Implementation of Traffic Control Devices on Highway Preservation Projects to Enhance Construction Work Zone Safety

From Research to Practice:A Collaborative Approach to Prevention through DesignJohn GambateseSchool of Civil and Construction EngineeringOregon State University

20th Annual Willis Construction Risk Management ConferencePlano, TXSeptember 16-17, 2014

0Source: Las Vegas Sun, December 29, 1998Safety Headline

Safety Headline: Caring

Source: Las Vegas Sun, December 31, 1998Source: Las Vegas Sun, December 29, 1998

Safety Headline: Taking actionSource: Las Vegas Sun, December 29, 1998

Safety Headline: ResultsWhy do accidents (still) occur?Source: Construction Industry Institute, Making Zero Accidents a Reality, EM160-21, 2006

Safety Performance of Construction IndustryWhy do some companies perform better than others?Source: Construction Industry Institute, Austin, TX, 2013Models of Accident Causation

PlanningDesignConstructionInspectionSource:Reason, J., Human Error: Models and Management. British Medical Journal, Vol. 320, 768-770, March 2000Accident and Risk PicturesSource:Hale, A., Construction Safety Management: Do we know what works? CIB W099 Construction Safety Conference, Lund, Sweden, June 2-3, 2014.

System FailuresActive failures:Unsafe acts committed by people who are in direct contact with the system.Latent failures:Inevitable resident pathogens within the system.

Source: Behm, M. and Powell, D. (2014). Problem Solving: Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored? ASSE Professional Safety, Feb. 2014, pp. 34-40.Risk reduction recommendations are shifting slightly to include additional higher-order controls.However, the results suggest that safety professionals may be stuck in an administrative control rut, fixated on identifying single causes close to the work operation.Accident InfluencesHierarchy of influences in construction accidentsLoughborough ConCA Model

Safety CultureThe organizational principles, norms, commitments, and values related to the operation of safety and health (NORA 2008)

Originating Influences(Client, industry, design, safety culture)Shaping Factors(Project, worker)Immediate Accident CircumstancesSources:Gibb et al., Civil Engineering, ICE, London, 2006.

National Construction Agenda for Occupational Safety and Health Research and Practice in the U.S. Construction Sector. NORA Construction Sector Council.AccidentDesigning a Safety ProgramHow to further reduce the number of injuries and fatalities on projects?

Suggestions from current research

Source:Hagan, P.E., Montgomery, J.F., and O'Reilly, J.T. (2009). Accident Prevention Manual for Business & Industry: Engineering & Technology. Itasca, IL, National Safety Council.Designing a Safety ProgramA starting pointHierarchy of ControlsReliability of the ControlEliminationEliminate the hazard during designSubstitutionSubstitute a less-hazardous material or form during designEngineering ControlsDesign-in engineering controls,Incorporate warning systemsAdministrative ControlsWell-designed work methods & organizationPPEAvailable, effective, easy to usePrevention through Design (PtD)LowHighDesigning a Safety ProgramBalancing prioritiesAxioms (self-evident truths that require no proof) of safety?

Source: Heinrich, H.W. (1931). Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach(Graphic courtesy of Bechtel Corp.)Design of Constructors Safety ProgramMaking Zero Accidents a Reality Safety Management Best Practices:Demonstrated management commitmentStaffing for safetySafety planning pre-project/pre-task planningSafety training and educationWorker involvement and participationRecognition and rewards (Caution!)Subcontractor managementAccident/incident reporting and investigationDrug and alcohol testingSource:Construction Industry Institute, Safety Plus: Making Zero Accidents a Reality, Research Summary 160-1

A Focus on Workers: Situational Awareness (SA)Sources:Artman, H. (2000). Team Situation Assessment and Information Distribution. Ergonomics, 43(8), 1111-1128.Hallowell, M. (2013). Human Factors Engineering: Situational Awareness and Signal Detection Theory.

A motivated, active, and continuous extraction of information from an environment and the ability to use knowledge to anticipate trajectories and act effectively (Artman 2000).State of the environmentSITUATIONAL AWARENESSDecisionActionsFeedbackLevel I:Detection Level II:ComprehensionLevel III:ProjectionEnvironmental awarenessRisk perceptionAnalysis under uncertaintyAddressing occupational safety and health needs in the design process to prevent or minimize the work-related hazards and risks associated with the construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, and equipment. (www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ptd/)

Prevention through Design (PtD) = Safety Constructability

Designer Involvement: Prevention through DesignWhy Prevention through Design (PtD)?22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon, WA, and CA related to design142% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003 related to design160% of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions made before site work began263% of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to design decisions or lack of planning31 Behm, M., Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Constr. Safety Concept (2005)2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions3 NSW WorkCover, CHAIR Safety in Design Tool, 2001

Barriers to PtD ImplementationNo or minimal construction safety in designer education and training Competing priorities (e.g., safety vs. cost/schedule)Lack of knowledge of how to design for safetyUnclear authority and responsibility for PtDDifficult for assess risks during designContractual separation of design and constructionCost/time required to implement PtDFear of increased liability

Enablers of PtD ImplementationA committed owner/clientPositive safety cultureDesign engineer experience and trainingConstruction and safetyIntegrated project delivery methodsDesign/construction visualization tools

Source:Everett, J.G. and Slocum, A.H. (1994). Automation and Robotics Opportunities: Construction versus Manufacturing. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. 120, No. 2, pp. 443-452.

Integrated production system similar to manufacturing industryDesign of the process coincident with design of the productDesign and Construction IntegrationWhat are the impacts of PtD on projects?Survey of design and construction professionals in the UK:Change as a result of implementing PtD (% of respondents)ItemDecreaseNo ChangeIncreaseDesign cost (n=35)6%46%49%Construction cost (n=38)34%24%42%Design duration (n=37)8%57%35%Construction duration (n=39)38%44%18%Construction quality (n=39)8%28%64%Construction worker productivity (n=30)13%33%53%Construction worker health & safety (n=45)4%9%87%End-user health and safety (n=42)5%10%86%Source: NIOSH PtD in the UK study, 2010Bechtels steel design process

PtD elements:Temporary access platformsLifting lugsShop installed vertical brace laddersBolt-on column ladders and work platforms

PtD Example Steel DesignTemporary ladder, platform, and safety line

Photos courtesy of Bechtel Corp.Modular Platforms

Photos courtesy of Bechtel Corp.Brace Lifting Clips and Rungs

Photos courtesy of Bechtel Corp.

Photos courtesy of URS/Washington DivisionPtD Example Prefabrication and ModularizationPtD as a National and International InitiativeNIOSH PtD National InitiativeNORA Construction Sector Council CHPtD WorkgroupOSHA Construction Alliance RoundtableANSI/ASSE PtD Standard Z590.3-2011

U.K.: Construction (Design and Management) RegulationsSingapore: Design for Safety Pledge, 2012Other EU countries, Australia, South Africa, and more

PtD in Planning and DesignExample PtD ProgramThe Haskell Co.: Safety Alert System (SAS)

Designer safety education, training, awareness

Safety reviews during designAll disciplinesIdentify hazardsIncorporate safety suggestions into design

Safety symbols on design drawingsAlert constructors to safety hazardsInclude reference to related OSHA standards

PtD Process Detailed DesignDesign Kickoff DesignInternal ReviewIssue for ConstructionExternal ReviewTrade contractor involvementEstablish design for safety expectationsInclude construction and operation perspectiveIdentify design for safety process and toolsQA/QCCross-discipline reviewFocused safety reviewOwner reviewSource: Hecker et al., 2005

www.construction-institute.orgPtD Tools Databases and Checklists31www.safetyindesign.orgPtD Tools Databases and Checklists

32www.dbp.org.ukPtD Tools Databases and Checklists

33

PtD Tools Visualization, 4D CAD, BIM34PtD Tools Design Risk Assessmentwww.constructionsliderule.org

Which is safer to build? How much safer?Steel-framed building

Concrete-framed buildingSliDeRulE Website

SliDeRulE Website

SliDeRulE Website

Design Option Evaluation

Source: Intel Corporation, Lifecycle Safety ProcessMulti-criteria Alternative Analysis ToolsHazard identificationWhat construction safety hazards does the design create?

Risk assessmentWhat is the level of safety and health risk associated with each hazard?

Design option identification and selectionWhat can be done to eliminate or reduce the hazards?Remember the hierarchy of controlsPtD Design Review

PtD Design Review: Energy MnemonicsA condition or action that has the potential for an unplanned release of, or unwanted contact with, an energy source that may result in harm or injury to people, property, or the environment

Source:Fleming, M.A. (2009). Hazard Recognition. By Design, American Society of Safety Engineers.Construction Industry Institute, Strategies for Improving Hazard Recognition, Research Summary 293-1, July 2013.Follow the EnergyPtD Design Review: GuidewordsDimensionsSize, weight, height, depth, shape, clearance

Actions/InteractionsAccess, support, sequence, placement, connection, human-machine interface

PositionOrientation, location

SurroundingsPerimeters, openings, surfaces (coatings), obstructionsDimensions: Size/Weight

Dimensions: Height/Depth

Dimensions: Shape

Source:Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety, National Institute for Steel Detailing and the Steel Erectors Association of AmericaActions/Interactions: Access

Erector Friendly ColumnHoles at 21 and 42 above floor levels for guardrail cablesHoles at high locations for fall protection tie-offsColumn splices and connections at reasonable heights above floorSeats for beam connectionsSource:Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety, National Institute for Steel Detailing and the Steel Erectors Association of AmericaActions/Interactions: Connection47Actions/Interactions: Machine-user Interface

Source: Construction Industry Institute, Real-time Pro-active Safety in Construction, safety training coursePosition: Ergonomics

Surroundings: Perimeters

Surroundings: Openings

Surroundings: CoatingsNon-isocyanateLow volatile organic compounds (VOC)

Benefits of PtDPtD as a driver of innovation

Source: Culvenor, J. (2006). Creating Transformational Change through Innovation in Risk Management Keynote Address: Creating transformational change through innovation in risk management. Risk Management Research and Practice: An Educational Perspective, Welsh Risk Pool and University of Wales, Bangor, Trearddur Bay Hotel and Conference Centre, Holyhead, Anglesey, UK, March 30-31, 2006.Additional MotivationSustainable development

Source: http://sustainablesafetyandhealth.org/scsh-overview/Safety and OwnersStrong safety leadership and cultureRecognize business value of good safety performanceProcure based in part on safety performanceContractor and DesignerProject delivery methods that integrate design and constructionSafety in contractsConstruction and design contractsPromote PtDSelect design alternatives higher on the hierarchy of controlsParticipate in safetySource:Toole, T.M. and Gambatese, J.A. (2014). PtD Program Guidelines, www.designforconstructionsafety.org.Construction Industry Institute, The Owners Role in Construction Safety, Research Summary 190-1, March 2003.

www.designforconstructionsafety.orgMore PtD info

56Current and Future ResearchPrecursor analysis to prevent low-frequency, high-impact events

Impacts of degree of connectivity on construction worker safety

Worker risk tolerance and behavior assessment

Graphic source: NASA Accident Precursor Analysis Handbook, NASA/SP-2011-3423

Current and Future ResearchSafe and effective speed reductions for freeway work zones

Connection between lean design/construction and construction worker safety

Use and re-use of formwork: safety risks and reliability assessment

From Research to Practice: A Collaborative Approach to Prevention through DesignThank you for your interest!

Questions? Comments?

For more information:john.gambatese@oregonstate.edu

Option 1Option Evaluation SheetIntel D1D ProgrammingOption TitleSubfab vs Basement Opion #1Option DescriptionD1B (Similar) Basement W/ 14' SubfabDescription of Issue:Evaluation CriteriaScoreFSCS GOALSwt.worsebettertotalComments5-*05+C1Dollars / Sq Ft111111-511.9 M Impact to Base Build CostC2Tool Install Cost11121.9 M Cost SavingsE1Energy Conservation11-1added building VolumeE2Reduce Emissions11-1More materialsS1Support 2 Technology and11113Move Available space5 HVM GenerationsS2Maintain Existing Reliability and111More room for maintenanceMaintainabilityS3Improved Life Cycle Safety1112Ergonomics - Cable InstalationS4Maximize Reuseability and1110Small Benifet to ElectricalFungibilityOnly adapts to Copy D1bB FABSD1Overall Construction Duration1112 weeks faster than POR ( Trench)D2Consructability111Better than TrenchD3Tool Install Duration1112More space available5Total ScoreComments:

&L&F &A&C&P of &N&R&D &TAdd a 1 in each box that you want shaded. The associated blocks will be shaded and the point total will be calculated automatically

Option 2Option Evaluation SheetIntel D1D ProgrammingOption TitleSubfab vs Basement Option # 2Option DescriptionSubfab Height to 16' - 16' 9" Litho w/ TrenchDescription of Issue:Base build cost impact:Evaluation CriteriaScoreFSCS GOALSwt.worsebettertotalComments5-*05+C1Dollars / Sq Ft111-21.65 M Increase to Base BuildC2Tool Install Cost1112200 k Cost SavingsE1Energy Conservation10PORE2Reduce Emissions10PORVerticle Tool Routing OpertunitiesS1Support 2 Technology and111No Increase in Subfab sqf. For Equipment5 HVM GenerationsAvailable areas fpr tools above 6' 6"S2Maintain Existing Reliability and10No Impact to PORMaintainabilityWalkable Catwalk vs increase of Fall hazardS3Improved Life Cycle Safety1110Increase of Fab Elevation will impact adaptability to existing fabsS4Maximize Reuseability and1110Reusable designFungibilityD1Overall Construction Duration10PORD2Consructability10PORD3Tool Install Duration111Better Electrical Tray management & vertical Tool routingLateral Rack Utility & Space Requirements111114New Lateral Rack Design CriteriaCode Analysis10No ImpactSubfab Tool Space Requirement11-11.0 / 0.92 Clean Room /Subfab tool square Footage Ratio10101010105Total ScoreComments:

&L&F &A&C&P of &N&R&D &TAdd a 1 in each box that you want shaded. The associated blocks will be shaded and the point total will be calculated automatically

Option 3Option Evaluation SheetIntel D1D ProgrammingOption TitleSubfab vs Basement Option # 3Option Description2 Subfabs Above Grade w/out TrenchDescription of Issue:Base build cost impact:Evaluation CriteriaScoreFSCS GOALSwt.worsebettertotalComments5-*05+C1Dollars / Sq Ft111-21.8 M Increase to Base Build costC2Tool Install Cost11121.9 M Cost SavingsE1Energy Conservation11-1More VolumeE2Reduce Emissions11-1More materialsMove Tool Electrical Power cab. To Util. SubfabS1Support 2 Technology and1111115Eliminate Cat walk & Electrical Tray from Subfab5 HVM GenerationsVerticle Tool Routing OpertunitiesS2Maintain Existing Reliability and11113Better Electrical AccesibilityMaintainabilityS3Improved Life Cycle Safety111114Eliminate One Cat-walkS4Maximize Reuseability and111-2Poor Addapability to Existing FabsFungibilityD1Overall Construction Duration111114Gain One Month of POR Construction ScheduleD2Consructability1112No Trench or BasementD3Tool Install Duration11113Better Spacing for Tray ContractorsLateral Rack Utility & Space Requirements11113Moving all Electrical to Util. SubfabCode Analysis11-1AM&M for openings between two subfabs requiredUtil. Subfab not restricted to chemicalsPlan for tool install cab. To be located in util subfabSubfab Tool Space Requirement1111115Only option that allows for tool ratio above 1/1101010101024Total ScoreComments:

&L&F &A&C&P of &N&R&D &TAdd a 1 in each box that you want shaded. The associated blocks will be shaded and the point total will be calculated automatically

SummaryOption 1Option 2Option 3Option 4ScoreScoreScoreScoreFSCS GOALSwt.worsebettertotalworsebettertotalworsebettertotalworsebettertotal5-*05+5-*05+5-*05+5-*05+C1Dollars / Sq Ft11111100000-50001100000-20001100000-200000000000C2Tool Install Cost100000110002000001100020000011000200000000000E1Energy Conservation10000100000-1000000000000000100000-100000000000E2Reduce Emissions10000100000-1000000000000000100000-100000000000S1Support 2 Technology and1000001110030000010000100000111115000000000005 HVM GenerationsS2Maintain Existing Reliability and100000100001000000000000000011100300000000000MaintainabilityS3Improved Life Cycle Safety100000110002000011000000000011110400000000000S4Maximize Reuseability and100001100000000011000000001100000-200000000000FungibilityD1Overall Construction Duration100000100001000000000000000011110400000000000D2Consructability100000100001000000000000000011000200000000000D3Tool Install Duration10000011000200000100001000000000030000000000051170

&C&"Arial,Bold Italic"&28Option Summary&L&F &A&C&P of &N&R&D &TAdd a 1 in each box that you want shaded. The associated blocks will be shaded and the point total will be calculated automaticallyAdd a 1 in each box that you want shaded. The associated blocks will be shaded and the point total will be calculated automaticallyAdd a 1 in each box that you want shaded. The associated blocks will be shaded and the point total will be calculated automaticallyAdd a 1 in each box that you want shaded. The associated blocks will be shaded and the point total will be calculated automatically