22 Chapter 1: Encounters and Foundations to 1800Part 1

LITERARY FOCUS: FIGURES OF SPEECHWriters use figures of speech to help us see the world in new, imaginative

ways. A figure of speech compares one thing to another, very different,

thing. In “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” Jonathan Edwards uses

figures of speech to make his readers experience the horrors he is describ-

ing. In one memorable example, he describes “wickedness” as being “heavy

as lead.” By using this figure of speech, a simile, Edwards compares the idea

of wickedness to an everyday material his audience is familiar with. The

figure of speech helps them feel the dead weight of wickedness.

What’s the Difference? Three of the most commonly occurring figures of

speech are simile, metaphor, and personification.

• A simile compares two unlike things, using a word such as like, as, than,

or resembles: Her heart is as cold as a dungeon.

• A metaphor compares two different things without using such words

as like or as: Life is a carnival.

• Personification gives human characteristics to objects, animals, or

abstractions: The flowers nodded their heads in agreement.

READING SKILLS: IDENTIFYING AN AUTHOR’S PURPOSEMost writers have a purpose for putting words to paper. Some writers want

to create a whole imaginative world of their own. Some want to share

information. Some want to convey a message to their readers. Others hope

to tap into readers’ feelings or reason and persuade them to accept a way

of thinking or to take some particular action. Jonathan Edwards’s vivid,

intense sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” was written with a

clear purpose—to make the experience of hell so real and frightening that

people in his audience would change their lives.

Use the Skill As you read the selection, circle the details that reveal the

author’s purpose.

ReadingStandard 2.1

Analyze boththe features and

the rhetoricaldevices of

different typesof public

documents andthe way in

which authorsuse those

features anddevices.

ReadingStandard 3.4

Analyze ways inwhich poets use

figures ofspeech to

evoke readers’emotions.

ReadingStandard 3.7

(Grade 9–10Review)

Recognize andunderstand thesignificance ofvarious literary

devices,includingfigurativelanguage,

imagery,allegory, and

symbolism, andexplain their

appeal.

from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards

Look for examples ofthe following as youread this selection.

FIGURATIVELANGUAGE

Language used in anonliteral way, usuallyinvolving imaginativecomparisons such assimiles and metaphors.

IMAGERY Language that appealsto the senses.

REVIEW SKILLSREVIEW SKILLS

10

20

from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 23

So that, thus it is that natural men1 are held in the hand of God,

over the pit of hell; they have deserved the fiery pit, and are

already sentenced to it; and God is dreadfully provoked, His

anger is as great toward them as to those that are actually suffer-

ing the executions of the fierceness of His wrath in hell, and they

have done nothing in the least to appease or abate2 that anger,

neither is God in the least bound by any promise to hold them

up one moment: The devil is waiting for them, hell is gaping for

them, the flames gather and flash about them, and would fain3

lay hold on them, and swallow them up; the fire pent up in their

own hearts is struggling to break out: And they have no interest

in any Mediator,4 there are no means within reach that can be

any security to them.

In short, they have no refuge, nothing to take hold of; all

that preserves them every moment is the mere arbitrary will,

and uncovenanted, unobliged forbearance5 of an incensed6 God.

The use of this awful subject may be for awakening uncon-

verted persons in this congregation. This that you have heard is

the case of every one of you that are out of Christ. That world

of misery, that lake of burning brimstone, is extended abroad

under you. There is the dreadful pit of the glowing flames of the

wrath of God; there is hell’s wide gaping mouth open; and you

provoked (pr¥ · v£kt√) v. used as adj.: angered.

appease (¥ · p≤z√) v.: calm;satisfy.

Re-read lines 8–10. Circle thenouns, and underline theverbs and verb forms thatcreate images of horror.(Grade 9–10 Review)

1. natural men: people who have not been “reborn.”2. abate v.: reduce in amount or intensity.3. fain adv.: archaic word meaning “happily” or “gladly.”4. Mediator: Jesus Christ. In general, one who intervenes between two

parties in conflict.5. forbearance n.: tolerance or restraint.6. incensed v. used as adj.: angered; enraged.

Jonathan Edwards

Re-read lines 17–21. Whatdoes Edwards say is his purpose for discussing thesubject of sinners and punishment? Underline theanswer.

Underline the images in lines19–22 that help you picturethis “world of misery.”(Grade 9–10 Review)

from

have nothing to stand upon,

nor anything to take hold of;

there is nothing between you

and hell but the air; it is only

the power and mere pleasure

of God that holds you up.

You probably are not

sensible of this; you find you

are kept out of hell, but do

not see the hand of God in it;

but look at other things, as

the good state of your bodily constitution, your care of your

own life, and the means you use for your own preservation. But

indeed these things are nothing; if God should withdraw His

hand, they would avail no more to keep you from falling, than

the thin air to hold up a person that is suspended in it.

Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead, and

to tend downward with great weight and pressure toward hell;

and if God should let you go, you would immediately sink and

swiftly descend and plunge into the bottomless gulf, and your

healthy constitution, and your own care and prudence, and best

contrivance, and all your righteousness, would have no more

influence to uphold you and keep you out of hell, than a spider’s

web would have to stop a fallen rock. . . .

The wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for

the present; they increase more and more, and rise higher and

higher, till an outlet is given; and the longer the stream is

stopped, the more rapid and mighty is its course, when once it is

let loose. It is true, that judgment against your evil works has

not been executed hitherto; the floods of God’s vengeance have

been withheld; but your guilt in the meantime is constantly

increasing, and you are every day treasuring up more wrath; the

waters are constantly rising, and waxing more and more mighty;

and there is nothing but the mere pleasure of God that holds the

waters back, that are unwilling to be stopped, and press hard to

constitution(kän≈st¥ · tº√◊¥n) n.:physical condition.

contrivance (k¥n · tr¢√v¥ns) n.:scheme; plan.

Lines 47–51 contain a power-ful simile. To what isEdwards comparing God’swrath? Underline the answer.(Grade 9–10 Review)

According to Edwards, whatwould happen if God wereto “withdraw His hand” (lines 29–38)?

State the message of lines39–46 in your own words.

Reverend Jonathan Edwards(1750–1755) by Joseph Badger.Oil on canvas (281/2″× 22″ ).

30

40

50

24 Chapter 1: Encounters and Foundations to 1800Part 1

Yale Un

iversity Art G

allery. Beq

uest o

f Eug

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elps

Edw

ards (1938.74).

go forward. If God should only withdraw His hand from the

floodgate, it would immediately fly open, and the fiery floods

of the fierceness and wrath of God, would rush forth with

inconceivable fury, and would come upon you with

omnipotent power; and if your strength were ten thousand

times greater than it is, yea, ten thousand times greater than

the strength of the stoutest, sturdiest devil in hell, it would be

nothing to withstand or endure it.

The bow of God’s wrath is bent, and the arrow made ready

on the string, and justice bends the arrow at your heart, and

strains the bow, and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God,

and that of an angry God, without any promise or obligation at

all, that keeps the arrow one moment from being made drunk

with your blood. Thus all you that never passed under a great

change of heart, by the mighty power of the Spirit of God upon

your souls; all you that were never born again, and made new

creatures, and raised from being dead in sin, to a state of new,

and before altogether unexperienced light and life, are in the

hands of an angry God. However you may have reformed your

life in many things, and may have had religious affections,7 and

may keep up a form of religion in your families and closets,8 and

in the house of God, it is nothing but His mere pleasure that

keeps you from being this moment swallowed up in everlasting

destruction. However unconvinced you may now be of the truth

of what you hear, by and by you will be fully convinced of it.

Those that are gone from being in the like circumstances with

you, see that it was so with them; for destruction came suddenly

upon most of them; when they expected nothing of it, and while

they were saying, peace and safety: Now they see, that those

things on which they depended for peace and safety, were noth-

ing but thin air and empty shadows.

60

70

80

from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 25

Underline the extendedmetaphor in lines 66–71 thatEdwards uses to describeGod’s wrath. Explain themetaphor in your ownwords. (Grade 9–10 Review)

7. affections n. pl.: feelings.8. closets n. pl.: rooms for prayer and meditation.

What does Edwards believewill happen to people whopractice religion but haven’tgiven themselves to God(lines 76–81)?

inconceivable(in≈k¥n · s≤v√¥ · b¥l) adj.:unimaginable; beyondunderstanding.

omnipotent (äm · nip√¥ · t¥nt)adj.: all-powerful.

The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one

holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors

you, and is dreadfully provoked: His wrath toward you burns

like fire; He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else but to be

cast into the fire; He is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in

His sight; you are ten thousand times more abominable in His

eyes than the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You

have offended Him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel

did his prince; and yet it is nothing but His hand that holds you

from falling into the fire every moment. It is to be ascribed to

nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that you

was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed your

eyes to sleep. And there is no other reason to be given, why you

have not dropped into hell since you arose in the morning, but

that God’s hand has held you up. There is no other reason to be

given why you have not gone to hell, since you have sat here in

the house of God, provoking His pure eyes by your sinful

wicked manner of attending His solemn worship. Yea, there is

nothing else that is to be given as a reason why you do not this

very moment drop down into hell.

O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in: It is a

great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire

of wrath, that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose

wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you, as against

many of the damned in hell. You hang by a slender thread, with

the flames of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every

moment to singe it, and burn it asunder;9 and you have no

interest in any Mediator, and nothing to lay hold of to save

yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of

your own, nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you

can do, to induce God to spare you one moment. . . .

90

100

110

26 Chapter 1: Encounters and Foundations to 1800Part 1

abhors (ab · hôrz√) v.: scorns;hates.

abominable(¥ · bäm√¥ · n¥ · b¥l) adj.:hateful; disgusting.

ascribed (¥ · scr¢bd√) v.:regarded as coming from a certain cause.

induce (in · dºs√) v.:persuade; force; cause.

Read the boxed passagealoud two times. On the first read, pay attention topunctuation signaling whenyou should pause, when youshould come to a completestop, and where you shoulduse your voice to show emotion. The second timeyou read, try to bringEdwards’s imagery to life.

9. asunder adv.: into pieces.

Re-read lines 98–103.Underline the phrases thatsum up Edwards’s beliefabout why sinners have notfallen into the fires of hell.

Re-read lines 89–95. Whattwo creatures does God compare sinners to?

from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 27

from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Reading Skills: Identifying an Author’s Purpose Most authors have a

purpose, or reason, for writing. Jonathan Edwards’s purpose for writing

“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” is very clear, and his vivid details and

frightening metaphors help him get his message across. Fill in the chart below

with some details from the sermon that reveal Edwards’s purpose for writing.

Author’s Purpose

To scare his congregation into obeying the word of God

Passage 1

Passage 3

Passage 2

ReadingStandard 1.1

(Grade 9–10Review)

Identify and use the literaland figurative

meanings ofwords and

understandword

derivations.

____ 1. omnipresent a. “come together”

____ 2. arguable b. “able to be argued”

____ 3. attendance c. “state of being present at (an event)”

____ 4. converge d. “able to be broken”

____ 5. breakable e. “everywhere; present at all times”

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXESA prefix is a letter, syllable, or word part that is added to the beginning of a

word. A suffix is a letter, syllable, or word part that is added to the end

of a word. Both prefixes and suffixes change the meaning of a word.

DIRECTIONS: Using the information in the box, match each numbered word

with its definition. Write the letters on the blanks.

from Sinners in the Handsof an Angry Godfrom Sinners in the Handsof an Angry God

28 Chapter 1: Encounters and Foundations to 1800Part 1

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT

DIRECTIONS: Write vocabulary words from the Word Box on the correct

blanks to complete the paragraph. Not all words will be used.

provoked

appease

constitution

contrivance

inconceivable

omnipotent

abhors

abominable

ascribed

induce

Jonathan Edwards’s emotional sermons described an all-powerful,

(1) God. Edwards wanted to

(2) , or force, his listeners to obey God. His descrip-

tions of God were not meant to calm or (3) the

fears of his audience. Instead, he wanted them to believe that God’s anger was

(4) by their sins. Many modern readers find

Edwards’s scare tactics loathsome and (5) .abominable

provoked

appease

induce

omnipotent

Common Prefixes and Suffixes

con– means “with” or “together” –able means “capable of”

omni– means “all” –ance means “state of being”

Check your Standards Mastery at the back of this book.

6 Interactive Reading: Teacher’s Edition

from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry GodJonathan Edwards ■ Interactive Reading, pages 22–28

Introduce■ Have students read Literary Focus: Figures of Speech (Interactive

Reading, page 22). Ask students to contribute figurative conclu-sions to the following statements:

Simile: He moves as slowly as __________.

Metaphor: Happiness is _____________.

Personification: My dad’s old car _____________.

Tell students to watch for use of figurative language as they readEdwards’s sermon.

■ Point out to students that the selection was written by a Puritanpreacher. Encourage students to predict the author’s purpose,based on this knowledge and on the title of the selection. Then,have students study Reading Skills: Identifying an Author’s Purpose(Interactive Reading, page 22).

Teach■ Allow students to read the selection independently (beginning on

page 23), pausing as they read to answer the sidenotes.■ Encourage students to jot down their responses to Edwards’s view

of humanity as they read. Do they agree with Edwards, or do theirown beliefs differ?

■ Allow class time for the students to practice the Fluency passage onpage 26.

Assess■ Tell students to work with a partner to complete the Practice and

Review activity (Interactive Reading, page 27). Circulate among thestudents, and if several pairs have trouble with the same passage,review it with the class as a whole.

■ Assign both vocabulary activities from Interactive Reading, page 28.Have students exchange books, and lead them in correcting eachother’s work.

■ Formal assessment is available in Progress Assessment of Reading,Vocabulary, and Literature, pages 17–20.

NOTE■ Additional teaching tips for this selection are available in Holt

Literature and Language Arts ATE, as is a selection summary.■ This selection is available in the Audio CD Library.■ This selection, with instruction, is available in the Audio Tutor

CD.

OBJECTIVES

Students will—■ Recognize figures of speech

and rhetorical devices.■ Identify an author’s purpose.■ Use context clues and affixes

to decode words.■ Practice fluency.

TEACH REVIEW SKILLS

Have students close their eyes asyou read this statement aloud:“The bread was removed from theoven.” Have students open theireyes and tell which, if any, of thewords in that sentence appeal totheir senses. Have students closetheir eyes again, and read thispassage aloud to them: “The hot,fragrant bread was removed fromthe cavernous coal oven. Thebread was perfectly round, and itscrust was thick and toasted agolden brown.” Lead students torecognize that the second passagewas filled with imagery—language that appeals to the fivesenses. Remind students to lookfor imagery as they read thisexcerpt from “Sinners in theHands of an Angry God.”

Reading Standard 1.1(Grade 9–10 Review)Identify and use the literal and figu-rative meanings of words andunderstand word derivations.

Reading Standard 2.1Analyze both the features and therhetorical devices of different typesof public documents and the way inwhich authors use those featuresand devices.

Reading Standard 3.4Analyze ways in which poets useimagery, personification, figures of speech, and sounds to evokereaders’ emotions.

Reading Standard 3.7(Grade 9–10 Review)Recognize and understand the sig-nificance of various literary devices,including figurative language,imagery, allegory, and symbolism,and explain their appeal.

Student Pages with Answers 65

10 20

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s, o

r

abst

ract

ion

s: T

he

flo

wer

s n

od

ded

th

eir

hea

ds

in a

gre

emen

t.

READ

ING

SKIL

LS:

IDEN

TIFY

ING

AN A

UTHO

R’S

PURP

OSE

Mo

st w

rite

rs h

ave

a p

urp

ose

fo

r p

utt

ing

wo

rds

to p

aper

. So

me

wri

ters

wan

t

to c

reat

e a

wh

ole

imag

inat

ive

wo

rld

of

thei

r o

wn

. So

me

wan

t to

sh

are

info

rmat

ion

. So

me

wan

t to

co

nve

y a

mes

sag

e to

th

eir

read

ers.

Oth

ers

ho

pe

to t

ap in

to r

ead

ers’

fee

ling

s o

r re

aso

n a

nd

per

suad

e th

em t

o a

ccep

t a

way

of

thin

kin

g o

r to

tak

e so

me

par

ticu

lar

acti

on

. Jo

nat

han

Ed

war

ds’

s vi

vid

,

inte

nse

ser

mo

n “

Sin

ner

s in

th

e H

and

s o

f an

An

gry

Go

d”

was

wri

tten

wit

h a

clea

r p

urp

ose

—to

mak

e th

e ex

per

ien

ce o

f h

ell s

o r

eal a

nd

fri

gh

ten

ing

th

at

peo

ple

in h

is a

ud

ien

ce w

ou

ld c

han

ge

thei

r liv

es.

Use

the

Ski

llA

s yo

u r

ead

th

e se

lect

ion

, cir

cle

the

det

ails

th

at r

evea

l th

e

auth

or’

s p

urp

ose

.

Readin

gSta

ndard

2.1

A

naly

ze b

oth

the

feat

ures

and

the

rhet

oric

alde

vice

s of

diff

eren

t ty

pes

of p

ublic

docu

men

ts a

ndth

e w

ay in

whi

ch a

utho

rsus

e th

ose

feat

ures

and

devi

ces.

Readin

gSta

ndard

3.4

A

naly

ze w

ays

inw

hich

poe

ts u

sefi

gure

s of

spee

ch t

o ev

oke

read

ers’

emot

ions

.

Readin

gSta

ndard

3.7

(Gra

de

9–10

Rev

iew

) Re

cogn

ize

and

unde

rsta

nd t

hesi

gnif

ican

ce o

fva

riou

s lit

erar

yde

vice

s,in

clud

ing

figu

rati

vela

ngua

ge,

imag

ery,

alle

gory

, and

sym

bolis

m, a

ndex

plai

n th

eir

appe

al.

from

Sinn

ers

in t

he H

ands

of

an A

ngry

God

by

Jon

atha

n Ed

war

ds

Look

for

exa

mpl

es o

fth

e fo

llow

ing

as y

oure

ad t

his

sele

ctio

n.

FIG

UR

ATIV

ELA

NG

UA

GE

Lang

uage

use

d in

ano

nlit

eral

way

, usu

ally

invo

lvin

g im

agin

ativ

eco

mpa

riso

ns s

uch

assi

mile

s an

d m

etap

hors

.

IMA

GERY

Lang

uage

tha

t ap

peal

sto

the

sen

ses.

REV

IEW

SK

ILLS

REV

IEW

SK

ILLS

Chapter 1Student pages 22–23

66 Interactive Reading: Teacher’s Edition

go f

orw

ard.

IfG

od s

hou

ld o

nly

wit

hdr

aw H

is h

and

from

th

e

floo

dgat

e,it

wou

ld im

med

iate

ly f

ly o

pen

,an

d th

e fi

ery

floo

ds

ofth

e fi

erce

nes

s an

d w

rath

of

God

,wou

ld r

ush

for

th w

ith

inco

nce

ivab

lefu

ry,a

nd

wou

ld c

ome

upo

n y

ou w

ith

omn

ipot

ent

pow

er;a

nd

ifyo

ur

stre

ngt

h w

ere

ten

th

ousa

nd

tim

es g

reat

er t

han

it is

,yea

,ten

th

ousa

nd

tim

es g

reat

er t

han

the

stre

ngt

h o

fth

e st

oute

st,s

turd

iest

dev

il in

hel

l,it

wou

ld b

e

not

hin

g to

wit

hst

and

or e

ndu

re it

.

Th

e bo

w o

fG

od’s

wra

th is

ben

t,an

d th

e ar

row

mad

e re

ady

on t

he

stri

ng,

and

just

ice

ben

ds t

he

arro

w a

t yo

ur

hea

rt,a

nd

stra

ins

the

bow

,an

d it

is n

oth

ing

but

the

mer

e pl

easu

re o

fG

od,

and

that

of

an a

ngr

y G

od,w

ith

out

any

prom

ise

or o

blig

atio

n a

t

all,

that

kee

ps t

he

arro

w o

ne

mom

ent

from

bei

ng

mad

e dr

un

k

wit

h y

our

bloo

d.T

hus

all y

ou t

hat

nev

er p

asse

d u

nde

r a

grea

t

chan

ge o

fh

eart

,by

the

mig

hty

pow

er o

fth

e Sp

irit

of

God

upo

n

you

r so

uls

;all

you

th

at w

ere

nev

er b

orn

aga

in,a

nd

mad

e n

ew

crea

ture

s,an

d ra

ised

fro

m b

ein

g de

ad in

sin

,to

a st

ate

ofn

ew,

and

befo

re a

ltog

eth

er u

nex

peri

ence

d lig

ht

and

life,

are

in t

he

han

ds o

fan

an

gry

God

.How

ever

you

may

hav

e re

form

ed y

our

life

in m

any

thin

gs,a

nd

may

hav

e h

ad r

elig

iou

s af

fect

ion

s,7

and

may

kee

p u

p a

form

of

relig

ion

in y

our

fam

ilies

an

d cl

oset

s,8

and

in t

he

hou

se o

fG

od,i

t is

not

hin

g bu

t H

is m

ere

plea

sure

th

at

keep

s yo

u f

rom

bei

ng

this

mom

ent

swal

low

ed u

p in

eve

rlas

tin

g

dest

ruct

ion

.How

ever

un

conv

ince

d yo

u m

ay n

ow b

e of

the

tru

th

ofw

hat

you

hea

r,by

an

d by

you

will

be

fully

con

vin

ced

ofit

.

Th

ose

that

are

gon

e fr

om b

ein

g in

th

e lik

e ci

rcu

mst

ance

s w

ith

you

,see

th

at it

was

so

wit

h t

hem

;for

des

tru

ctio

n c

ame

sudd

enly

upo

n m

ost

ofth

em;w

hen

th

ey e

xpec

ted

not

hin

g of

it,a

nd

wh

ile

they

wer

e sa

yin

g,p

eace

an

d sa

fety

:Now

th

ey s

ee,t

hat

th

ose

thin

gs o

n w

hic

h t

hey

dep

ende

d fo

r pe

ace

and

safe

ty,w

ere

not

h-

ing

but

thin

air

an

d em

pty

shad

ows.

60 70 80

fro

mSi

nn

ers

in t

he

Han

ds

of

an A

ng

ry G

od

25

Un

der

line

the

exte

nd

edm

etap

ho

rin

lin

es 6

6–71

th

atEd

war

ds

use

s to

des

crib

eG

od

’s w

rath

. Exp

lain

th

em

etap

ho

r in

yo

ur

ow

nw

ord

s. (

Gra

de

9–10

Rev

iew

)

He

com

par

es G

od

’s

ang

er t

o a

bo

w a

nd

arro

w t

hat

is d

irec

ted

to t

he

hea

rts

of

sin

ner

s.

7.af

fect

ion

sn

. pl.:

feel

ing

s.8.

clo

sets

n. p

l.: r

oo

ms

for

pra

yer

and

med

itat

ion

.

Wh

at d

oes

Ed

war

ds

bel

ieve

will

hap

pen

to

peo

ple

wh

op

ract

ice

relig

ion

bu

t h

aven

’tg

iven

th

emse

lves

to

Go

d(l

ines

76–

81)?

He

bel

ieve

s th

ey

wo

n’t

be

save

d.

inco

nce

ivab

le

(in≈k¥n

· s≤v√¥

· b¥l)

adj.:

un

imag

inab

le; b

eyo

nd

un

der

stan

din

g.

om

nip

ote

nt(äm

· nip√¥

· t¥nt)

adj.:

all-

po

wer

ful.

hav

e n

oth

ing

to s

tan

d u

pon

,

nor

any

thin

g to

tak

e h

old

of;

ther

e is

not

hin

g be

twee

n y

ou

and

hel

l bu

t th

e ai

r;it

is o

nly

the

pow

er a

nd

mer

e pl

easu

re

ofG

od t

hat

hol

ds y

ou u

p.

You

pro

babl

y ar

e n

ot

sen

sibl

e of

this

;you

fin

d y

ou

are

kep

t ou

t of

hel

l,bu

t d

o

not

see

th

e h

and

of

God

in it

;

but

look

at

oth

er t

hin

gs,a

s

the

good

sta

te o

fyo

ur

bod

ily c

onst

itu

tion

,you

r ca

re o

fyo

ur

own

life

,an

d t

he

mea

ns

you

use

for

you

r ow

n p

rese

rvat

ion

.Bu

t

ind

eed

th

ese

thin

gs a

re n

oth

ing;

ifG

od s

hou

ld w

ith

dra

w H

is

han

d,t

hey

wou

ld a

vail

no

mor

e to

kee

p y

ou f

rom

fal

ling,

than

the

thin

air

to

hol

d u

p a

per

son

th

at is

su

spen

ded

in it

.

You

r w

icke

dnes

s m

akes

you

as

it w

ere

hea

vy a

s le

ad,a

nd

to t

end

dow

nwar

d w

ith

gre

at w

eigh

t an

d pr

essu

re t

owar

d h

ell;

and

ifG

od s

hou

ld le

t yo

u g

o,yo

u w

ould

imm

edia

tely

sin

k an

d

swif

tly

desc

end

and

plu

nge

into

th

e bo

ttom

less

gu

lf,a

nd

you

r

hea

lthy

con

stit

uti

on,a

nd

you

r ow

n c

are

and

pru

den

ce,a

nd

best

con

triv

ance

,an

d al

l you

r ri

ghte

ousn

ess,

wou

ld h

ave

no

mor

e

infl

uen

ce t

o u

phol

d yo

u a

nd

keep

you

ou

t of

hel

l,th

an a

spi

der’

s

web

wou

ld h

ave

to s

top

a fa

llen

roc

k...

.

Th

e w

rath

of

God

is li

ke g

reat

wat

ers

that

are

dam

med

for

the

pres

ent;

they

incr

ease

mor

e an

d m

ore,

and

rise

hig

her

an

d

hig

her

,till

an

ou

tlet

is g

iven

;an

d th

e lo

nge

r th

e st

ream

is

stop

ped,

the

mor

e ra

pid

and

mig

hty

is it

s co

urs

e,w

hen

on

ce it

is

let

loos

e.It

is t

rue,

that

judg

men

t ag

ain

st y

our

evil

wor

ks h

as

not

bee

n e

xecu

ted

hit

her

to;t

he

floo

ds o

fG

od’s

ven

gean

ce h

ave

been

wit

hh

eld;

but

you

r gu

ilt in

th

e m

ean

tim

e is

con

stan

tly

incr

easi

ng,

and

you

are

eve

ry d

ay t

reas

uri

ng

up

mor

e w

rath

;th

e

wat

ers

are

con

stan

tly

risi

ng,

and

wax

ing

mor

e an

d m

ore

mig

hty

;

and

ther

e is

not

hin

g bu

t th

e m

ere

plea

sure

of

God

th

at h

olds

th

e

wat

ers

back

,th

at a

re u

nwill

ing

to b

e st

oppe

d,an

d pr

ess

har

d to

con

stit

uti

on

(kän≈st¥

· tº√◊¥n)

n.:

ph

ysic

al c

on

dit

ion

.

con

triv

ance

(k¥n

· tr¢√v¥ns)

n.:

sch

eme;

pla

n.

Lin

es 4

7–51

co

nta

in a

po

wer

-fu

l sim

ile.T

o w

hat

isEd

war

ds

com

par

ing

Go

d’s

wra

th?

Un

der

line

the

answ

er.

(Gra

de

9–10

Rev

iew

)

Acc

ord

ing

to

Ed

war

ds,

wh

atw

ou

ld h

app

en if

Go

d w

ere

to “

wit

hd

raw

His

han

d”

(lin

es 2

9–38

)?

Sin

ner

s w

ou

ld f

all

into

hel

l.

Stat

e th

e m

essa

ge

of

lines

39–4

6 in

yo

ur

ow

n w

ord

s.

You

r w

icke

dn

ess

is a

s

hea

vy a

s le

ad, a

nd

if

Go

d s

ho

uld

let

you

go

,

you

r h

ealt

h, y

ou

r ca

re,

and

yo

ur

rig

hte

ou

s-

nes

s w

ou

ld n

ot

pro

tect

you

, an

y m

ore

th

an a

spid

er w

eb c

ou

ld s

top

a fa

llin

g r

ock

.

Rev

eren

d J

on

ath

an E

dw

ard

s(1

750–

1755

) b

y Jo

sep

h B

adg

er.

Oil

on

can

vas

(281 /2

″× 2

2″).

30 40 50

24

Ch

apte

r 1:

Enco

un

ters

an

d F

ou

nd

atio

ns

to 1

800

Part

1

Yale University Art Gallery. Bequest of Eugene PhelpsEdwards (1938.74).

Chapter 1Student pages 24–25

Student Pages with Answers 67

fro

mSi

nn

ers

in t

he

Han

ds

of

an A

ng

ry G

od

27

from

Sinn

ers

in t

he H

ands

of

an A

ngry

God

Read

ing

Skill

s: I

dent

ifyin

g an

Aut

hor’

s Pu

rpos

eM

ost

auth

ors

hav

e a

purp

ose,

or r

easo

n,f

or w

riti

ng.

Jon

ath

an E

dwar

ds’s

pu

rpos

e fo

r w

riti

ng

“Sin

ner

s in

th

e H

ands

of

an A

ngr

y G

od”

is v

ery

clea

r,an

d h

is v

ivid

det

ails

an

d

frig

hte

nin

g m

etap

hor

s h

elp

him

get

his

mes

sage

acr

oss.

Fill

in t

he

char

t be

low

wit

h s

ome

deta

ils f

rom

th

e se

rmon

th

at r

evea

l Edw

ards

’s p

urp

ose

for

wri

tin

g.

Au

tho

r’s

Purp

ose

To s

care

his

co

ng

reg

atio

n in

to o

bey

ing

th

e w

ord

of

Go

d

Pass

age

1

“Th

e d

evil

is w

aiti

ng

fo

r th

em, h

ell i

s g

apin

g f

or

them

. . .

.” (

lines

8–9

)

Pass

age

3

“Th

ere

is n

oth

ing

bet

wee

n y

ou

an

d h

ell b

ut

the

air.

. . .”

(lin

es 2

5–26

)

Pass

age

2

“Th

e u

se o

f th

is a

wfu

l su

bje

ct m

ay b

e fo

r aw

aken

ing

u

nco

nve

rted

per

son

s in

th

is c

on

gre

gat

ion

.” (

lines

17–

18)

Sug

ges

ted

en

trie

s ap

pea

r b

elo

w.

Th

e G

od t

hat

hol

ds y

ou o

ver

the

pit

ofh

ell,

mu

ch a

s on

e

hol

ds a

spi

der,

or s

ome

loat

hso

me

inse

ct o

ver

the

fire

,ab

hor

s

you

,an

d is

dre

adfu

lly p

rovo

ked:

His

wra

th t

owar

d yo

u b

urn

s

like

fire

;He

look

s u

pon

you

as

wor

thy

ofn

oth

ing

else

bu

t to

be

cast

into

th

e fi

re;H

e is

of

pure

r ey

es t

han

to

bear

to

hav

e yo

u in

His

sig

ht;

you

are

ten

th

ousa

nd

tim

es m

ore

abom

inab

lein

His

eyes

th

an t

he

mos

t h

atef

ul v

enom

ous

serp

ent

is in

ou

rs.Y

ou

hav

e of

fen

ded

Him

infi

nit

ely

mor

e th

an e

ver

a st

ubb

orn

reb

el

did

his

pri

nce

;an

d ye

t it

is n

oth

ing

but

His

han

d th

at h

olds

you

from

fal

ling

into

th

e fi

re e

very

mom

ent.

It is

to

be a

scri

bed

to

not

hin

g el

se,t

hat

you

did

not

go

to h

ell t

he

last

nig

ht;

that

you

was

su

ffer

ed t

o aw

ake

agai

n in

th

is w

orld

,aft

er y

ou c

lose

d yo

ur

eyes

to

slee

p.A

nd

ther

e is

no

oth

er r

easo

n t

o be

giv

en,w

hy y

ou

hav

e n

ot d

ropp

ed in

to h

ell s

ince

you

aro

se in

th

e m

orn

ing,

but

that

God

’s h

and

has

hel

d yo

u u

p.T

her

e is

no

oth

er r

easo

n t

o be

give

n w

hy y

ou h

ave

not

gon

e to

hel

l,si

nce

you

hav

e sa

t h

ere

in

the

hou

se o

fG

od,p

rovo

kin

g H

is p

ure

eye

s by

you

r si

nfu

l

wic

ked

man

ner

of

atte

ndi

ng

His

sol

emn

wor

ship

.Yea

,th

ere

is

not

hin

g el

se t

hat

is t

o be

giv

en a

s a

reas

on w

hy y

ou d

o n

ot t

his

very

mom

ent

drop

dow

n in

to h

ell.

O s

inn

er! C

onsi

der

the

fear

ful d

ange

r yo

u a

re in

:It

is a

grea

t fu

rnac

e of

wra

th,a

wid

e an

d bo

ttom

less

pit

,fu

ll of

the

fire

ofw

rath

,th

at y

ou a

re h

eld

over

in t

he

han

d of

that

God

,wh

ose

wra

th is

pro

voke

d an

d in

cen

sed

as m

uch

aga

inst

you

,as

agai

nst

man

y of

the

dam

ned

in h

ell.

You

han

g by

a s

len

der

thre

ad,w

ith

the

flam

es o

fdi

vin

e w

rath

fla

shin

g ab

out

it,a

nd

read

y ev

ery

mom

ent

to s

inge

it,a

nd

burn

it a

sun

der;

9an

d yo

u h

ave

no

inte

rest

in a

ny M

edia

tor,

and

not

hin

g to

lay

hol

d of

to s

ave

you

rsel

f,n

oth

ing

to k

eep

off

the

flam

es o

fw

rath

,not

hin

g of

you

r ow

n,n

oth

ing

that

you

eve

r h

ave

don

e,n

oth

ing

that

you

can

do,

to i

nd

uce

God

to

spar

e yo

u o

ne

mom

ent.

...

90 100

110

26

Ch

apte

r 1:

Enco

un

ters

an

d F

ou

nd

atio

ns

to 1

800

Part

1

abh

ors(ab

· hôrz√)

v.:

sco

rns;

hat

es.

abo

min

able

(¥· bäm√¥

· n¥

· b¥l)

adj.:

hat

efu

l; d

isg

ust

ing

.

ascr

ibed

(¥

· scr¢bd√)

v.:

reg

ard

ed a

s co

min

g f

rom

a

cert

ain

cau

se.

ind

uce

(in

· dºs√)

v.:

per

suad

e; f

orc

e; c

ause

.

Rea

d t

he

bo

xed

pas

sag

eal

ou

d t

wo

tim

es. O

n t

he

firs

t re

ad, p

ay a

tten

tio

n t

op

un

ctu

atio

n s

ign

alin

g w

hen

you

sh

ou

ld p

ause

, wh

en y

ou

sho

uld

co

me

to a

co

mp

lete

sto

p, a

nd

wh

ere

you

sh

ou

ldu

se y

ou

r vo

ice

to s

ho

w

emo

tio

n. T

he

seco

nd

tim

eyo

u r

ead

, try

to

bri

ng

Edw

ard

s’s

imag

ery

to li

fe.

9.as

un

der

adv.

:in

to p

iece

s.

Re-

read

lin

es 9

8–10

3.U

nd

erlin

e th

e p

hra

ses

that

sum

up

Ed

war

ds’

s b

elie

fab

ou

t w

hy

sin

ner

s h

ave

no

tfa

llen

into

th

e fi

res

of

hel

l.

Re-

read

lin

es 8

9–95

. Wh

attw

o c

reat

ure

s d

oes

Go

d

com

par

e si

nn

ers

to?

He

com

par

es t

hem

to a

sp

ider

or

oth

er

inse

ct a

nd

to

a

serp

ent.

Chapter 1Student pages 26–27

252 Graphic Organizers

Figure of Speech Example from the Selection

Simile: a comparison between two unlike

things, using a word such as like, than, as,

or resembles—for example: She was as

graceful as a gazelle.

Metaphor: a comparison between two

unlike things in which one thing is said to

be another thing—for example: She was a

gazelle leaping across the stage.

Personification: a figure of speech in

which an object or animal is given human

feelings or thoughts—for example: The

stage refused all comfort to the dancers.

Symbol: a person, place, thing, or event

that has meaning in itself and that also

stands for something more than itself—for

example: A dove is a symbol of peace.

Name Class Date

Selection: Author:

Figures of Speech

Co

pyr

igh

t ©

by

Ho

lt, R

ineh

art

and

Win

sto

n. A

ll ri

gh

ts r

eser

ved

.

DIRECTIONS: The chart below describes the most common figures of speech. Fill in the

chart with examples from the selection. (Not all selections will include all types of figures

of speech.)

A figure of speech is a word or phrase that describes one thing in terms of another and

that is not meant to be taken literally.