from pregnancy to early childhood9 - Mental Health …...FROM PREGNANCY TO EARLY CHILDHOOD; EARLY INTERVENTIONS TO ENHANCE THE MENTAL HEALTH OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES Volume 2 Tables

FROM PREGNANCY TO EARLY CHILDHOOD; EARLY INTERVENTIONS TO ENHANCE THE MENTAL HEALTH OF

CHILDREN AND FAMILIES

Volume 2 Tables

Jacqueline Barnes

Annemarie Freude-Lagevardi

Leopold Muller Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Royal Free and University College Medical School

University College London

Sponsored and funded by the Mental Health Foundation

Septermber 2002

Contents Abbreviations used

Reviews

Table II.1 Overview of review papers

Theoretical models

Table III.1 Overview of theoretical models

Table III.2 NBAS studies

Table III.3 Psychodynamic model Studies

Table III.4 Attachment model studies

Table III.5 Transactional model studies

Table III.6 Psychotherapy studies

Table III.7 Support model studies

Table III.8 Ecological model studies

Participants

Table IV.1 At risk infants

Table IV.2 At risk parents

Table IV.3 Non risk parents

Table IV.4 New parents

Programme type

Table IV.5 Multi-method

Table IV.6 Group based

Table IV.7 Day care based

Table IV.8 Directed to parents only

Table IV.9 Directed to parents and children

Intervenor characteristics

Table IV.10 Professional home visiting

Table IV.11 Paraprofessional home visiting

Timing

Table IV.12 Prenatal programmes

Table IV.13 Birth started programmes

Table IV.14 Later started programmes

Duration

Table IV.15 Minimal (1 or few sessions)

Table IV.16 Short (up to 1 year)

Table IV.17 Long (more than 1 year)

Intensity

Table IV.18 Dose Effects

Table IV.19 Sleeper Effects

References

Abbreviations used in all tables model/theory: attachment (ATT)

developmental (D) ecological (EC) psychodynamic (PD) social learning theory (SLT) transactional (TRANS)

intervention: counselling (C) parent training (PT) Developmental Programming (DP) parent group (PG) home visiting (HV) Parent-Infant Relationship Treatment (PIRT) interactional guidance (IG) preschool (PS) marital guidance (MG) psychodynamic psychotherapy (PPT) mother-infant interaction approach (MII) Speaking for the Baby Technique (SftBT) mother-infant therapy (MIT) social skills training (SST) parent education (PE) Watch, Wait, & Wonder (WWW)

duration: weeks (wks) months (mths) years (yrs) reducing: from weekly to biweekly or monthly sessions participants: Hispanic (His) married (marr) low-risk (L-R) infants (Is)

Black (Bl) single/not married (s) at-risk (A-R) children (Cs) Caucasian (Cau) teenage (T) lowSES mothers (Ms) White (Wh) primiparous (primi) little education (lowEd) parents (Ps) African-American (AA) pregnant (preg) middle-class (m-c) mixed ethnicity (mix-ethn) non-organic failure to thrive (NOFT)

failure to thrive (FFT)

recruitment: maternity ward (MW) hospital (hosp) midwife (midw) community nurses (CN) records (R) health, education & social services (HES services) multiple/diverse referral sources (multi)

provider: nurse (N) paraprofessional (para)

social worker (SW) professional (prof) home visitor (HV) multidisciplinary team (multi) health visitor (HeV) researcher (res)

psychologist (P) psychiatrist (PSY) dietician (D)

outcome: parents (P) abuse/neglect (a/n) improvement: +

mothers (M) attachment security (att) minimal improvement: (+) children (C) behaviour (b) no change relative to the control group: 0 infants (I) cognition/cognitive (c) negative change, performing worse than control group: -

development (d) health (h) interaction (between mother and child) knowledge (k) mental health (mh) personal development, e.g. job/training (pd) representational level, mothers perception of herself, the infant or others (rep) service use social support (s

Table III.1 Overview of intervention models

1

2

3

4

5

6a

6b

7a

7b

8

9

10

Intervention Bonding Model

Brazelton NBAS

Parents as-Teachers

Psycho-dynamic model

Attachment Model

Developmental Guidance

Interactional/ Relational Guidance

Transactional Developmental

Transactional Interactional

Infant-led psychotherapy

Support Model

Ecological Model

Population Conditions Problems

Functional Behaviour parenting

LowSES Teen Ms parenting

Low SES Teen Ms parenting

Access to resources

Access to resources

Aimed at improving

M-I- relations

P-education

I-skills M-I-relations M-sensitivity/ responsiveness

M-I- relations M-sensitivity/ responsiveness

M-I-relations M-sensitivity/ responsiveness


I-development I-functioning

M-I- Interaction I-development


Methods Focus on

Extra contact

Exercises Exercises Representation Projections Transference

M-internal Working model

M-knowledge of I-development

Enjoyable Interactions Observing I-cues

Problem solving Concrete exercises

Problem solving I-led activity Joint discussion of observations

Housing, work Skills, C-care Self-help

Home visiting plus support method

Materials Use of video

Toys Video

Charts Reading material

Video

Location Maternity Ward

Maternity Ward

Home Clinic Clinic or home Clinic Clinic Clinic Clinic Clinic Home &/or Community

Home &/or Community

Who attends M, or dyad M, or dyad Individually mostly group

Dyad M, or dyad Dyad M-I dyad

Therapist’s Role

N/A Teacher Expert

Teacher expert

Expert facilitator Active listens Interpretation Secure base

Expert facilitator Active listens Interpretation Secure base

Expert informaton Non-expert ? facilitator Modelling Feedback

Teacher Modelling

Facilitator Secure base Information Assistance

Non-expert Facilitator Resource Secure base

Para/ professional support advocacy

Directed at Mother Parents Parents Dyad Mother/dyad

Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother Mother

Infant’s Role

Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Indirect N/A or Indirect

Indirect Indirect Indirect Direct N/A N/A

Table 111.2 Brazelton NBAS Studies

Study Model Intervention Duration Intensity

Participants Recruitment Condition n

Attrition Provider Outcomes

Belsky 1985, 1986 PIFDP

NBAS active exposure to NBAS, Ms only vs couple

primi, Wh, marr obstetric practice E1:n=15 couple NBAS E2:n=15 Ms NBAS C1:n=15 C2:n=15 verbal report of NBAS

n=7/67 dropouts Pb+ interaction 0

Liptak et al. 1983 NBAS NBAS 1 session m-c, Wh, primi, <marr

hospital E: n= NBAS + routine care C1:n= 1 visit by author C2:n= phys. I-examination in front of M total n=75

n=9 refusals n=4/75 dropouts

Mb+ interaction0

Myers 1982 NBAS active P-exposure to NBAS-exam in hospital, Ms vs fathers only

1 45-60mins session primi, m-c, <Wh, couples

hospital E1:n= Ms NBAS E2:n= Fs NBAS C:n= no NBAS total n=42

n=2 Pk+, Pb+/0, Prepr(+)

Rauh et al. 1988 MITP TRANS intensive NBAS in hospital & home

3 months 11 1hr sessions (hospital: 7, home: 4 sessions)

Ps of LBW Is intensive care unit E1:n=25 LBW NBAS C1:n=29 LBW C1:n=28 normal BW

n=15 intensive care nurse

Ic+ Mrepr+

Widmayer & Field 1981 TRANS NBAS with/ without MABI (adaptation of NBAS for Ms)

birth-4 weeks 5 sessions

lowSES, Bl, teen, preterm

hospital, assessment at home

E1:n= NBAS + MABI E2:n= MABI C:n= questionnaire on I-development total n=30

researcher Id+, Ic+? interaction+

Wingerd Bristor et al 1984 parent coaching / skills training

birth-3 days (days 1, 2, &7 post-birth)

primi, mix-SES, intact families

private paediatric clinic

E:n=21 P-coaching C1:n=21 routine care C2:n=21 exp. decliners

n=23 Ib+/0 Mb+/0 Interaction+

Table III.3 Psychodynamic model studies




Carter et al. 1991 PD Mother-baby class

Case 1: 11 weeks Case 2: prenatal- 13 months

lowSES, teen Referral 2 single case studies

N/A, but case 2 irregular attendance

Therapist Id+, Imh+ Mb+/0 Interaction+

Cohen et al. 1999 WWW vs PPT

PD WWW vs PPT 5 months 1 hr wkly 8-18 sessions

Is <30mths with att, b, sleep, eat problems

C’s mental health centre

E :n=34 WWW C:n=33 PPT

n=6 4 I-mental health therapists

Iatt+, Imh+, Ic+ Mb+/0, Mmh+, Mrepr+ WWW>PPT

Cordeiro 1997 PD PPT 6-24 months 12-12? Sessions or more

Is<3 years with attachment,functional, behavioural problems

GPs, paediatricians

E:n=114 C: N/A

n=26 multi: PSY, clin. P, nurse

15.1%: not improved 56.5%: improved 28.3%: greatly improved Cs <24mths benefit more

Cramer 1998 Interactional Guidance (IG) vs Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (PPT)

PD, IG IG vs PPT 6 sessions (max. 10 sessions)

Is<30mths, functionally & behaviourally Disturbed

Child guidance clinic

E:n= IG C:n= PPT total n=38

n=6 Therapist Ib+/0 Mb+, Mrepr+/0, Mmh+ interaction+ overall IG=PPT

Green et al. 1981 PD HV, PPT, C, P-groups

5-36 months 6 sessions or more

abusing Ps Referrals E: n=79 multi-intervention C: N/A

N/A HV: multi-disciplinary

Ia/n+Mrepr+, Mb+ HV/combined approach effective dose effects

Kaukonen & Tamminen 1998

PD systems behavioural

Psychiatric I-family day-ward for all family members

3 weeks daily 9:30am-2pm

at/multiple-risk dysfunctional families

Referrals E:n=81 families C: N/A

Multi: nurses, PSY, family therapists

26% re-admission, 26% successful, 29% continued treatment

Leifer & Smith 1990 EC PD

MIT & PT 13 mths twice wkly 84 sessions

Ella & Tim aged 4 mths, FTT, M development delayed, depressed

Referral single case study N/A therapist Ic0, Iatt+, Ib+ Mb=+/0, Mmh+/0, Mss0 interaction+ pregnancies-

Lieberman et al. 1991

PD HV: MIT 1 year 1.5hrs wkly

lowSES, HIS, immigrants, anxious dyads

Paediatric clinic

E:n=29 MIT anxious C1:n=23 anxious C2:n=30 secure

n=18 HV: bilingual MSC psycholgists or SW

Ib+ Mrepr0, Mb+

Table III.3 Psychodynamic model studies




Muir 1992 WWW

PD Object relations

WWW 12 (8-20) sessions 50mins wkly

M & son aged 10.5mths, NOFT

Referral single case study N/A Therapist Ib+, Ih+, Id+ Mrepr+, Mb+

Muir & Thorlaksdottir 1994 WWW

PD Object relations

WWW 6-13 weeks 1hr wkly

Referral 4 single case studies

N/A Therapist

Proulx & Minde 1995

PD Group-based PT for fathers & Is

10 weeks 2.5hrs wkly

fathers unable to relate to toddlers

E:n=5 father’s & I’s group C: N/A

PSY, art therapist Fk+, Fb+

Robert-Tissot et al. 1996 PD PPT vs IG 9.3 weeks 6.1 (1-12) sessions

functionally & behaviourally disturbed Is, aged <30mths, mixSES, intact families

Child guidance clinic

E:n= PPT C:n= IG total n=75

n=10 refusals, n=37/75

IG: P & speech therapist PPT: 4 PSY

Ib+ Mb+, Mrepr+/0 interaction+ PPT=IG sleeper effects

Wright 1986 IDP

ATT PD Objects relations

home-based, outreach MIT

prenatal-3/4 years at-risk Ps with parenting problems, too distressed to get help

Referrals E: MIT C: N/A

N/A multi-disciplinary Profound changes in I’s most essential object relations

Table III.4 Attachment model studies




Anisfeld et al. 1990 ATT I-carriers vs seats lowSES, Bl, His, preg, primi

MW E=23 C=26

n=11 researcher Mb+ Ib+,Iatt+, Ic0

Bakermans-Kranenburg et al. 1998 behaviour vs representations

ATT MIT: behav. vs behavioural + representational level

3 months 1.5-3hrs 4 visits

primi, m-c, insecure Ms

records nurses

E1 :n=10 behav. E2 :n=10 beh+reprC:n=10

N/A HV: 2 authors Iatt0 Mb+ (E1&2) insecureM>behav dismissingM>repres

Egeland & Erickson 1990 STEEP

ATT HV: PPT + P-group

prenatal-1 year biwkly

at-risk, primi, lowSES, lowEd

E:n=74 C:n=80

Iatt0 Mmh+, Mb+, Mrepr+

Heinicke et al. 1999 UCLA

ATT other

HV + MIgroup prenatal-2/4 years wkly-reducinggroup: 17 (0-43)

preg, primi, lowSES, at-risk, ethn-mix

paediatric clinic

E:n=31 HV+MIgroup C:n=33 follow-up

n=6/70 HV: mental health professionals

Ib+, Iatt+, Ic0 Mb+, Mrepr+, Mmh0

Juffer et al. 1997 ATT HV: MIT + book vs book

3 visits interracially adopted Is

adoption agency

E1:n=30 MIT+book E2:n=30 book C:n=30 /

n=17 HV: 3 researchers with MSC

Iatt+, Ib+ Mb+ E2:0 effects

Kitzman et al. 1997 Prenatal/Early IP

EC, ATT other

RCT HV: 1 vs 2 years

prenatal-2 yrs 7(0-18) prenatal 26 (0-71)postnatal

AA, preg, primi, lowSES, single

obstetric care system

E1:n=228 2yrs HV +screen +transp E2:n=230 1yr HV +screen +transp C1:n=515 screen+transp C2:n=166 transport

4% at 2yrs HV: nurses Ih+/0,Ic0, Ib0 Mb+/, Mh+, Mrepr+/0, Mpd0 pregnancies+ service use0 (i.e. immunisations)

Olds et al. 1986

EC, ATT other

RCT HV: pre+postbirth vs prebirth

prenatal-2 yrs 1hr 15mins wkly-reducing8-9 prenatal 23 postnatal

Wh, preg, primi, teen, lowSES, >single

antenatal clinic

E1:n=116 HV pre+post birth + screen + transp E2:n=100 HV prebirth + screen + transp C1:n=90 screen + transp C2:n=94 screening

19-21% HV: nurses Ih+, Ia/n+ Mb+, Mh+, Mpd+, Mss+ pregnancies+ aid+

Table III.4 Attachment model studies Study Model Intervention Duration

Intensity Participants Recruitment Condition

n Attrition Provider Outcomes

Parr 1997 PIPPIN

ATT other

HV + PT-group Prenatal-18wks 1hr wkly

low-risk, >Wh mixSES, primi,

E:n=98 HV+groupC:n=114 waiting list

n=32 HV: PI-facilitators Mmh+, Mrepr+, Mb+, Matt+ Fb+, Fmh+, Frepr+

Siegel et al. 1980

ATT? HV vs early extended contact

birth onwards hospital: 5hrs daily 9 home visits

lowSES with normal vs complicated labour /pregnancy

Hospital E1:n=47 & 60 HV & ext. contact E2:n=50 extended contact E3:n=53 HV C:n=52 & 59 routine care

n=204/525 para-HV 200hrs training

Ia/n0 Mb(+) ext. contact only service use0 HV:null results

van den Boom 1994 ATT HV: behavioural MIT

3months 2hrs 3wkly

irritable Is, Cau, lowSES, primi

Hospital Midwives

E1:n=25 MIT + pre-assessment E2:n=25 MIT C1:n=25 pre-treatment assessment C2:n=25

100/588 with complete data

HV: author Ib+, Ic+, Iatt+ Mb+ interaction+

Wendland-Carro et al. 1999 ATT NBAS

video & talk re: M-I-interaction vs caregiving skills

1 hr only lowSES, primi, married

Maternity ward

E:n=17 video + talk re M-I-interaction C:n=19 video + talk re caregiving

n=2 researcher Mb+ interaction+

Wright 1986 IDP

ATT PD objects relations

home-based, outreach MIT

prenatal-3/4 years

at-risk Ps with parenting problems, too distressed to get help

Referrals E: MIT C: N/A

N/A multi-disciplinary profound changes in I’s most essential object relations

Table III.5 Transactional model studies

Study Model Intervention Duration intensity



Barrera et al. 1990 TRANS RCT: HV:DP vs MII, pre vs fullterm

1 year 1-2hrs wkly-reducing, 23 (12-28) visits

Pre + fullterm, LBW, m-c

Maternity Ward

E1:n=16 DP, pre E2:n=22 MII, pre C1:n=24 fullterm C2:n=21 preterm

HV:4 infant therapists

Ib+, Iatt+ MII: att+ DP: b+ (pre=full)

Drell 1992 TRANS multimodal therapy : dynamic, behavioural, family approach

female toddler E. aged 2yrs, behaviour out-of-control

Referral single case study N/A therapist Ib+ Mb+



Ps of LBW Is Intensive care unit E1:n=25 LBW NBAS C1:n=29 LBW C1:n=28 normal BW

N=15 intensive care nurse

Ic+ Mrepr+




Hospital, assessment at home



Woolfson 1999 TRANS remediation (C),re-education (P), re-definition (P)

pre-schoolers with motor impairments

Convenience sample

E:n=15 C: N/A

n=3 multi-disciplinary team: teacher, nurse, physio/speech/occ therapists

Id+, Ih+ Mb+, Mrepr+


Study Model Intervention Duration

intensity Participants Recruitment Condition


Carter et al. 1991 AMIP PD mother-baby class


lowSES, teen referral 2 single case studies


therapist Id+, Imh+ Mb+/0 interaction+








Cordeiro 1997 PD PPT 6-24 months 12-12? sessions or more


GPs, paediatricians

E:n=114 C: N/A

N=26 multi: PSY, clin. P, nurse




Is<30mths, functionally & behaviourally disturbed

child guidance clinic


N=6 therapist Ib+/0 Mb+, Mrepr+/0, Mmh+ interaction+ overall IG=PPT



referral single case study N/A therapist Ib+ Mb+



prenatal-1 yearbiwkly


E:n=74 C:n=80


Free et al. 1996 accuracy in interpreting C’s emotion: Ms with vs without psychotherapy

1 session of rating photographs

depressed Ms & their Cs, m-c, <Cau

day-care centre, P-groups, newspapers, advertising, clinics

E:n=43 depressed Ms with psychotherapy C1:n=10 depressed Ms without therapyC2:n=31 non-depressed Ms

psychotherapy increases accuracy in interpretation of (especially neg.) emotions in depressed Ms & their Cs



abusing Ps referrals E: n=79 multi-intervention C: N/A


Ia/n+ Mrepr+, Mb+ HV/combined approach effective dose effects





Kaukonen & Tamminen 1998 PD systems behavioural

psychiatric I-family day-ward for all family members



referrals E:n=81 families C: N/A

multi: nurses, PSY, family therapists

26% re-admission, 26% successful, 29% continued treatment at local guidance clinic




referral single case study N/A therapist Ic0, Iatt+, Ib+ Mb=+/0, Mmh+/0, Mss0 interaction+ pregnancies-

Lieberman et al. 1991 PD HV: MIT 1 year 1.5hrs wkly


paediatric clinic


N=18 HV: bilingual MSC psycholgists or SW

Ib+ Mrepr0, Mb+

McDonough 1993 IG Interaction Guidance (IG)

4 months HV: 3 visits, 6-wkly playroom: 12 sessions, wkly

Lisa & Sam Jr, aged 4 mths, NOFT

Referral 1 single case study N/A therapist Ih+, Imh+ Mb+, Mpd+ interaction+


1 hr wkly multi-problem, resistant families: 2 FTT-cases: 1 resistant, 1 cogn. limited family


N/A therapist Ih+ Pb+, Pk+ interaction +

Minde & Tidmarsh 1997 PD MIT +/ PT +/ PPT +/ P-groups

<5->10 sessions

teen, Cau, m-c, <marr, Is with disruptive behaviour

C’s hospital E: n=57 C: N/A

N=3 multi: 20 staff Ib+


PD object relations



N/A therapist

Osofsky & Dickson 2000 VIP

PD play therapy crisis intervention

10-12 months wkly (-reducing) & booster sessions

Cs with PTSD due to witnessing violence/M’s death, Carl & Chad Bobby

referral E:n=35 2 single case studies

N/A therapist

Proulx & Minde 1995 PD group-based PT for fathers & Is




PSY, art therapist

Fk+, Fb+






Functionally & behaviourally disturbed Is, aged <30mths, mixSES, intact families



N=10 refusals, N=37/75



v. Hofacker & Papousek 1998 MIRIP

D MII + IG Cau, m-c, regulatory, attachment & autonomy/control disturbed Is

paediatrician E1:n=182 disturbed E2:n=63 younger C:n=49 non-disturbed matched

8.2 refusals, 4.9% dropouts

multi: paediatrician, developmental P, PSY

(Ib+ Mb+) description only serial & parallel methods

Table III.7 Support model studies




Davis & Spurr, 1998 Guidance and support

HV, manualised From referral (Mean 2.5 yrd) for 2-25 sessions (average 7.8)

Low SES , referred, behav probs and/or parent depression

Health visitrs, GP or self

E: n=55 C: comparison n=38 (routine care)

31% initially (60/87), further drop out 5

Specially trained HV or mental health worker

Mmh+, Mself esteem+ M Stress+ Mrep+, Home environment+ Cb+

Johnson et al. 1993 Community MP

support HV birth-1 year Low SES, primi health authority E:n=127 HV + routine care E:n=105 routine care

11% para-HV: 30 ethnic peers 4 wks training

Ia/n0 Mb+, Mmh+ service use+ (immunisation)

Lealman et al. 1983 support health visitor drop-in centre & telephone

birth-18 months wkly

At-risk non-Asian Is

E1:n=103 drop-in-centre, high-risk E2:n=199 social worker, high-risk C1:n=209 high risk C2:n=2291 low-risk

n=28 health visitor, social worker

Ia/n0/-, Ih0/- (!) service use0/- (!) null results

Luster et al. 1996 TIES

support HV: support/no PE

(birth?)-5 years wkly

LowSES, primi, teen

E:n=72 HV C:n=70 less intensive phone line service

6 para-HV Id0, Ic0 null results

Marcenko & Spence, 1994 support HV prenatally-1year wkly-reducing

Preg, AA, lowSES, at-risk for out-of-home placement

obstetric clinic E:n=110 HV+routine care C:n=77 routine care

n=58 para-HV: ethnic peer Mss+, Mmh+, Mb0 service use+ out-of-home placement0

McDonald Culp et al. 1998 teen vs adult

education HV 6 months 1hr wkly

Preg, low SES, teen & adult, <Cau,

health department

E:n=61 C: N/A

para-HV: 30hrs training

Mk+, Mb+ service use+ teen catch up on Mk

Spencer et al. 1989 SMFWP


prenatal-1 year Preg, at-risk, non-Asian, n=1288

2 maternity units E:n= support C:n= routine care

n=52 para-HV with personality/life experiences

Ih0 null results





Barth 1991 CPEP

EC HV 6 months 11 (5-20) visits

preg, mix-ethn, lowSES, at-risk

HES-services E:n=97 HV C:n=94 routine care

n=122 para-HV: ethnic peer

Ia/n0 null results

Black et al. 1995 EC HV with /without clinic

1 year 1hr wkly 19.2 (0-47) visits

LowSES, <AA, <single, lowEd, NOFT

paediatric primary clinic

C:n=64 HV + clinic C:n=66 clinic

20% not recruited n=14

3 para-HV Ic+, Ib+ Mb+

Black et al. 1994 SPICE

EC HV : MIT + clinic vs clinic

prenatal-18mths 1hr biwkly HV :12 (0-32) clinic:25 (0-75) mthly-reducing

LowSES, drug abusing, single, lowEd, <AA

prenatal clinic E:n=31 HV+clinic C:n=29 clinic

10% refuse n=27

2 community nurses

Ic(+)/0 Mb+ service use(+)

IHDP 1990 EC other

RCT HV + centre + MIgroup

birth-3 years wkly-reducing

LBW, preterm, ethn-mix

8 hospitals E1:n=377 HV+centre+group E2:n=330 El-low compliers C:n=512/608 follow-up

7% of recruited

HV: prof./ graduates

Ic+, Ih-/0(NOFT), Ib0, compliers<Ic+, Ib+ Mb+(HOME)


EC, ATT other


prenatal-2 yrs 7(0-18) prenatal 26 (0-71) postnatal




4% at 2yrs nurses Ih+/0,Ic0, Ib0 Mb+/, Mh+, Mrepr+/0, Mpd0 pregnancies+ service use0 (i.e. immunisations)




referral Single case study N/A therapist Ic0, Iatt+, Ib+ Mb=+/0, Mmh+/0, Mss0 interaction+ pregnancies-

Leifer et al. 1989 EC PD

PPT & PIRT 1-2 years ? Depressed Mae & irritable son Jr aged 2 mths, FTT

referral Single case study N/A therapist (PPT), occupat. therapist (PIRT)

Iatt+, Id+ Mmh+, Mb+





Margolis et al. 1996 EC ? HV + office vs office

wkly-biwkly Pre, primi, lowSES paediatric & family practice

E1:n= HV+office E2:n= office C:n=routine care

n=14/93 recruited

HV: 3 nurses service use+

Olds et al. 1986

EC, ATT other


prenatal-2 yrs 1hr15mins wkly-reducing 8-9 prenatal 23 postnatal


antenatal clinic E1:n=116 HV pre+post birth + screen + transp E2:n=100 HV pre- Birth + screen + transp C1:n=90 screen + transp C2:n=94 screening

19-21% nurses Ih+, Ia/n+ Mb+, Mh+, Mpd+, Mss+ pregnancies+ aid+

Taylor & Beauchamp 1988

EC HV: PE birth-1 month 4, 90mins sessions

Preg, primi, mix-SES, mix-ethn, mix-Ed

hospital E :n= hosp & home PE C:n= routine care

n=12/42 HV: student nurse Mrepr+, Mb+, Mk+ interaction+

Table IV.1 At risk-infant




Barrera et al. 1990 TRANS RCT: HV:DP vs MII, pre vs fullterm


Pre+fullterm, LBW, m-c maternity ward


HV:4 infant therapists Ib+, Iatt+ MII: att+ DP: b+ (pre=full)



LowSES, <AA, <single, lowEd, NOFT




3 para-HV Ic+, Ib+ Mb+ younger Cs benefit more (c+)








Collaborative Group on Preterm Birth Prevention 1993

Ed: preterm birth prevention + examination

prenatally for 16(?) weeks wkly examinations from 20-24 wks gestation

Preg, lowSES, mix-ethn, at-risk for preterm labour

3 hospital E:n=1200 high-risk + Ed + examinations C:n=1195 high-risk /

n=1011 refusals

nurses null results

Cordeiro 1997 PD PPT 6-24 months 12-12 sessions or more


GPs, paediatricians

E:n=114 C: N/A








n=6 therapist Ib+/0 Mb+, Mrepr+/0, Mmh+ interaction+ overall IG=PPT

Davis & Rushton 1991 PAS

other HV : support wkly 7.8 (2-25) sessions

LowSES, mult-risk, Cs with multi-problems

HES-services E:n=55 HV-support C:n=38 /

36.8% HV: health visitor, clin. medical officer

Ib+ Mb+, Mmh+, Mrepr+/0





Drell 1992 TRANS multimodal therapy: dynamic, behavioural, family approach

Female toddler E. aged 2yrs, behaviour out-of-control


Field et al. 1980 RCT HV: pre vs fullterm Is, teen vs adult Ms

1/2hr biwkly Low SES, Bl, teen, single, preterm

E1:n=30 preterm teen C1:n=30 fullterm teen C2:n=30 fullterm teen C3:n=30 preterm adult C4:n=30 fullterm adult

10% HV: trained interventionist & student

Ih+, Imh+, Ic+? Mrepr+, Mb+ interaction+

Grantham-McGregor et al. 1991 JS

HV : nutrition with/without stimulation

2 years 1hr wkly

LowSES, growth stunted Is

health clinic E1:n=32 stunted, nutr&stimul E2:n=30 stunted stimulated E3:n= nutrition C1: n=33 / stunted C2:n=32 / non-stunted

para-Hv: ethnic peer Id+

Hancock 1998 HV based on Iwaniec (1995)

more than 1 year

Amy aged 2.5 yrs, FTT, emotionally abused

referral single case study N/A HV: health visitor Ib+, Ih+ Mb+

IHDP 1990 EC other



LBW, preterm, ethn-mix 8 hospitals E1:n=377 HV+centre+group E2:n=330 El-low compliers C:n=512/608 follow-up

7% of recruited



Juffer et al. 1997

ATT HV: MIT + book vs book

3 visits Interracially Adopted Is

adoption agency E1:n=30 MIT+book E2:n=30 book C:n=30 /







Leib et al. 1980 stimulation sensory enrichment programme

Birth – hospital discharge ?

preterm Is, Wh, m-c, neonatal intensive care unit

E:n=14 stimulation C:n=14 routine care

nurses Id+, Ih0 (weight gain)


PPT & PIRT 1-2 years ? Depressed Mae & irritable son Jr aged 2 mths, FTT

referral single case study N/A therapist (PPT), occupat. therapist (PIRT)









referral 1 single case study

N/A therapist Ih+, Imh+ Mb+, Mpd+ interaction+


1 hr wkly multi-problem, resistant families: 2 FTT-cases: 1 resistant, 1 cogn. Limited family

referral 2 single case studies


Muir 1992 WWW

PD object relations


Jan & son Troy, aged 10.5mths, NOFT

referral single case study N/A therapist Ib+, Ih+, Id+ Mrepr+, Mb+

Oates et al. 1995 KEEPSAFE

HV + preschool 1 year biwkly

abused Cs multi E: n=24 C:N/A

N/A HV: therapist Ib+, Ic+






N/A therapist

Puckering et al. 1996 MP

empowerment

Mellow Parenting group intervention (MP)

4 months wkly

Linda & Andrew aged 23mths, M-I-interaction & eating problems

single case study: MP

N/A MP-therapists Ib+ Mb+, Mmh+/0, Mrepr+, Mpd+



Ps of LBW Is intensive care unit

E1:n=25 LBW NBAS C1:n=29 LBW C1:n=28 normal BW

n=15 intensive care nurse Ic+ Mrepr+





Robert-Tissot et al. 1996

PD PPT vs IG 9.3 weeks 6.1 (1-12) sessions







Ross 1984 HV : PE birth-1 year Premature, lowSES, mix-ethn

medical centre E:n=40 HV-PE premature C:n=40 matched premature

n=5 HV: nurse, paediatric occ. therapist

Ic+, Imh+, Id0 Mb+, Mrepr0

Schanberg & Field 1987 stimulation tactile kinesthetic stimulation

10 days 45mins daily

Premature, LBW neonates

hospital E:n=26 t/k- stimulation C:n=routine care

Ib+, Ih+, Id+ service use+cost-effective early discharge

Seifer et al. 1991 Interaction trans-disciplinary model

Ps counselling & video interaction coaching (IC) for Is with developmental disabilities

10 months IC: 6 sessions P-group: wkly

Is with developmental disabilities

multi: e.g. hospitals, practitioners,

E:n=23 IC + Ps counselling group C:n=P-group, no IC but video watching

P, SW Ib+, Id+ Mb+,



parental-1 year preg, at risk, non-Asian, n=1288

2 maternity units

E:n=support C:n=routine care


Ih0 null results







Widmayer & Field 1981 TRANS NBAS with/without MABI (adaption of NBAS for Ms)


lowSES, B1, teen, preterm


E1:n= NBAS + MABI E2:n= MABI C:n=questionnaire on I-development total n=30






Woolfson 1999 TRANS remediation (C),re-education (P), re-definition (P)

pre-schoolers with motor impairments

convenience sample

E:n=15 C: N/A

n=3 multi-disciplinary team: teacher, nurse, physio/ speech/ occ therapists

Id+, Ih+ Mb+, Mrepr+

Wright et al. 1998 PP

HV 1visit or more NOFT, <2yrs health district E:n=95 HV+routine care C:n=109 routine care

complex HV: research nurse, health visitor, dietician

Ih+





ABECEDARIAN Ramey & Campbell 1984 Horacek, et al 1987

HV, nutrition & educational day care centre

HV: 3 years, 15 sessions/yr centre: 5 years 6-8hrs daily

lowSES, Bl, single, cog. disadvantaged

hospital & social services

E1:n=41/25 pre-school & school E2:n=24 pre-school E3:n=21 school C:n=44/90 low-risk

20.7% overall teachers Ic+ Cs with more services benefit more (dose effects)




lowSES, drug abusing, single, lowEd, <AA


10% refuse n=27

2 community nurses


Booth et al. 1987 HV : MIT vs didactic/info (test of 2-step model)

prenatal-1 year

n=95 preg, Wh, multi-risk

health department

E1:n=44% MIT E2:n=56% didactic/info

nurse Mb+, Mmh+ interaction+ dose effect

Carter et al. 1991 AMIP PD mother-baby class Case 1: 11 weeks Case 2: prenatal- 13 months

lowSES, teen referral 2 single case studies N/A, but case 2 irregular attendance


Field et al. 1980 RCT HV: pre vs fullterm Is, Teen vs adult Ms

1/2hr biwkly

lowSES, Bl, teen, single, preterm




Field et al. 1982

HV-based PT in I-stimulation vs nursery-based paid PT-training

birth-6 months HV: biwkly nursery: 4hrs daily

lowSES, Bl, teen E1:n=40 HV PT E2:n=40 nursery PT (teacher aide) C:n=40

N/A HV: psychology student with exp-teens as teacher aides

Ih+, Id+, Imh+, Ic+ Mpd+ pregnancies+ dose effects sleeper effects









E:n=43 depressed Ms with psychotherapy C1:n=10 depressed Ms without therapy C2:n=31 non-depressed Ms








PPT & PIRT 1-2 years ? depressed Mae & irritable son Jr aged 2 mths, FTT

referral single case study N/A therapist (PPT), occupat. therapist (PIRT)






Lyons-Ruth et al. 1990

HV: prof vs para-professional visitors

13.3 (9-18) mths 1hr wkly 46.7 visits mthly drop-in hour

lowSES, depressed, inadequate Ms

HES-services E1:n= prof HV+P-group E2:n=10 para HV+drop-in-hour C1:n=10 / high-risk C2:n=35 / community Is/non-depressed Ms

n=9 para-HV: ethnic mothers, prof-HV: MSC-psychologist

Iatt+, Ic+, Mb0 para=prof service

Luster et al. 1996 TIES support HV: support/no PE


lowSES, primi, teen E:n=72 HV C:n=70 less intensive phone line service








preg, low SES, teen&adult, <Cau,

health department

E:n=61 C: N/A





referral 2 single case studies N/A therapist Ih+ Pb+, Pk+ interaction +




n=3 multi: 20 staff Ib+

Nye et al. 1995 MRCOP

RCT HV: PT&MG of Ms vs both Ps

10 months wkly-biwkly 28 sessions

Cau, alcoholism court records re drunk driving

E1:n=20 PT Ms E2:n=22 PT both Ps C:n=23 /

n=10 (E2) HV: MSc P or SW

Ib+

Olds et al. 1986

EC, ATT other




antenatal clinic



Wagner & Clayton 1999 PAT

education HV + case management + PE

prenatal-2 years

SV-PAT: lowSES, <Latina Teen-PAT: lowSES, teens

SV-PAT: E:n=298 HV C:n=199 Teen-PAT: E1:n=175 HV + PAT + case management E2:n=174 case management E3:n=177 PAT C:n=178

SV-PAT: 43% from programme 27% from evaluation

para-HV Id0, Ih0, Mk(+), Mb(+), Mrepr (+) dose effects





Ware & Osofsky 1987 MIP

HV + drop-in-centre + 24hr-telephone line

birth-30 months HV: wkly-reducing centre: wkly

mix-ethn, teens E: n=54 C1:n=24 routine care C2:n=28 non-engagers

30-40% 2/4 HVs

para-HV Ia0, Ic+/0 Mb+ interaction+/0 sleeper effects overall null results







Table IV.3 Low-risk families

Study Model Intervention Duration intensity Participants Recruitment Condition n


Belsky 1985; 1986 PIFDP


Primi, Wh, marr Obstetric practice

E1:n=15 couple NBAS E2:n=15 Ms NBAS C1:n=15 C2:n=15 verbal report of NBAS





Mb+ interaction0


1 45-60mins session

primi, m-c, <Wh, couples



Taylor & Beauchamp 1988

EC HV: PE birth-1 month 4, 90mins sessions

preg, primi, mix-SES, mix-ethn, mix-Ed


n=12/42 HV: student nurse

Mrepr+, Mb+, Mk+ interaction+

Wingerd Bristor et al 1984

parent coaching / skills training





n=23 Ib+/0 Mb+/0 interaction+

Table IV.4 New Parents





ATT MIT: behav. vs behav + repres level


Primi, m-c, insecure Ms

records nurses

E1 :n=10 behav. E2 :n=10 beh+repr C:n=10




primi, Wh, marr

obstetric practice E1:n=15 couple NBAS E2:n=15 Ms NBAS C1:n=15 C2:n=15 verbal report of NBAS

N=7/67 dropouts

Pb+ interaction 0

Daro & Harding 1999 HFA

HV prenatal-3/5 years wkly or less

at-risk, mix-ethn, mix-SES newborns

E: high-risk C: low-risk

Varied, no pattern

HV: professionals with degree

Ih+/0, Ia/n+/0, Id0 Mpd+/0, Mss0 interaction+ service use+/0





E:n=74 C:n=80


Hardy and Streett 1989 HV: PE + telephone line

birth-2 years 40-60mins wkly-reducing

LowSES, <Bl, <primi, <single

E:n=131 HV C:n=132 routine care


Ih+, Ia/n+ service use+


Support HV birth-1 year low SES, primi

health authority E:n=127 HV + routine care E:n=105 routine care




EC, ATT Other







Table IV.4 New parents







Mb+ interaction0


Support HV: support/no PE


LowSES, primi, teen




wkly-biwkly

pre, primi, lowSES

Paediatric & family practice


n=14/93 recruited



1 45-60mins session


Hospital E1:n= Ms NBAS E2:n= Fs NBAS C:n= no NBAS total n=42


Olds et al. 1986

EC, ATT Other




Antenatal clinic E1:n=116 HV pre+post birth + screen + transp E2:n=100 HV prebirth + screen + transp C1:n=90 screen + transp C2:n=94 screening


Parr 1997 PIPPIN

ATT Other

HV + PT-group prenatal-18wks 1hr wkly


E:n=98 HV+group C:n=114 waiting list

n=32 PI-facilitators Mmh+, Mrepr+, Mb+, Matt+ Fb+, Fmh+, Frepr+




Maternity ward E:n=17 video + talk re M-I-interaction C:n=19 video + talk re caregiving

n=2 Researcher Mb+ interaction+





Private paediatric clinic



Table IV.5 Multi-modal/method interventions




ABECEDARIAN Ramey & Campbell 1984 Horacek et al 1987



lowSES, Bl, single, cog. Disadvantaged




Baker et al. 1999 HIPPY

HV + preschool + P-groups vs preschool

2 years HV: 30-60mins biwkly P-group: biwkly

<AA, limited Ed Ps & preschoolers

3 sites E:n=37-63 HV + preschool + P-group C:n=32-66 preschool

9-28% for sites para-HV varied for cohorts/sites Ic+/-

Bakermans-Kranenburg et al. 1998 Behaviour vs representations




records nurses

E1 :n=10 behav. E2 :n=10 beh + repr C:n=10


Brayden et al 1993 HV + indiv. C + P-groups

prenatal-2 years HV: mthly groups: 44 biwkly, 5 prenatal

preg, lowSES, at-risk

hospital E:n=141 high-risk C1:n=122 high-risk routine care C2:n=264 low-risk routine care

10-20% para-HV multi-team

Ia/n0/- (!) service use+ null results








E:n=74 C:n=80




2 years 1hr wkly

lowSES, growth stunted Is


para-Hv: ethnic peer Id+





Green et al. 1981

PD HV, PPT, C, P-groups





Hardy and Streett 1989

HV: PE + telephone line


lowSES, <Bl, <primi, <single





ATT other

HV + MI-group prenatal-2/4 years wkly-reducing group: 17 (0-43)


Paediatric clinic E:n=31 HV+MIgroup C:n=33 follow-up



IHDP 1990 EC other





7% of recruited




3 visits Interracially adopted Is

Adoption agency







Referral single case study N/A therapist Ic0, Iatt+, Ib+ Mb=+/0, Mmh+/0, Mss0 interaction+ pregnancies-


wkly-biwkly pre, primi, lowSES

Paediatric & family practice


n=14/93 recruited


Minde & Tidmarsh 1997

PD MIT +/ PT +/ PPT +/ P-groups

<5->10 sessions teen, Cau, m-c, <marr, Is with disruptive behaviour






Cau, alcoholism Court records re drunk driving


n=10 (E2) HV: MSc P or SW Ib+







abused Cs Multi E: n=24 C:N/A


Scott 1998 behavioural

individual +/or group behavioural therapy

indiv: 12 hrs median group: 12 weeks, 2hrs wkly

Ps with serious parenting problems

description C: N/A

therapist Ib+





Multi: e.g. hospitals, practitioners,


P, SW Ib+, Id+ Mb+,

Sokol et al. 1980 M&I prof &/or para

HV+PE+ antenatal care

lowSES, preg, 2yr cohort

hospital E:n=3307 C:n=1679

HV: professionals, community health aides

Ih+, Imortality+, Ipreterm+

St.Pierre and Layzer 1999 CCDP

HV + PE birth-5 years HV: 30-90mins wkly/biwkly PE: 30mins biwly

lowSES, mix-ethn, disadvantaged

21-24 sites E: n=2213 C:n=2217

64% all sites at 5 yrs

para-HV null results in all domains













prenatal-2 years SV-PAT: lowSES, <Latina Teen-PAT: lowSES, teens

SV-PAT E:n=298 HV C:n=199 Teen-PAT: E1:n=175 HV + PAT + case management E2:n=174 case management E3:n=177 PAT C:n=178




HV + drop-in-centre + 24hr- telephone line

birth-30months HV : wkly- reducing centre : wkly

mix-ethn teens E :n= 54 C1 :n=24 routine care C2 :n=28 non-engagers

30-40% 2/4 HV s

Para-HV Ia0, Ic+/0 Mb+ interaction+/0 sleeper effects overall null results

Wasik et al. 1990 CARE

HV: PE + day centre vs home PE


at-risk, Bl, single

E1:n=14 HV-PE + day care centre E2:n=23 HV-PE C:n= /

9% HV: teachers, SW, nurses

Ic+ Mb0

Widmayer & Field 1981

TRANS NBAS with/ without MABI (adaptation of NBAS for Ms)





Researcher Id+, Ic+? interaction+

Table IV.6 Group-based interventions




Baker et al. 1999 HIPPY HV + preschool + P-groups vs preschool






Prenatal-2 years HV: mthly groups: 44 biwkly, 5 prenatal

preg, lowSES, at-risk hospital E:n=141 high-risk C1:n=122 high-risk routine care C2:n=264 low-risk routine care





Prenatal-1 year Biwkly


E:n=74 C:n=80








ATT other

HV + MI-group Prenatal-2/4 years wkly-reducing group: 17 (0-43)


paediatric clinic


n=6/70 mental health professionals


IHDP 1990 EC other


Birth-3 years wkly-reducing



7% of recruited











Table IV.6 Group-based interventions




Parr 1997 PIPPIN

ATT other

HV + PT-group Prenatal-18wks1hr wkly




Proulx & Minde 1995

PD group-based PT for fathers & Is




PSY, art therapist

Fk+, Fb+


empowerment Mellow Parenting group intervention (MP)

4 months wkly

hard-to-reach Ms with severe parenting problems

varied E:n=22 MP n=7/29 MP-therapists Ia/n+ Mb+ interaction+



4 months wkly




Scott 1998 behavioural individual +/or group behavioural therapy

indiv: 12 hrs median group: 12 weeks, 2hrs wkly

Ps with serious parenting problems

Description C: N/A

therapist Ib+

Seifer et al. 1991 interaction, trans-disciplinary model






P, SW Ib+, Id+ Mb+,


HV + PE-group birth-5 years HV: 30-90mins wkly/biwkly PE: 30mins biwly


21-24 sites E: n=2213 C:n=2217



Strayhorn & Weidman 1991

P-group training in interaction

0-12.5 hrs training

lowSES, mix-ethn, Cs with behaviour problems

varied, e.g. Head Start

E:n=50 extensive training C:n=48 pamphlet

n=21 research assistant Ic0, Ib+ Mb+

Table IV.7 Day care centre studies

















IHDP 1990 EC other





7% of recruited



Kunkel 1981

SLT others

individual residential therapy

18 months Cs: daily families: wkly

abused children aged 4-12yrs

referrals E:n=24 C: N/A

N/A therapists Ca/n+, Cmh+ 83% successful








at-risk, Bl, single E1:n=14 HV-PE + day care centre E2:n=23 HV-PE C:n= /


Ic+ Mb0

Table IV.8 Directed at parents only








records nurses





Primi, Wh, marr obstetric practice E1:n=15 couple NBAS E2:n=15 Ms NBAS C1:n=15 C2:n=15 verbal report of NBAS





LowSES, drug abusing, single, lowEd, <AA


10% refuse n=27

2 community nurses




prenatally for 16(?) weeks wkly examinations from 20-24 wks gestation

Preg, lowSES, mix-ethn, at-risk for preterm labour


n=1011 refusals nurses null results

Davis & Spurr, 1998

Guidance and support










Depressed Ms & their Cs, m-c, <Cau





EC, ATT other














Mb+ interaction0


1 45-60mins session

Primi, m-c, <Wh, couples



Olds et al. 1986

EC, ATT other




antenatal clinic E1:n=116 HV pre+post birth + screen + transp E2:n=100 HV prebirth + screen + transp C1:n=90 screen + transp C2:n=94 screening








Wendland-Carro et al. 1999

ATT NBAS


1 hr only LowSES, primi, married

maternity ward E:n=17 video + talk re M-I-interaction C:n=19 video + talk re caregiving






Widmayer & Field 1981

TRANS NBAS with/ without MABI (adaptation of NBAS for Ms)


LowSES, Bl, teen, preterm







Primi, mix-SES, intact families




Table IV.9 Directed at parents & children




Kaukonen & Tamminen 1998

PD systems behavioural



At/multiple-risk dysfunctional Families

Referrals E:n=81 families C: N/A



Kunkel 1981

SLT others



Abused children aged 4-12yrs

Referrals E:n=24 C: N/A





Referral 1 single case study N/A therapist Ih+, Imh+ Mb+, Mpd+ interaction+


1 hr wkly multi-problem, resistant families: 2 FTT-cases: 1 resistant, 1 cogn. Limited family

Referral 2 single case studies N/A therapist Ih+ Pb+, Pk+ interaction +

Muir 1992 WWW

PD object relations



Referral single case study N/A therapist Ib+, Ih+, Id+ Mrepr+, Mb+


PD object relations


Referral 4 single case studies N/A therapist

Powell & Grantham-McGregor 1989

HV 2 years wkly, biwkly, or mthly

LowSES, <Bl, <lowEd, <single

Health clinic E1st study:n=152 wkly or mthly HV E2nd study:n=58 wkly HV Cs: n= no HV

8.5% (1st study)

para-HV: ethnic peers 8 wks training

Ic+ dose effects sleeper effect?



Paediatrician E1:n=182 disturbed E2:n=63 younger C:n=49 non-disturbed matched




Table IV.10 Home visiting professionals







LowSES, Bl, single, cog. disadvantaged



20.7% overall

teachers Ic+ Cs with more services benefit more (dose effects)





records nurses



Barrera et al. 1990

TRANS RCT: HV:DP vs MII, pre vs fullterm


Pre+fullterm, LBW, m-c

maternity ward


HV:4 infant therapists

Ib+, Iatt+ MII: att+ DP: b+ (pre=full)


prenatal-1 year n=95 preg, Wh, multi-risk

health department


HV: nurse Mb+, Mmh+ interaction+ dose effect

Carpenter et al. 1983 SIP

HV: high vs low-risk

birth-7 years biwkly-mthly

general population, high-risk Is

records E: HV high-risk C: low-risk

n=1/2000 HV: research health visitor

I-mortality+





varied, no pattern















E:n=74 C:n=80






Field et al. 1980 RCT HV: pre vs fullterm Is, teen vs adult Ms

1/2hr biwkly

LowSES, Bl, teen, single, preterm




Field et al. 1982 HV-based PT in I-stimulation vs nursery-based paid PT-training

Birth-6 months HV: biwkly nursery: 4hrs daily

LowSES, Bl, teen

E1:n=40 HV PT E2:n=40 nursery PT (teacher aide) C:n=40



Gray et al. 1977 HV vs routine care

birth-2 years wkly

preg, at-risk Ms hospital E:n=50 high-risk HV C1:n=50 high-risk routine care C2:n=50 low-risk routine care

N/A HV: public health nurse, & lay health visitor

Ih+, Ia/n0, Id0 Mb0 service use 0 (immunisations)






Hancock 1998 HV: Iwaniec (1995)

1-2 years biwkly-monthly 12 sessions

Amy, 25yrs, FTT, emotionally abused

referral single case study N/A HV: health visitor

Ib+, Imh+ Mb+, Mmh+


ATT other

HV + MIgroup prenatal-2/4 years wkly-reducing group: 17 (0-43)


paediatric clinic




Huxley & Warner 1993 CIP

HV: MIT vs routine care

prenatal-3yrs at-risk, parenting problems

multi E:n=20 MIT+routine care C:n=20 routine care

n=20 HV: public health nurse

Ia/n+, Ih+ Mb+, Mrepr+

IHDP 1990 EC other





7% of recruited









adoption agency





EC, ATT other






4% at 2yrs HV: nurses Ih+/0,Ic0, Ib0 Mb+/, Mh+, Mrepr+/0, Mpd0 pregnancies+ service use0 (i.e. immunisations)

Larson (1980) Pre- vs postnatal visits

HV: pre- vs postnatal visits

prenatal-15 months 10-11 visits 1 prenatal visit

preg, Engl/French Canadian, working class

hospital E1:n=pre- & post-natal visits E2:n=post-natal visits C:n=

n=25 HV with degee in psychology

Ih+ Mb+ interaction+ postnatal visits not enough



paediatric clinic



Ib+ Mrepr0, Mb+









wkly-biwkly

pre, primi, lowSES

paediatric & family practice


n=14/93 recruited








Ib+









Olds et al. 1986

EC, ATT other




antenatal clinic



Parr 1997 PIPPIN

ATT other




n=32 HV: PI-facilitators

Mmh+, Mrepr+, Mb+, Matt+ Fb+, Fmh+, Frepr+

Puura et al. 2000 EEP

EU/WHO

HV + need/risk assessment

prenatal-onwards 1pre- & 1postnatal assessment wkly sessions

n=1000 at-risk & low-risk families in 5 countries

E1:n=50 no-need/low-risk E2:n=50 in-need C1:n=50 no-need C2:n=50 in-need

N/A HV: primary health care professionals

not available yet

Rauh et al. 1988 MITP

TRANS intensive NBAS in hospital & home




N=15 intensive care nurse

Ic+ Mrepr+

Ross 1984 HV : PE birth-1 year biwkly-monthly

premature, lowSES, mix-ethn


n=5 HV: nurse, paediatric occ. Therapist






HV: professionals, community health aides






Taylor & Beauchamp 1988 EC HV: PE birth-1 month 4, 90mins sessions





Teerikangas et al. 1998 other HV: family counselling

5 years 50 sessions

mixed-risk maternity clinic

E:n=54 HV counselling C:n=46

High HV: psychiatric Nurses

Imh+


3months 2hrs 3wkly


hospital midwives











HV 1 visit or more NOFT, <2yrs health district E:n=95 HV+routine care C:n=109 routine care


Ih+

Table IV.11 Home visiting – lay workers









9-28% for sites

para-HV varied for cohorts/sites Ic+/-



lowSES, <AA, <single, lowEd, NOFT






prenatal-2 years HV: mthly groups: 44 biwkly, 5 prenatal





Duggan et al. 1999 HSP

HV 3-5 years 1-4 visits mthly

lowSES, mix-ethn, at-risk Is/Cs

statewide agency

E:n=373 HV C1:n=270 / C2:n=41 / testing ctrl

51% & 12% para-HV Id+/0, Ia/n0 Mb+/0, Mpd0, Mmh+/0, Mss0 interaction+/0 service use+/0



2 years 1hr wkly

lowSES, growth stunted Is


para-Hv: ethnic peer

Id+








support HV birth-1 year low SES, primi health authority E:n=127 HV + routine care E:n=105 routine care










lowSES, primi, teen



Marcenko & Spence, 1994 support HV Prenatally-1year wkly-reducing

preg, AA, lowSES, at-risk for out-of-home placement



Mss+, Mmh+, Mb0 service use+ out-of-home placement0




health department

E:n=61 C: N/A





lowSES, <Bl, <lowEd, <single

health clinic E1st study:n=152 wkly or mthly HV E2nd study:n=58 wkly HV Cs: n= no HV

8.5% (1st study)



Scarr & McCartney 1988 MCHP

HV: PE (vs book)

2 years biwkly 46 visits

lowSES E:n=78 HV-PE C:n=39 /

7% refusals n=4 re data

para-HV: ethnic peers

Ic(+) Mb(+) null/ceiling effects

Siegel et al. 1980 ATT? HV vs early extended contact



hospital E1:n=47 & 60 HV & ext. contact E2:n=50 extended contact E3:n=53 HV C:n=52 & 59 routine care





Prenatal-1 year preg, at-risk, non-Asian, n=1288

2 maternity units

E:n= support C:n= routine care


Ih0 null results




21-24 sites E: n=2213 C:n=2217









Prenatal-2 years SV-PAT: lowSES, <Latina Teen-PAT: lowSES, teens






birth-30 months HV: wkly-reducing Centre: wkly

mix-ethn teens E: n=54 C1:n=24 routine care C2:n=28 non-engagers

30-40% 2/4 HVs


Table IV.12 Prenatally started programmes

Study Model Iintervention Duration Intensity



Barth 1991 CPEP EC HV 6 months 11 (5-20) visits




Ia/n0 null results



Prenatal-18mths 1hr biwkly HV :12 (0-32) Clinic:25 (0-75) mthly-reducing



10% refuse n=27

2 community nurses



Prenatal-1 year n=95 preg, Wh, multi-risk

health department




Prenatal-2 years HV: mthly Groups: 44 biwkly, 5 prenatal







Prenatally for 16(?) weeks Wkly examinations from 20-24 wks gestation

preg, lowSES, mix-ethn, at-risk for preterm labour


n=1011 refusals

nurses null results


HV Prenatal-3/5 years Wkly or less



varied, no pattern

professionals with degree




Prenatal-1 year Biwkly


E:n=74 C:n=80







ATT other

HV + MIgroup Prenatal-2/4 years Wkly-reducing Group: 17 (0-43)


paediatric clinic


n=6/70 mental health professionals




Prenatal-3yrs at-risk, parenting problems


n=20 public health nurse



EC, ATT other


Prenatal-2 yrs 7(0-18) prenatal 26 (0-71)postnatal



E1:n=228 2yrs HV +screen +transp E2:n=230 1yr HV +screen +transp C1:n=515 scrreen+transp C2:n=166 transport




Prenatal-15 months 10-11 visits 1 prenatal visit





Marcenko & Spence, 1994 support HV Prenatally-1year Wkly-reducing






Wkly-biwkly

pre, primi, lowSES

paediatric & family practice


n=14/93 recruited


Olds et al. 1986

EC, ATT other


Prenatal-2 yrs 1hr15mins wkly-reducing 8-9 prenatal 23 postnatal








Parr 1997 PIPPIN

ATT other

HV + PT-group Prenatal-18wks 1hr wkly





EU/WHO HV + need/risk assessment

Prenatal-onwards 1pre- & 1postnatal assessment wkly sessions



N/A primary health care professionals

not available yet





professionals, community health aides




Prenatal-1 year preg, at-risk, non-Asian, n=1288

2 maternity units



Ih0 null results



Prenatal-2 years


SV-PAT: E:n=298 HV C:n=199 Teen-PAT: E1:n=175 HV + PAT + case management E2:n=174 case management E3:n=177 PAT C:n=178









primi, Wh, marr obstetric practice





birth-7 years biwkly-mthly

General population, high-risk Is



I-mortality+

Duggan et al. 1999 HSP HV 3-5 years 1-4 visits mthly


statewide agency




birth-2 years wkly










IHDP 1990 EC other





7% of recruited







Lealman et al. 1983 support health visitor drop-in centre & telephone

birth-18 months wkly

at-risk non-Asian Is

E1:n=103 drop-in-centre, high-risk E2:n=199 social worker, high-risk C1:n=209 high risk C2:n=2291 low-risk

n=28 health visitor, social worker

Ia/n0/-, Ih0/- (!) service use0/- (!) null results






birth – hospital discharge ?

Preterm Is, Wh, m-c,

neonatal intensive care unit






Mb+ interaction0




LowSES, primi, teen




1 45-60mins session

Primi, m-c, <Wh, couples




Premature, lowSES, mix-ethn




Schanberg & Field 1987 stimulation tactile kinesthetic stimulation

birth-10 days 45mins daily

premature, LBW neonates

hospital E:n=26 t/k-stimulation C:n= routine care

Ib+, Ih+, Id+ service use+ cost-effective early discharge














21-24 sites E: n=2213 C:n=2217


















30-40% 2/4 HVs






n=2 Researcher Mb+ interaction+







Wingerd Bristor et al 1984 parent coaching / skills training














9-28% for sites


Carter et al. 1991 AMIP PD mother-baby class


lowSES, teen referral 2 single case studies










Cordeiro 1997 PD PPT 6-24 months 12-12? sessions or more


GPs, paediatricians

E:n=114 C: N/A





Is<30mths, functionally & behaviourally disturbed



























2 years 1hr wkly



para-Hv: ethnic peer

Id+







more than 1 year


referral single case study N/A HV: health visitor

Ib+, Ih+ Mb+














paediatric clinic E:n=29 MIT anxious C1:n=23 anxious C2:n=30 secure

n=18 HV: bilingual MSC psychologists or SW

Ib+ Mrepr0, Mb+













4 months HV: 3 visits, 6-wkly Playroom: 12 sessions, wkly





<5->10 sessions




Muir 1992 WWW

PD object relations



referral single case study N/A therapist Ib+, Ih+, Id+ Mrepr+, Mb+


PD object relations



N/A therapist






N/A therapist





8.5% (1st study)







Proulx & Minde 1995 PD group-based PT for fathers & Is




PSY, art therapist

Fk+, Fb+



Prenatal-onwards 1pre- & 1postnatal assessment wkly sessions



N/A primary health care professionals

not available yet









HV: PE (vs book)


LowSES E:n=78 HV-PE C:n=39 /










P, SW Ib+, Id+ Mb+,

Table IV.15 Minimal/very brief programmes lasting for one/few sessions


Intensity Participants Recruitment Condition




primi, Wh, marr

obstetric practice


n=7/67 dropouts

Pb+ interaction 0



adoption agency E1:n=30 MIT+book E2:n=30 book C:n=30 /











Birth – hospital discharge ?

preterm Is, Wh, m-c,

neonatal intensive care unit






Mb+ interaction0


1 45-60mins session




Table IV.15 Minimal/very brief programmes lasting for one/few sessions




Schanberg & Field 1987 stimulation Tactile kinesthetic stimulation

10 days 45mins daily

premature, LBW neonates

hospital E:n=26 t/k-stimulation C:n= routine care

Ib+, Ih+, Id+ service use+ cost-effective early discharge

Strayhorn & Weidman 1991 P-group training in interaction

0-12.5 hrs training

lowSES, mix-ethn, Cs with behaviour problems



n=21 research assistant

Ic0, Ib+ Mb+







Video & talk re: M-I-interaction vs caregiving skills










Wingerd Bristor et al 1984 Parent coaching / skills training




E:n=21 P-coaching C1:n=21 routine care C2:n=21 exp. Decliners



HV 1visit or more NOFT, <2yrs health district E:n=95 HV+routine care C:n=109 routine care


Ih+

Table IV.16 short duration prgrammes lasting up to one year

Study Model Intervention

Duration intensity







records nurses

E1 :n=10 behav. E2 :n=10 beh+repr C:n=10


Barth 1991 CPEP EC HV 6 months 11 (5-20) visits




Ia/n0 null results



lowSES, <AA, <single, lowEd, NOFT






prenatal-1 year

n=95 preg, Wh, multi-risk

health department
























Davis & Rushton 1991 PAS

other HV : support wkly 7.8 (2-25) sessions

lowSES, mult-risk, Cs with multi-problems

HES-services E:n=55 HV-support C:n=38 /

36.8% HV: health visitor, clin. medical officer

Ib+ Mb+, Mmh+, Mrepr+/0





E:n=74 C:n=80




Duration intensity




birth-2 years wkly















paediatric clinic E:n=29 MIT anxious C1:n=23 anxious C2:n=30 secure


Ib+ Mrepr0, Mb+

Marcenko & Spence, 1994 support HV prenatally-1year wkly-reducing








health department

E:n=61 C: N/A














Duration intensity




PD object relations



N/A therapist







Ib+

Osofsky & Dickson 2000 VIP PD play therapy crisis intervention




N/A therapist

Parr 1997 PIPPIN

ATT other







prenatal-onwards 1pre- & 1postnatal assessment wkly sessions



N/A HV: primary health care professionals

not available yet






Ic+ Mrepr+










Duration intensity




premature, lowSES, mix-ethn










P, SW Ib+, Id+ Mb+,









prenatal-1 year

preg, at-risk, non-Asian, n=1288

2 maternity units



Ih0 null results


3months 2hrs 3wkly


hospital midwives




Table IV.17 Long duration programmes lasting for more than one year






HV: 3 years, 15 sessions/yr Centre: 5 years 6-8hrs daily









9-28% for sites




Prenatal-18mths 1hr biwkly HV :12 (0-32) Clinic:25 (0-75) mthly-reducing



10% refuse n=27

2 community nurses



Prenatal-2 years HV: mthly Groups: 44 biwkly, 5 prenatal

preg, lowSES, at-risk hospital E:n=141 high-risk C1:n=122 high-risk routine care C2:n=264 low-risk routine care





Birth-7 years Biwkly-mthly

general population, high-risk Is



I-mortality+

Cordeiro 1997 PD PPT 6-24 months 12-12? Sessions or more


GPs, paediatricians

E:n=114 C: N/A











varied, no pattern



Duggan et al. 1999 HSP HV 3-5 years 1-4 visits mthly


statewide agency





2 years 1hr weekly


health clinic E1 :n=32 stunted, nutr&stimul E2 :n=30 stunted stimulated E3 :n= nutrition C1 : n=33 / stunted C2 :n=32 / Non-stunted

para-HV: ethnic peer

Id+


more than 1 year


Referral single case study

N/A HV: health visitor Ib+, Ih+ Mb+








ATT other

HV + Migroup

prenatal-2/4 years wkly-reducing group: 17 (0-43)


paediatric clinic E:n=31 HV+MIgroup C:n=33 follow-up





prenatal-3yrs at-risk, parenting problems


n=20 public health nurse







EC, ATT other







Kunkel 1981

SLT others



abused children aged 4-12yrs

referrals E:n=24 C: N/A




prenatal-15 months 10-11 visits 1 prenatal visit








referral single case study

N/A therapist Ic0, Iatt+, Ib+ Mb=+/0, Mmh+/0, Mss0 interaction+ pregnancies-

Luster et al. 1996 TIES support HV: support/no PE


lowSES, primi, teen E:n=72 HV C:n=70 less intensive phone line service













Olds et al. 1986

EC, ATT other










8.5% (1st study)




HV: PE (vs book)


lowSES E:n=78 HV-PE C:n=39 /




St.Pierre and Layzer 1999 CCDP HV + PE birth-5 years HV: 30-90mins wkly/biwkly PE: 30mins biwly


21-24 sites E: n=2213 C:n=2217



Teerikangas et al. 1998 other HV: family counselling

5 years 50 sessions

mixed-risk maternity clinic E:n=54 HV counselling C:n=46

high HV: psychiatric nurses

Imh+





Wagner & Clayton 1999 PAT education HV + case management + PE

prenatal-2 years





Ware & Osofsky 1987 MIP HV + drop-in-centre + 24hr-telephone line



30-40% 2/4 HVs





at-risk, Bl, single E1:n=14 HV-PE + day care centre E2:n=23 HV-PE C:n= /


Ic+ Mb0

Table IV.18 Dose effects






HV: 3 years, 15 sessions/yr Centre: 5 years 6-8hrs daily

Low SES, Bl, single, cog. disadvantaged





Prenatal-1 year n=95 preg, Wh, multi-risk

health department E1:n=44% MIT E2:n=56% didactic/info



Birth-6 months HV: biwkly Nursery: 4hrs daily

Low SES, Bl, teen E1:n=40 HV PT E2:n=40 nursery PT (teacher aide) C:n=40


Ih+, Id+, Imh+, Ic+ Mpd+ pregnancies+ dose effects



Abusing Ps referrals E: n=79 multi-intervention C: N/A


Ia/n+ Mrepr+, Mb+ HV/combined approach effective, Cs with more services benefit more dose effects

IHDP 1990 EC Other


Birth-3 years Wkly-reducing



7% of recruited









Ib+

Table IV.18 Dose effects






Low SES, <Bl, <lowEd, <single


8.5% (1st study) para-HV: ethnic peers 8 wks training



Education HV + case management + PE




para-HV Id0, Ih0, Mk(+), Mb(+), Mrepr (+) dose effects Latino benefit more Cs with more services benefit more (dose effects)





30-40% 2/4 HVs

para-HV Ia0, Ic+/0 Mb+ interaction+/0 sleeper effects overall null results engagers benefit more (dose effect?)

Table IV.19 Sleeper effects







LowSES, Bl, single, cog. Disadvantaged





birth-6 months HV: biwkly nursery: 4hrs daily

LowSES, Bl, teen E1:n=40 HV PT E2:n=40 nursery PT (teacher aide) C:n=40



Olds et al. 1986

EC, ATT other








LowSES, <Bl, <lowEd, <single


8.5% (1st study) para-HV: ethnic peers 8 wks training




4 months wkly

hard-to-reach Ms with severe parenting problems

varied E:n=22 MP n=7/29 MP-therapists Ia/n+ Mb+ interaction+

Table IV.19 Sleeper effects






4 months wkly









Ic+ Mrepr+








Strayhorn & Weidman 1991

P-group training in interaction

0-12.5 hrs training

LowSES, mix-ethn, Cs with behaviour problems



n=21 research assistant Ic0, Ib+ Mb+


3months 2hrs 3wkly

Irritable Is, Cau, lowSES, primi

hospital midwives




Ware & Osofsky 1987 MIP HV + drop-in-centre + 24hr-telephone line



30-40% 2/4 HVs


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from pregnancy to early childhood9 - Mental Health …...FROM PREGNANCY TO EARLY CHILDHOOD; EARLY INTERVENTIONS TO ENHANCE THE MENTAL HEALTH OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES Volume 2 Tables