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From www.indiana.edu
Airstream Mechanisms
Ways of initiating airflow
Creating PressureCreating Pressure
We initiate airflow by creating pressure in the vocal tract.
Direction of initiatory movement creates 2 types of pressure:
1. Positive Pressure = Egressive = Outgoing2. Negative Pressure = Ingressive =
Incoming
3 Locations of Initiation3 Locations of Initiation
Intitation at lungs
Initiation at glottis
Initiation at velum
Six Initiation TypesSix Initiation Types Pulmonic Egressive (common) Pulmonic Ingressive (rare)
Glottalic Egressive (Ejectives) Glottalic Ingressive
(Implosives)
Velaric Egressive (Clicks) Velaric Ingressive (Not used)
Pulmonic InitiationPulmonic Initiation
Pulmonic Egressive – most common mechanism Air comes from lungs, through trachea
and larynx & and out mouth or nose Plosives, Stops in English, all vowels
[p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], etc.
Pulmonic Ingressive – very rare Speaking while sucking in
From Ladefoged 1993
Glottalic InitiationGlottalic Initiation
Air is trapped between glottis (vocal folds) & somewhere above in the vocal tract.
The larynx is then either raised or lowered, which makes air more or less dense.
The oral closure is released, and glottalic initiation is produced.
Glottalic Egressive – Ejectives Also known as “glottalized” Raised laryrnx – closed glottis pushes
upwards, compresses air, pushes air out [p’], [b’], [t’], [d’], [k’], [g’], etc.
Glotallic Ingressive – Implosives Lowered laryrnx – closed glottis pushes
downwards, makes air less dense, sucks air in
[], [], []
Steps in Glottalic Initiation
Ejectives Close glottis Make closure in
oral tract Raise larynxRaise larynx Release oral
closure Open glottis
Implosives Close glottis Make closure in
oral tract Lower larynxLower larynx Release oral
closure Open glottis
Ejective
From Ladefoged 1993
Implosive
From Ladefoged 1993
Velaric InitiationVelaric Initiation
Tongue dorsum (back) closes at velum, as if making a [k] (Hence: velaric)
Make closure somewhere else, more forward, in mouth
Move tongue down (which decreases pressure)
Release front closure Air rushes into mouth Release velaric closure Known as “clicks”
It is only possible to have ingressive velaric initiation; egressive is not possible
It is possible to overlay nasalization on clicks by sending air through nasal cavity
From Ladefoged 1993
Practice
Practice glottal stops (uh-oh)Practice raising glottis (singing high)Practice lowering glottis (singing low)
Put together for Ejectives & Implosives… Make glottal stop Make oral closure Raise/Lower Larynx Release oral closure Release glottal stop
Many have made clicks as “sound effects”
Bilabial clicks – slight kissing sound
Dental clicks – “Tsk tsk” sound
Alveolar lateral clicks – horse-calling sound
Self-TestSelf-Test
Which initiation type?1. Pressure builds completely in mouth 2. Air in pharynx is rarified (made less
dense)3. First step is glottal closure 4. Most commonly made sounds 5. Compressed air in pharynx causes
air to release with outwards with force
6. Also known as plosives 7. Common in some South African
languages8. First step is closure at soft
palate 9. Also known as glottalized 10.Possible ingressives11.Impossible sounds
1. Pressure builds completely in mouth * VELARIC INGRESSIVE (CLICKS)
2. Air in pharynx is rarified (made less dense)* GLOTTALIC INGRESSIVE (IMPLOSIVES)
3. First step is glottal closure * GLOTTALIC INGRESSIVE & EGRESSIVE
(IMPLOSIVES & EJECTIVES)
4. Most commonly made sounds * PULMONIC EGRESSIVES (PLOSIVES)
5. Compressed air in pharynx causes air to release outwards with force
* GLOTTALIC EGRESSIVE (EJECTIVES)
6. Also known as plosives * PULMONIC EGRESSIVE (PLOSIVES)
7. Common in some South African languages* VELARIC INGRESSIVES (CLICKS)
8. First step is closure at soft palate * VELARIC INGRESSIVE (CLICKS)
9. Also known as “glottalized” * GLOTTALIC EGRESSIVE (EJECTIVES)
10. Possible ingressives* PULMONIC INGRESSIVES (RARE), VELARIC
INGRESSIVES (CLICKS), GLOTTALIC INGRESSIVES (IMPLOSIVES)
11. Impossible sounds* VELARIC EGRESSIVES