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From the Atom to the Outer Cosmos
of Size
Length, Area, Volume
Our Room—Estimates,
Measurements and
Calculations
Ways of Measuring• An Entity in Nature : a foot, an AU, a
gram, a light year
• Agreed upon weights and measures
• International System of Units or…
• SI (le Systeme Internationale d’ Unites)
• American (was English) e.g.
• Yards,miles,acres,quarts, gallons, pounds
• Consistent accurate weights very important –Constitution set up a common system of weights and measures for all the USA.
Definitions of a foot and hand and cubit
One handequals four
inches
• The average depth of the Atlantic Ocean 2.5 miles
• From Lake Crystal to Mankato and Back 25 miles
How Deep in the Earth?
• To boil water-100C
• To melt Rock-1000C
• To match the temperature of the surface of the Sun-6000C
Distance
250 miles width of Minnesota
2500 miles LA- Wash DC
25,000 miles distance around earth at equator
250,000 miles distance to moon (286,000)
93 million miles to Sun
93million miles = one astronomical unit (AU) measurement used for planets (Mars is 1.6AU from sun)
Height and Depth
Highest point on earth: Mt Everest, Himalayas 29,000 ft (5.5miles) miles
Highest point in N. America: Mt McKinley, Alaska 20,370ft
Lowest point on land Dead Sea-1385 ft
Lowest point on Earth Mariana trench in Pacific ocean: 6.8 miles down
Pacific averages 2.8 mi deep
Atlantic: 2.5 mi
Distance to center of earth: 4000 miles. Diameter of earth-8000 miles)
Astronomical Unit 93 million miles (Earth to the Sun)
Planets Distance from Sun in AU
Light Year• Speed of light 186,000 miles /second
(3x10+8m/sec)• So it takes light 1.5 seconds to get to earth from
moon, 8 minutes from sun• A light year is a measurement of distance—distance
light travels in a year• A light year is 6 trillion miles• The nearest star we can see at night (not counting
our star the sun) is 4 light years away• The farthest object we can see in the night sky is the
Andromeda Galaxy-2.5 million light years away)• The universe is 160 billion light years wide
The farthest object in the night sky visible to “the naked eye” (2.5million ly)
Andromeda Galaxy
Definitions of a Meter
• 1/10million from North Pole to Equator by way of Paris
• A specific platinum iridium bar• A fraction of the speed of light in seconds • For our working definition we will accept
The meter stick
The meter stick divided by 1000A millimeter (lead in pencil)
10-3 m
Polio VirusPolio Virus: 25x 10 -9 meters (nanometers)
A bacterial cell is 10-6m (one micron)
A human (eukaryotic) cell is 10-100 microns
Thickness of Dime: 1.7 x10-3m (millimeter)
The Meter Stick divided by a MillionOne Micron(µm)-a bacteria cell
10-6 m
Cell Sizes
Bacterial Cell-1 micronEucaryote Cell 10-100 microns(1x10--5 m)
One micron =10 -6 meter
Comparative Sizes-Virus, Bacteria, Eucaryote
A meter stick divided by a billiona nanometer(cell membrane= 4nm)
10-9 m
The Meter Stick divided by 10 billion-
(1 angstrom = diameter of atom) 10-10 m
Meter Stick Divided by 1000 trillion Nucleus of an atom
1x10-15m
Atomic Size
• An atom 1x10-10 meter (an angstrom)
• Nucleus of atom is10-15 meter( a femtometer)
Definitions and Conversions Everyone should Know
• 2.5 centimeters = 1 inch• 12 inches = 1 foot• 3 feet (36 inches) = 1 yard• 1 meter is a little more than a yard (39.37 inches)• 1760yds (5280ft) = 1 mile• 1000 meters = 1 kilometer• 1 kilometer = .6 miles• 1 mile =1.6 km• One Light year =6 trillion miles 9.5 trillion km• One Astronomical Unit= 93 million miles 150 million km• The speed of Light= 186,000 miles/second 300,000 km /sec
Scientific Notation10+12 is a trillion 10+9 is a billion 10+6 is a million
10+3 is a thousand
ZERO
10-2m is a centimeter10-3 m is a millimeter
10-6 m is a micrometer10-9 m is a nanometer
10-10m is an angstrom
10+3 means 10x10x1010+6 means 10x10x10x10x10x10
10-3 means 1/10+3 or 1/1000
Areas• Two dimensions
Each County is divided into townships
How Many Square miles in a Township?
Each square mile is a Section
An Acre
Areas: Two dimension-Surfaces
Hectare
Hectare: Acre (metric conversion)
• One Hectare =2.47 acres
Areas for common shapes-how we find them
• Area =Width x Length
One cc =One Milliliter
Three Teaspoons in a Tablespoon
One tablespoon =.5 oz 16 tbls=8 oz= 1 Cup
5 Quart Mixer
Two Cups in a
Two Pints in a
Four Quarts in a
Metric conversions
• 1tsp 4.9 ml
• 1 oz-29.8 ml
• 12oz=385 ml
• 500ml-16.9 oz
• 1 liter=328 oz=1.06 qt
Metric conversions: Volume12oz=385 ml
• 120z-355ml
One H
alf Liter 16.9oz
•
Mass
• The amount of material in an object
• Resistance to force (inertia)
MASSOne gm: One cubic centimeter
of H2OOne kilogram-One liter of water
Mass
• 9.1 10 -31 kg mass of electron
• 1.66 10 -27 kg mass of proton, neutron and amu.
• 6x10+24 kg mass Earth
• 1.98 10 +30 kg mass Sun
Mass of the Universe(1050 kg)
Mass/Volume =Density
• Water 1gm/cc
• Earth 5.5 gm/cc
• Sun 1.4gm/cc
Surface Area—the Covering for the Volume
Surface Areas
Surface area of a Cube
Surface area of a Rectancular
9th Grade Assignment—making a “A Sense of Scale” Chart
• We will be taping these on a Science Fair type poster which I can use to teach other grades
• Different Students should do different panels.• Each Student should work on his own.• Each panel is a 11x14 paper with some size on it –and an illustration. • We also need panels called What is a light year? Meter stick vs yard stick, What is Scientific
Notation? Conversions Everyone should Know. • We also need a panel with low and high points of the earth. • Panel of our 25 miles 250 miles 2500 miles 25,000 miles examples (maybe add 2.5 miles- avg
depth of Atlantic Ocean) A good map drawer should do this one,.• Assignmets table one light years several panels with a definition• Table 2 astronomical units definition and pictures of planets with rough distances(in AU)• Table three 2.5mile -250,000 mile scale• Table 4 atom nucleus and diameter as well as sizes of cells• Table 5 SPECIAL PANELS A)Title Panel B) Scientific Notation Panel C) Conversions
everyone should know, OR D) A composite of objects and Scales angstrom, micron, miles. Astronomical unit and light year
• SIGN YOUR WORK IN LOWER RIGHT HAND OF PAPER OR ON BACK• Wed -art projects, thur and fri lecture Friday solar system worksheet due
What is a prism again?
Following Slides Do not Use
Budgets: Thinking About Numbers
• Federal Debt 2006 5 trillion• Federal 2008 Expenditures 3 trillion • Revenues(2006)• 1&2 Wallmart and Exxon 350 billion• 3&5 GM and Chevron 200 billion• Ford and GE 160 billion• 33Target 60 billion• Some Government Annual Budgets:• Minnesota 2006 Expenditures 25 billion • Big Bang-the manifestation of matter 13.7 billion years ago • Solar System and Earth Form 4.6 billion ya • Minneapolis 2005 Expenditures 1.5 billion• MSU 2007 Annual Revenues 185 million• 13,500 students• Tuition: 70 million
• City of Mankato-2007 Budget 75 million• Blue Earth County 2007 57 million
Light: an Electromagnetic Wave
Oceanic crust: 4 miles thick
Continental crust: 12-40 miles thick
Astronomical Units and Solar System
Planets-Astronomical Units Away
Parallax