combustible fraction of fuel

bull Fuel ratio XFCXVOL

Xi Wt fraction of iFC Fixed CarbonVOL Volatiles

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash = Proximate Analysis

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Ultimateelemental Analysis

bull Ultimate analysisFuel elemental composition C H S N (amp O)

bull Elemental analysisAsh forming matter (AFM) elements

as such Si Ca Mg K

or

as their typical oxides SiO2 CaO MgO K2O

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Summary of terms and concepts for analysis of solid fuels

air dry(ad)

Or

asreceived

(ar)

Fuel

Drymatter(dm)

dry(d)

Moisture

Char

Volatiles

Ash

Fixedcarbon

Volatiles

Fixedcarbon

Combustiblematter (daf)

Ultim

ate

ele

menta

lAnaly

sis

Ash

Drying Pyrolysisdevolatili-

zation

CombustionChar

combustion

Moisture +Volatiles +Fixedcarbon

+ Ash

(AFM ne ash)

= Proximate Analysis

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

van Krevelen diagram

International Flame Research Foundation wwwifrfnet

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Coalification Process

Decaying vegetation

Peat

LigniteBrown Coal

Anthracite Coal

Bituminous Coal

Peatification Bacterial and fungal decay in a water saturated anaerobic environment

Lignification Air oxidation followed by decarboxylation (-COOH rarr CO2 (g))and dehydration (H2O split off)

Bituminisation Continued decarboxylation

Anthracitisation Condensation of small aromatic ring systems to larger ones and Dehydrogenation (H2 split off)

(Graphite)

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

It takes an ~100m deep pile of decaying plant material to make a 1mdeep seam of coal

Mean Age

(x106 yrs)

Cannel coals of Artic 380

Anthracite 300

Bituminous 160-300

Sub-bituminous 120

Lignite 30-60

Peat lt1

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Heating Values

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Storage for Solar Energy

2222 OOCHOHCO hv

hv

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

bull In combustion energy is first put into the fueloxidizer mixture to initiate the reaction by breaking the first bonds and forming the first radicals

bullDuring combustion newstronger bonds are formed releasing energy

bull This released energyunit of fuel combusted is called the Heating Value (HV)

can also be called rdquocalorific valuerdquo or rdquoenergy valuerdquo

Energy release during combustion

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

How to obtain the heating value (13) Heating value can be approximated for fuels

with well defined structure

810 kJ energy per mol CH4 is removed from systemThis corresponds to CH4 HV of 810 kJmol CH4

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

How to obtain the heating value (23) Using formation enthalpies

JANAF tables ( httpkineticsnistgovjanaf )An example how to determine heating value using formation enthalpies

is given in course material rdquoIntro_to_Hf-HV_Tad_lambdardquo

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

How to obtain the heating value (33) Experimentally using bomb calorimeter

The structure of most solid fuels is not well known

rarr In practical cases Heating value determined experimentally

Calorimetric determination of HHV

1) Known heat capacity C (JouleKelvin) for system

2) Combust known amount of fuel (mfuel)

3) Register temperature rise (ΔT) of system

4) HHV = (CΔT)mfuel

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

bull Lower Heating Value (LHV)bull CHS -gt CO2 H2O SO2

bull Water assumed to be as vapor in flue gas (like in many real cases)

bull Also called the rdquonetrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in Europe

bull Higher Heating Value (HHV)bull Includes the energy from condensed water vapor and fully oxidized

components of fuel

bull Also called rdquogrossrdquo heating value

bull Commonly used in North-America

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2O

H2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

bull HHV is obtained from fuel analysis (calorimeter)bull HHV determined for dry fuel (MJkg dry fuel)

bull HHV converted to LHV

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Lower vs Higher Heating Value

LHV = HHV ndash Heat to vaporise H2OH2O fuel moisture + H2O formed from H in fuel

HHVkg wet fuel Moisture H2O formed from H 226MJkg H2O

LHVkgwet fuel

LHVkgdry fuel

H2O formedfrom fuel H

HHVkgdry fuel

226MJkg H2O

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Comparison of fuel propertiesH

igher

Heating V

alu

e

MJ

kg (

d)

Volatile matter (d)

Coal

Browncoal

Peat

Wood

H is hydrogen content wt-(daf)C is carbon content wt-(daf)

Ekman E Kiinteiden polttoaineiden koostumus ja muut ominaisuudet VTT

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Exercises

1) Identify which information in givenfuel analysis is from

a) Proximate analysisb) Ultimateelemental analysis

2) What is the amount of fixed carbonfor respective fuel as ( (d))

3) What is the difference in ( (d)) betweenash and AFM

4) Use the graph showing comparison offuel properties to determinethe type (wood peat brown coal coal)of respective fuel (1 and 2)

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

EXAMPLES OF FUEL COMPOSITION F

ixed

carbon

(dry

)

Vo

latile

matter (d

ry)

Ash

(dry

)

carbon

hyd

rogen

oxyg

en

nitro

gen

sulp

hu

r

clorin

e

SiO

2

AlzO

3

TiO

2

Fe

2 O2

CaO

Mg

O

Na

2 O

K2 O

SO

3

P2 O

5

on dry and ash free on ash

Bituminous

coal

55 35 10 83 5 10 1 1 01 70 40 1 15 7 2 2 2 5 1

Red oak

sawdust

13 86 03 50 6 44 003 001 001 21 3 03 3 11 4 1 22 3 1

Alderfir

sawdust

19 77 4 51 6 39 046 005 002 35 12 1 8 25 4 2 6 06 2

Forest

residuals

14 82 4 50 5 40 108 011 004 18 4 1 2 45 7 2 9 3 7

Pine sawdust 15 82 3 54 6 40 01 004 002 18 3 03 2 56 6 2 8 2 2

Bagasse 12 86 2 49 6 43 016 004 003 47 18 3 14 4 3 1 4 2 3

Switch grass

average

15 79 5 47 6 41 07 01 002 62 2 03 1 10 4 05 9 1 4

Miscantus 16 80 3 48 6 43 04 005 008 56 1 00 1 14 1 02 19 2 6

Straw (DK) 15 81 4 48 6 42 06 009 017 55 1 02 1 12 2 2 13 2 4

Rice hulls 16 63 20 47 6 44 06 005 012 91 1 00 01 3 00 02 4 1 04

Almond

shells

21 76 3 49 6 41 08 004 lt001 9 3 01 2 11 3 2 49 1 4

Olive pits 16 82 2 53 7 38 04 005 004 31 9 03 7 15 4 28 4 06 2

Dry sewage

sludge

10 52 38 46 6 41 5 12 025 37 15 1 5 21 3 05 1 3 13

RDF 15 77 8 48 7 44 06 0 13 40 24 2 2 23 3 2 2 2 1

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

THE FUEL PROPERTIES ARE DECISIVEFOR THE DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

bull Proximate and elemental analyses amounts of air and combustion products

bull Energy content (moisture) and volatiles heat balance and combustion behaviour

bull Precursors to gaseous emissions (NSCl)

bull Ash-forming elements (KNaCaMgAlSiP)

bull Trace elements (CdTl Hg SbAsPbCrCoCu MnNiV)

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Fluidized Bed Characterization of Solid Fuels

POKclassds40299ams

HE

AT

ING

VA

LU

E M

Jk

g

20

35

0 1 2 5

5

10

10

PEAT

BARK

WOOD BIOMASS

DEMOLITION

WOOD

CHIP-

BOARD

POLYOLEFIN

PLASTICS

(PE PP PC)

COLORED

OR PRINTED

PLASTICS

CLEAN

COLORED

OR PRINTED

MIXED

PLASTICS

REF

PLY-

WOOD PVC

RDF

MSW

PVCCONSUMER REF

MIXED

PLASTICS

PAPER amp

WOOD

BITUMINOUS COAL

BROWN COAL

LIGNITE

PETROLEUM COKE

MULTIPLE CHALLENGESSOME CHALLENGESSTANDARD DESIGN

CHICKEN

LITTER

NA

FOR FLUIDIZED BED

DEINKING

SLUDGESEWAGE

SLUDGE

BIO amp

FIBER

SLUDGE

REF

PELLETS

WOOD amp

PLASTICS

COW

MANURE

REF

COMMERCIAL amp

INDUSTRIAL

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram

Fuel Analysis and Burning Characteristics- Terms and Concepts

bull Particle burning stages drying - devolatilization ndash char

bull Proximate amp ultimate analysis

bullHeating value

bull Biofuels vs coals

bullH and O in Fuels HC vs OC diagram