From “Now-Gen” to “Next-Gen ” Do We Need (More) New Rules?

From “Now-Gen” to “Next-Gen”Do We Need (More) New Rules?

World Airline Training Conference

27-29 April 2010Orlando, FL USA

Janeen Kochan, Ph.D.Aviation Research, Training, and Services, Inc.

The Good News?

2010 World Aviation Training Conference

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: April 8, 2010SB-10-11NTSB RELEASES 2009 AVIATION ACCIDENT STATISTICS; ON-DEMAND ACCIDENTS AT LOWEST LEVEL IN LAST 20 YEARS

Washington, D.C. - The National Transportation Safety Board today released preliminary aviation accident statistics for 2009 showing an overall decrease in U. S. civil aviation accidents that includes general aviation and on-demand Part 135 operations. In fact, on-demand Part 135 operations had the lowest number of accidents and fatal accidents for that type of air operation in the last 2 decades.

World Aviation TrainingWelcome to the FAA’s North Florida Flight

Standards District OfficeTraining and certifying many of the world’s

pilotsDo we need more “new” rules?


It depends...First need to evaluate existing rules based

on valid research and data (LAR approach not adequate)

Change or delete rules that are not supported, not relevant, or not needed

Then, adhere to existing rulesMake future changes to policies and

procedures based on valid research and data...


Support for the AnswerKeynote Address (Mr. Jean Pinet)

“To be effective, studies must look into the workings of the brain – improving memory retention, situation awareness, diagnosis of complex, unexpected situations, resistance to error and swift, reliable decision-making. The current pragmatic cooperation between technology and ergonomics – both physiological and cognitive – must give way to properly oriented scientific research. This is obviously valid for all professions.”


Do We Need New Rules?7 Examples

1. Civil Air Regulations2. Instrument Training3. Upset Recovery Training4. FAA 61.75 Certificates5. Technology6. Personal Responsibility7. Professionalism


1. Civil Air Regulations

1945 CAR requirements for Private Pilot:

30 hours solo 1 turn Spin in each

direction 3 power-off 180

degree accuracy landings beyond and within 300 feet


2. Instrument TrainingView Limiting DeviceInstructing with FSTD’s


3. Upset Recovery TrainingSpins – see Civil Air Regulations 1945Instructing URT with FSTD’s


3. Upset Recovery TrainingFederal Register / Vol. 74, No. 7 /Monday, January 12, 2009 / Proposed RulesMAJOR CHANGES AND THEIR APPLICABILITY TO CREWMEMBERS AND AIRCRAFT DISPATCHERS


B. Flight Crewmembers1. Require the use of FSTD for job performance training and evaluation.2. Train and evaluate flight crewmembers in a full crew environment.3. Require Special Hazards training (Upset Recovery Training).4. Require Recurrent LOFT.5. Reduce the frequency of performance drills using emergency equipment and procedures.

4. FAA 61.75 Airman CertificatesStandardization of pilot certification

Multicrew Pilot License?


5. Technology


5. Technology

Safety Record of Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA) - NTSB March 2010 safety study: Analyzed accident rates of over 8,000 small

piston-powered airplanes manufactured between 2002 and 2006

Found that those equipped with glass cockpits had a higher fatal accident rate than similar aircraft with conventional instruments

5. Technology

The Safety Board determined that because glass cockpits are both complex and vary from aircraft to aircraft in function, design and failure modes, pilots are not always provided with all of the information they need – both by aircraft manufacturers and the Federal Aviation Administration – to adequately understand the unique operational and functional details of the primary flight instruments in their airplanes.


Why?

6. Personal Responsibility

Regulations and Practical Test StandardsLoopholes in the regulations - the three 150’s - the “safety pilot”How many pilots can log PIC at the same

time in the same airplane?


6. Personal Responsibility

Intent of the rulePilot fatigue example


7. Professionalism

NTSB Press ReleaseNational Transportation Safety BoardWashington, DC 20594FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: April 19, 2010SB-10-11 *****************************************************************************************NTSB TO HOLD A PUBLIC FORUM ON PROFESSIONALISM IN AVIATION*****************************************************************************************(Washington, DC) The National Transportation Safety Board will hold a safety forum on professionalism in aviation beginning Tuesday, May 18, 2010. The three-day, en-banc forum will be chaired by NTSB Chairman Deborah A.P. Hersman..."During the forum, we will gather information on the screening, selection and training of pilots and controllers and methods to reinforce professionalism and excellence.“ (Italics added)



7. Professionalism“Then” Generation?


7. Professionalism“Then” Generation?

7. ProfessionalismNational Transportation Safety Board

Safety RecommendationRequire all 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 121, 135, and 91K operators to provide a specific course on leadership training to their upgrading captains that is consistent with the advisory circular requested in Safety Recommendation A-10-13. (A-10-14)


7. ProfessionalismDarker Shades of Blue or too many

shades of gray (grey?)?


Do We Need (More) New Rules?


Aviators Model Code of Conduct http://www.secureaviation.org/

http://www.secureaviation.org/


NextGen is Now Two-tiered pilot certification? Standardization through ICAO? Training and oversight of training providers and

designees? Keep training up-to-pace with technology? Base new rules on research.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/787-flight-deck.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Boeing_787-3.jpg

Base Training, Evaluation, and Selection Needs on Valid Research

“Expert Pilot”

Hazard Awareness

Values

Aviation Experiences

Dynamic Problem Solving

AttentionalControl

RiskManagement

Motivation

Expectations

Perceptions

Cognitive FlexibilityMetacognitionDecision Making

Number Types Meaningful RecentRelevant

Motivation and Metacognition

Enforce performance standards Teach self-evaluation of performance


The Good News?


FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: April 8, 2010SB-10-11NTSB RELEASES 2009 AVIATION ACCIDENT STATISTICS; ON-DEMAND ACCIDENTS AT LOWEST LEVEL IN LAST 20 YEARS

Washington, D.C. - The National Transportation Safety Board today released preliminary aviation accident statistics for 2009 showing an overall decrease in U. S. civil aviation accidents that includes general aviation and on-demand Part 135 operations. In fact, on-demand Part 135 operations had the lowest number of accidents and fatal accidents for that type of air operation in the last 2 decades.

Thank You

From “Now-Gen” to “Next-Gen”

Do We Need (More) New Rules?

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From “Now-Gen” to “Next-Gen ” Do We Need (More) New Rules?