From Settler Colonies to Imperialism

Settler Colony Occurred when

European family units moved into a region in large numbers

Intent is to replace native population with a new population of people

Key resource (pull factor) is the availability of land & economic opportunities

Push Factors Overpopulation back in

Europe

Non-Settler Colony A colony with very

few white European settlers

Originally settled by farmers and ranchers from the Netherlands (Boers/Afrikaners) Contact with native

Xhosa tribes led to near extinction of the Africans, who didn’t have resistance to disease from the Dutch Europeans

British take control of the tip of Africa in 1806 Abolition of slavery in

1833 leads to eastward migration of Afrikaners who would fight against the Zulu people under their leader, Shaka Zulu

Diamonds and Gold Discovery of diamonds

(1867) and gold (1886) deposits lead to British miner migrations

Led to South African War b/t British and Dutch Afrikaners

Reconciliation b/t Afrikaners and British was reached and the Union of South Africa was formed which had whites control all native black Africans.

SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 1

Native Aborigine population was a foraging/fishing society Considered savages

by the British 1770, James Cook

claims Australia for Britain on his voyages

Originally settled as a penal colony 200 free settlers 800 convicts

Decline of Aboriginal Population Infectious disease Forced resettlement Removal of children Destruction of culture

As number of white British settlers increased, Aboriginal population was forced off land and pushed into the interior (the Outback)

SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 2

Coastal region was considered an integral part of France

Natives (largely Ottoman Muslims) pushed out as Europeans moved in

Colonized by peasants/working-class

poor from Italy, Spain, and France

political exiles and convicts from France

Napoleon III Respected natives and

tried to prevent contact/exploitation by limiting settlement to the coast

French officials disagreed Continued to grant

land to colons Goal was to provide

land for wheat production

Tribal leaders sold land to turn a quick profit

SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 3

One country’s domination of political, economic, and social life of another country

Political rival European countries (nationalism)

Economic demand for raw materials and markets for goods (competition, Industrial Revolution)

Ideological European religious zeal, feelings of racial/cultural superiority = Europeans wanted to impose their cultures on others (Social Darwinism): idea

that some races were more “evolved” than others

“The White Man’s Burden” – duty of Europeans to civilize “backward” people, spread Christianity and Western ideals/values

Religious desire to spread Christianity,

Exploratory scientific/medical research, have adventure, investigate unknown land/culture

Victoria Falls& Dr. Livingstone

Colony – directly ruled by an imperial power thru colonial officials

Protectorate – has its own govt, but “guided” by a foreign power

Sphere of Influence – region where an imperial power has exclusive investment/trading rights

Africans spoke over 1000 different languages!

Powerful African armies had kept Europeans out of Africa for 400 years!

1880-1914, European countries claimed most parts of Africa for their own

1885 – European nations met in Berlin, Germany and agreed to split (partition) Africa amongst themselves (Berlin Conference) By 1914, Europe controlled 90% of Africa

Invaded Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco in Northern Africa

Controlled Egypt, Sudan, South Africa Desired to control a portion of Africa all the way from North to South (“From Cairo to Capetown” was the motto)

Analyzing Political Cartoons

By 1900, Liberia was the only independent state in West Africa.

Ethiopia was also independent (kicked out the Italians when led by King Menelik II)

Colonized under King Leopold II – forced local chiefs to sign treaties giving up power at gunpoint

Non settlement colony (in 1900, just over 1,000 Belgians lived in Congo, whose territory was 80x larger than all of Belgium itself)

Based on resource/labor exploitation Rubber tree plantations

Forced labor Cruel treatment of natives,

high taxes As many as 4-8 million

native Congalese died as a result

Belgian Congo

Non-settler Colony: Case Study 1

Harmed land by mining, factories, logging

Paid Africans low wages, and imposed high taxes

Men housed in dorms away from families

Schools taught that European ways were best

By early 1900s, elite Africans began to condemn imperialism as against European ideals of liberty, equality, nationalism