From Melting Pot To Salad BowlThe earlier immigrants to American consisted mainly of Northern Europeans.

However, during the 1870s, a flood of immigrants, arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe, gushed into the already overcrowded metropolises.

Many immigrants faced the dual problems of changing cultures and migrating from a rural life to an urban one. In addition to these difficulties, the new

immigrants often faced prejudice from nativist Americans.

"New Immigration": They were a new group of immigrants coming into the United States that consisted of Italians, Slavs, Greeks, Jews, and Armenians. They came from both Southern and Eastern Europe, and also from the Middle East. In the 1890s, their numbers first began to increase, and the numbers continued to increase for the next three decades. Most of the immigrants came from peasant and poor backgrounds and boosted America’s foreign-born population by 18 million. They were often discriminated against.

"Old Immigration": This Term applies to those migrating from Western and Eastern Europe. They were the largest group of immigrants that migrated to the United States. The largest group of approximately three million, came from Germany in the 1840s and 1850s. Next came the British, Scottish, and Welsh immigrants, which totaled 2 million. In addition, one and a half million traveled over from Ireland. All of these immigrants came over in search of jobs and of new economic opportunities.

PUSH OR PULL FACTORS?•Crop failures in Germany & Holland

•Introduction of the oceangoing steamship

•Overpopulation in Southern & Eastern Europe

•Economic problems, expanding population, and disease epidemics in Italy

•Homestead Act, Morrill, & Railroads offer free land to immigrants who become citizens

•Construction of Transcontinental Railroad

•The Industrial Revolution begins and grows very rapidly

•Revolution against the government in Mexico

IMMIGRATION

WHAT THEY PROVIDED

Cheap labor

Demand for mass-produced consumer goods

PUSH PULL

Poverty of displaced farm workers

Inexpensive & rapid ocean travel

Overcrowding & joblessness because of population boom

Economic opportunities of Great Plains & industrial jobs

Religious persecution of Jews in Russia

Reputation for political & religious freedom

Famines and revolution

LEADING SOURCES OF IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES

1820-1975 1976-1986

Country of Origin Numbers (approx.) Country of Origin Numbers (approx.)

Germany 6.9 million Mexico 720,000

Italy 5.2 million Vietnam 425,000

Ireland 4.7 million Philippines 379,000

Austria-Hungary 4.3 million Korea 363,000

Canada 4.0 million China/Taiwan 331,000

Soviet Union/Russia 3.3 million Cuba 258,000

England 3.1 million Dominican Republic 211,000

Mexico 1.9 million Jamaica 200,000

West Indies 1.4 million United Kingdom 150,000

Sweden 1.2 million Canada 129,000

HISTORY of IMMIGRATIONCOLONIAL PERIOD

inexpensive labor

1/2+ before ‘76 were indentured servants

slaves

•SCOTCH-IRISH - religion and increased rents

•SCOTS - artisans and laborers became indentured servants

•GERMANS - religious toleration

1760’s - 60% of PA was German

1650-1750

• rural workers poverty & land shortages

1815 to 1861 (5 Million)

• England 1/2

• Irish 40%

1865 to 1890 (10 Million)

• Northwestern Europe (England, Wales, Ireland, Germany,

Scandanavia)

1868 to 1873 crop failures

• Norwegians and Swedes drawn by Homestead Act

1890 to 1914

• Eastern & Southern Europe (Poles, Russian Jews, Ukranians, Slovaks, Croatians, Slovenes, Hungarians, Romanians, Italians, Greeks)

1945 to 1965

Europeans displaced with war

Mexican agricultural workers

1948 - Displaced Persons Act (still left select groups out)

1965 to Present

Immigration Act of 1965

abolished discriminatory quotas

Asia & Latin America (3-4 Million in ‘70s)

‘65 to ‘74 - foreign born physicians b/c Medicare

1914 to 1945

Espionage Act (1917) - Sedition Act (1918) - Palmer Raids

Persecution of Jews in ‘30s brought Einstein

Why it all happened:

1. Population increases

2. Commercial agriculture

3. Factory system

4. Means of inexpensive transportation

Jews, Slavs, Italians, Romanians, Greeks

entered industrial cities such as NY, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Boston

Family networks were built

69% Slovaks were coal miners

93% Jewish women were embroiders

REACTIONS

• Progressive Era

Addams and Wald assisted

• AFL supported immigration restrictions

• 1920 California denied Japanese land

• John Reed Act 1924 brought about annual codes

WHAT THEY GAVE

• Religion

• Social Justice that resulted in better condition

• Bank of America

• Literature

• Foods

IMMIGRATION AND LIFE IN THE IMMIGRATION AND LIFE IN THE CITIESCITIES

Ellis Island Ellis Island

► Steamship companies sailed into many ports such Steamship companies sailed into many ports such as Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, San Francisco, as Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, San Francisco, Savannah, Miami, and New Orleans.Savannah, Miami, and New Orleans.

► However, most immigrants entered the However, most immigrants entered the United States through New York Harbor.United States through New York Harbor.

► During the years 1892-1954, Ellis Island processed During the years 1892-1954, Ellis Island processed over 12 million immigrants. over 12 million immigrants.

► 98% passed inspection98% passed inspection

► Approx. 250,000 were deported Approx. 250,000 were deported

Ellis Island, around 1920. The hospitals, shown on the bottom of Ellis Island, around 1920. The hospitals, shown on the bottom of the photograph, treated 250,000 ill immigrants during the the photograph, treated 250,000 ill immigrants during the

course of its operation.course of its operation.

NEWLY ARRIVED NEWLY ARRIVED IMMIGRANTSIMMIGRANTS

11stst and 2 and 2ndnd Class Not Class Not Required?Required?

► First and second class passengers underwent a First and second class passengers underwent a cursory inspection aboard the ship. They were cursory inspection aboard the ship. They were NOTNOT required to undergo the inspection process at Ellis required to undergo the inspection process at Ellis Island. Why?Island. Why?

► However, first and second class passengers were However, first and second class passengers were sent to Ellis Island for further inspection sent to Ellis Island for further inspection if they if they were sick or had legal problems. were sick or had legal problems.

► The The steeragesteerage passengers were transported from passengers were transported from the pier by ferry or barge to Ellis Island where the pier by ferry or barge to Ellis Island where everyone would undergo a everyone would undergo a medical and legal medical and legal inspection. inspection.

Steerage Passengers Steerage Passengers

► The The steeragesteerage passengers were transported passengers were transported from the pier by ferry or barge to Ellis Island from the pier by ferry or barge to Ellis Island where everyone would undergo a where everyone would undergo a medical medical and legal inspection. and legal inspection.

► Doctors looked for over 60 different diseases Doctors looked for over 60 different diseases and ailments such as: and ailments such as: TuberculosisTuberculosis typhoidtyphoid measles measles mental illnessmental illness physical handicaps physical handicaps

BAGGAGE EXAMINATIONBAGGAGE EXAMINATION

6 SECOND MEDICAL EXAM6 SECOND MEDICAL EXAM

1. X = possible mental illness 2. B = back 3. E = eyes4. P = physical or lungs5. SC = scalp6. L = lameness7. CT =trachoma8. PG = pregnancy9. C = conjunctivitis10. FT = feet11. S = senility12. N = neck13. H = heart14. SI = ( legal exam only) you had to see the board of special

inquiry15. X with circle around it = definite mental illness16. G = goiter17. F = face

Full List of Markings

U. S. Public Health Service doctors inspected immigrants for a U. S. Public Health Service doctors inspected immigrants for a number of diseases and impairments that might deny them number of diseases and impairments that might deny them

entry into the country. If an individual failed the initial exam, entry into the country. If an individual failed the initial exam, he or she was sent to the hospitals for further treatment.he or she was sent to the hospitals for further treatment.

Buttonhook to check for Buttonhook to check for TrachomaTrachoma

IMMIGRANTS WAITING FOR IMMIGRANTS WAITING FOR MEDICAL CLEARENCEMEDICAL CLEARENCE

These immigrant children, who arrived with These immigrant children, who arrived with favusfavus, a skin , a skin disease of the scalp, were treated in the hospitals on Ellis disease of the scalp, were treated in the hospitals on Ellis

Island.Island.

U.S. Public Health Service doctors and nurses posed in U.S. Public Health Service doctors and nurses posed in front of the general hospital with young immigrant front of the general hospital with young immigrant

patients.patients.

An operating room on Ellis Island, as it looked in the 1920s. U. S. An operating room on Ellis Island, as it looked in the 1920s. U. S. Public Health Service doctors practiced the latest in medical Public Health Service doctors practiced the latest in medical

knowledge and techniques, giving immigrant patients the best of knowledge and techniques, giving immigrant patients the best of medical treatment. medical treatment.

As part of the health services on Ellis Island, nurses As part of the health services on Ellis Island, nurses held baby clinics for immigrant mothers.held baby clinics for immigrant mothers.

Immigrants confined to the Ellis Island hospitals spent some of Immigrants confined to the Ellis Island hospitals spent some of their time in craft classes and other activities. A library near the their time in craft classes and other activities. A library near the hospitals had books and newspapers on twenty-six languages.hospitals had books and newspapers on twenty-six languages.

Stairs of SeparationStairs of Separation

On average, 4,000 to 5,000 immigrants were processed each On average, 4,000 to 5,000 immigrants were processed each day on Ellis Island. The largest number of immigrants day on Ellis Island. The largest number of immigrants

processed in one day was just over 11,000 in April, 1907processed in one day was just over 11,000 in April, 1907

Step 2: The Mental ExamStep 2: The Mental Exam

► If doctors marked you with an X or an X in a circle, If doctors marked you with an X or an X in a circle, the doctors paid closer attention to you when you the doctors paid closer attention to you when you took these tests. took these tests.

► Some of the puzzles immigrants had to complete Some of the puzzles immigrants had to complete included: included: a face puzzle, a face puzzle, a happy sad face puzzle, a happy sad face puzzle, 2 matching puzzles,2 matching puzzles, several geometric shape puzzlesseveral geometric shape puzzles Also, immigrants had to draw a diamond and the Also, immigrants had to draw a diamond and the

diamonds were classified by how many years of diamonds were classified by how many years of education the immigrant, who drew it, had. education the immigrant, who drew it, had.

Pick 2 cards that are similar & Pick 2 cards that are similar & explain why you made your explain why you made your

choice choice

Step 3: Legal InspectionStep 3: Legal Inspection► After passing the medical exams, immigrants After passing the medical exams, immigrants

had to prove they could legally come into had to prove they could legally come into America. America.

► They had to prove their country of origin and They had to prove their country of origin and where they expected to live and work once where they expected to live and work once they entered the country. they entered the country.

► Inspectors rejected any immigrant with a Inspectors rejected any immigrant with a criminal record or those suspected of being criminal record or those suspected of being indentured servants. indentured servants.

► By 1921, immigrants had to pass a literacy By 1921, immigrants had to pass a literacy test and show a passport and visa. test and show a passport and visa.

Officials interviewed immigrants about the amount of money Officials interviewed immigrants about the amount of money they had, where they were going, and if they had work they had, where they were going, and if they had work

promised to them.promised to them.

Sample Questions of Legal Sample Questions of Legal ExamExam

What was your occupation in your homeland? What was your occupation in your homeland?

Do you have a job waiting for you in America? Do you have a job waiting for you in America?

Did you pay for your own way to America? Did you pay for your own way to America?

Were you ever convicted of a crime in your Were you ever convicted of a crime in your country? country?

Immigrants who were detained on Ellis Island, mostly awaiting Immigrants who were detained on Ellis Island, mostly awaiting a relative to retrieve them, were served three meals a day. a relative to retrieve them, were served three meals a day. Immigrants often spoke about eating unfamiliar food, like Immigrants often spoke about eating unfamiliar food, like

bananas.bananas.

Most immigrants spent only four or five hours on Ellis Island, Most immigrants spent only four or five hours on Ellis Island, departing through the ferry terminal onto boats that delivered departing through the ferry terminal onto boats that delivered them to New York City or the Central Railroad of NJ terminal in them to New York City or the Central Railroad of NJ terminal in

Jersey City, where they boarded trains to destinations across the Jersey City, where they boarded trains to destinations across the country.country.

Angel Island Angel Island

► From 1910-1940, the Angel Island Immigration Station From 1910-1940, the Angel Island Immigration Station processed approximately 175,000 Asian immigrants processed approximately 175,000 Asian immigrants entering into the US. entering into the US.

► Angel Island is sometimes referred to as "The Ellis Island Angel Island is sometimes referred to as "The Ellis Island of the West." of the West."

► Designed to control the flow of Chinese into the country, Designed to control the flow of Chinese into the country, who were officially not welcome with the passage of the who were officially not welcome with the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

► Many immigrants waited on the island for as long as two Many immigrants waited on the island for as long as two years while they exhausted appeals. years while they exhausted appeals.

Naturalization Exam Naturalization Exam Sample Questions: Part I Sample Questions: Part I ► Is the person applying for U.S. Citizenship Is the person applying for U.S. Citizenship

18 years old?18 years old?► Have you been a permanent resident for 5 Have you been a permanent resident for 5

or more years? or more years? ► During the last 5 years, have you been out During the last 5 years, have you been out

of the U.S. for 30 months or more?of the U.S. for 30 months or more?► Are you willing to perform either military Are you willing to perform either military

or civilian service for the U.S?or civilian service for the U.S?

Part II: A compilation of 100 questions Part II: A compilation of 100 questions

showing a basic knowledge ofshowing a basic knowledge of U.S. U.S. history and government history and government

1.1. Who is the VP of the U.S.?Who is the VP of the U.S.?

2.2. What do we call changes to the What do we call changes to the constitution? constitution?

3.3. Which countries were our enemies Which countries were our enemies in WWII? in WWII?

4.4. Who is the commander and chief of Who is the commander and chief of the U.S. Army? the U.S. Army?

5.5. According to the constitution, a According to the constitution, a person must meet certain person must meet certain requirements to become president. requirements to become president. Name one. Name one.

6.6. How many Supreme Court Justices How many Supreme Court Justices are there? are there?

7.7. Who wrote the Star Spangled Who wrote the Star Spangled Banner? Banner?

8.8. Name one purpose of the United Name one purpose of the United Nations? Nations?

NEXT STOP – ANGEL ISLAND

Trace the History of U.S. policy on immigration

Immigration Legislation laws regulating who can immigrate into the United States. The first restriction on immigration was imposed by the Alien Enemies Act in 1798. In 1875 Congress barred prostitutes and felons from entering the country, and in 1882 added the insane and any other persons who might need public care to the list. The same year, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which suspended the immigration of Chinese laborers. This was followed in 1907 with the Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan, which prevented the immigration of Japanese laborers. Congress overrode a presidential veto in 1917 and required all adult immigrants to pass a literacy test. Quotas were introduced for the first time in 1921. Congress passed the National Origins Act in 1924, to take effect in 1929, which limited immigrants from outside the Western Hemisphere, and in 1952 the Immigration and Naturalization Act (McCarran-Walter Act) limited quotas for Asian countries. In 1965 quotas based on nationality were discontinued, and preference was extended to relatives of U.S. citizens, refugees, and persons with special skills. Immigration is now limited to 170,000 per year, with no more than 20,000 allowed from any one country. (See table for sources and numbers of immigrants to the United States.)

Anti-Immigration Legislation Anti-Immigration Legislation

► Alien & Sedition Acts Alien & Sedition Acts (1798) – a series of four laws passed by a (1798) – a series of four laws passed by a Federalist-controlled Congress in anticipation of war with France during Federalist-controlled Congress in anticipation of war with France during the administration of John Adams. Designed to restrict the pro-French the administration of John Adams. Designed to restrict the pro-French and antiwar activities of the Jeffersonian Republicans, three of the laws and antiwar activities of the Jeffersonian Republicans, three of the laws dealt with aliens (foreigners) and one with sedition (criticism of dealt with aliens (foreigners) and one with sedition (criticism of government officials and policy). Under the government officials and policy). Under the Alien Enemies Act Alien Enemies Act (never repealed but amended) the president was authorized to (never repealed but amended) the president was authorized to imprison or deport citizens of enemy nations. The imprison or deport citizens of enemy nations. The Alien Friends act Alien Friends act (never enforced and expired in 1800) permitted deportation of citizens (never enforced and expired in 1800) permitted deportation of citizens of friendly nations. of friendly nations. The Naturalization Act The Naturalization Act (repealed in 1802) (repealed in 1802) increased the residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years. increased the residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years. The Sedition Act The Sedition Act (expired in 1801) prohibited resistance to federal (expired in 1801) prohibited resistance to federal laws and criticism of the government. The Federalists designed the laws and criticism of the government. The Federalists designed the measures to expire at the end of Adams’s term in 1801 and did not measures to expire at the end of Adams’s term in 1801 and did not include Vice President Thomas Jefferson in the list of federal officials include Vice President Thomas Jefferson in the list of federal officials protected from criticism. Opposing the Alien and Sedition Acts as a protected from criticism. Opposing the Alien and Sedition Acts as a violation of freedom, Jefferson and James Madison challenged their violation of freedom, Jefferson and James Madison challenged their constitutionality in their Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798).constitutionality in their Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798).

Anti-Immigration Anti-Immigration OrganizationsOrganizations► Immigration Restriction LeagueImmigration Restriction League

Organization founded in 1894 by Warren, Ward and Organization founded in 1894 by Warren, Ward and Hall in order to keep out “undesirable” immigrants Hall in order to keep out “undesirable” immigrants (i.e. “new immigrants.”)(i.e. “new immigrants.”)

Blamed “new immigrants” for the increasing crime, Blamed “new immigrants” for the increasing crime, the strikes, and other troubles. They proposed the the strikes, and other troubles. They proposed the “literacy test” to keep out the “undesirables.”“literacy test” to keep out the “undesirables.”

President Grover Cleveland, President Howard Taft, President Grover Cleveland, President Howard Taft, and President Woodrow Wilson disagreed with such and President Woodrow Wilson disagreed with such a bill.a bill.

1917—Congress overrode President Wilson’s veto---1917—Congress overrode President Wilson’s veto---passed the Immigration Act of 1917passed the Immigration Act of 1917

Chinese Exclusion Law, 1882: Passed by Congress, it was one of three laws that attempted to solve the increasing immigration problem. There had also been increasing labor violence against the Chinese. By this law, immigrants had to be examined, and all convicts, polygamists, prostitutes, anarchists, persons suffering from loathsome or contagious diseases, and persons liable to become public disturbances and problems were all excluded form the U.S.

American Protective Association: Founded by Henry F. Bowers, this was a secret anti-Catholic society founded in 1887, in Clinton Iowa. The panic of 1893 greatly increased its membership, and it supported the Republican Party until it split over the question of whether or not to support William McKinley. It died in 1911.  Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907 Understanding between U.S. Government (Pres. Theodore Roosevelt) and Japan, Japan agreed not to issue passports to emigrants to the United States, except to certain categories of business and professional men. In return, President Theodore Roosevelt agreed to urge the city of San Francisco to rescind an order by which children of Japanese parents were segregated from white students in the schools.

Impact of the WarThe war affected the lives of millions of industrial workers, farmers, women,

and blacks in important ways. For all its horrors, World War I brought prosperity to the American economy. The wartime mood also gave a boost to

moral-reform movements. Still, the wartime spirit saw new racial violence and fresh antiradical hysteria. The antiradical panic crested in the Red Scare

of 1919-1920. Americans, tired of idealism, revealed their feelings in the election of 1920 leaving Republican Warren Harding in the office.

Red Scare, Palmer raids: In 1919, there was a string of bombings. Among the victims was Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. In November 1919, Palmer led raids and arrested around 700 suspected communists and anarchists. Some were deported under the Alien Act. The Red Scare in the United States followed Communist revolutions in Russia.

Literacy tests: Passed by Congress in 1917 in order to restrict immigration, the law enlarged the group of immigrants that could be excluded from the United States. Literacy tests were imposed on all immigrants, and any immigrant who could not pass the tests was not allowed entry into the U.S.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case: On Apr 15, 1920 two robbers killed a clerk and stole money from a shoe factory in South Briantree, Massachusetts. Nicola Sacco and Bartholomeo Vanzetti were arrested and both were charged with the robbery and the murder. The jury found them both guilty. Both men died in the electric chair on Aug 23, 1927.

Twenties Domestic AffairsAmerica of the 1920s was a period of prosperity as well as industrial and

technological growth. With the recent end of World War I, Americans yearned for a return to "normalcy" and political leaders that could provide it, thus

turning to the leadership of Warren G. Harding.•Immigration Acts 1921, 1924, quota system: In 1921 Congress limited annual immigration to about 350,000 people annually. In 1924, they limited the number to 164,000 people annually. This also restricted immigration to 2% of the total number of people who lived in the U.S. from their respective country since 1890 and completely rejected the immigration of Asians. The intent of these provisions was to reduce the immigration of foreign people in the United States.

HomefrontThough World War II was not fought on U.S. soil, the entire country pitched in to help the war effort. Housewives grew Liberty Gardens and went to work in place of the drafted men. The United States government established many

wartime organizations to monitor supplies and food as well control propaganda. Families were encouraged to help fathers and brothers by not

buying tin or rationing sugar or buying war bonds. Everyone on the homefront was expected to do his or her part in the war as well.

•Japanese Relocation: Japanese-born Americans and immigrants from Japan were sent to concentration camps in the early 1940’s because of a fear that they would leak out information about the U.S. to Japan. Most of these people were suspected of being spies for the Japanese, though there was no solid evidence to support such accusations. The captured Japanese were released in 1942, and FDR apologized to them. (Korematsu v. U.S. 1944)

McCarthyismAs a result of the recent escalation of the Cold War and the spread of communism

throughout the world, domestic paranoia concerning communist infiltration increased. This laid the foundation for the investigations of the House Un-American Activities

Committee. Taking advantage of this "Red Scare" was Senator Joseph McCarthy who utilized the fear and panic of United States citizens to advance his own interests.

Though many Americans believed the investigations were wrong, few said anything.

National Securities Act of 1947, 1949: The CIA was enacted to pursue and conduct espionage and analyze information and facts concerning the actions of foreign countries. It also became involved in undercover operations to destroy operations made to be hostile toward the U.S.

•HOUSE UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE (HUAC) : FDR established this organization to serve as a platform to the denunciation of the New Deal and communism growth in the U.S. Used to investigate and expose communist influence in America and blurred the line between dissent and disloyalty. It also brought about hysteria and caused blacklisting to occur so that people considered to be "communists" never found work.

•MCCARTHYISM, McCarthy, Senator Joseph: He started the hysteria that occurred after the second Red Scare and accused U.S. citizens of being communists. These accusations appealed to Midwestern Americans who found that anti-communism was to fight against liberals and internationalists. It took over the U.S. as a means of fighting communism without realizing that the U.S. was in danger of losing what it was fighting for, Freedom and the Constitution.

McCarthy, Senator Joseph: Republicans support and political power was given to senator McCarthy to instill fear within the Democratic Party. He was supported by the GOP party and many resented that he accused many people of being Communists without having proof of their disloyalty. By accusing many of communism, McCarthyism arose.

Hiss, Alger: Identified as a member of the communist party by and initially denied claims. Proof was given that Hiss was involved in espionage in the 1930s with the transmitting of information to the Soviet Union through microfilm. Indicted for perjury and sentenced to five years in prison, 1950

McCarran Internal Security Act, 1950: Required all organizations that were believed to be communist by the attorney general to submit a roster of the members and financial statements to the Department of Justice. It also excluded communists from working in defense plants, passports to communists and deported aliens suspected of subversion.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg:. In March of 1951, based primarily on the testimony of their alleged accomplices, Henry Greengrass and Harry Gold, the Rosenbergs were found guilty of conspiring to commit espionage. Their electrocution in 1953 represented the anti-Communist fever that gripped the U.S.

Hollywood 10: The 10 people from the entertainment industry called before the House Un-American Activities Committee as "unfriendly" witnesses in October 1947 became known as the Hollywood Ten. All refused to state whether they were communists, served prison sentences, and were blacklisted in the film industry.

Fuchs, Klaus: He was a German physicist who was a British citizen from 1942-1950 and an atomic scientist in the United Kingdom and the United States from 1942 on. He was sentenced to prison in England in 1950 for having given atomic secrets to the USSR. After he was freed in 1959, he went to East Germany.

"Pink Lady" - Douglas, Helen Gahagan: When Richard Nixon ran against the liberal Democratic Jerry Voorhis for a California congressional seat in 1946, he won easily by suggesting that Voorhis had left-wing tendencies. When Nixon ran for the Senate in 1950, he used similar charges to defeat the Democratic candidate, Congresswoman Douglas.

•ANTI-COMMUNIST VOCABULARY: Red, pink or pinko, left-wing, and commie were some of the slurs thrown around during the McCarthy years to brand people with a communist "taint." These campaigns were known as witch-hunts by those who opposed HUAC tactics, and like the Salem witch-hunts, accusations alone, without any proof of wrong-doing, could be enough to ruin someone and get them "blacklisted" and unable to find employment.

The 1961 Cuban Refugee Program provided unprecedented and comprehensive assistance, with emergency relief checks, food distribution, medical care, education, job training, and loans.

Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me:

I lift my lamp beside the golden door.

The Growth of CitiesThe Growth of Cities

► JOBSJOBS► FactoriesFactories► Transportation Transportation

CentersCenters► Railroads/portsRailroads/ports

► PUBLIC PUBLIC SERVICESSERVICES

► TransportationTransportation► Electric Electric

streetcarsstreetcars► SubwaysSubways► Elevated Elevated

Railways (“els”)Railways (“els”)

• EDUCATION & POPULAR CULTURE

• Schools • Libraries• Museums• Concert halls• Sports events

PROBLEMS OF CITY LIFEPROBLEMS OF CITY LIFE

► OVERCROWDING

► Multifamily Multifamily TenementsTenements

► FiresFires► Rats, roaches, Rats, roaches,

disease (TB)disease (TB)► Jacob Riis Jacob Riis “How “How

the Other Half the Other Half Lives”Lives”

► CRIME► Poverty Poverty

encourages encourages crimecrime

► Murders, Murders, burglaries, burglaries, robberiesrobberies

► GangsGangs

• SANITATION• Sewage dumped

into rivers and lakes = typhoid

• No bathtubs & running water

• Smokestack pollution

Jacob Riishttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91981589#share (time - 12:52)

Many immigrant families settled in urban areas, living in small Many immigrant families settled in urban areas, living in small tenement apartments in heavily ethnic neighborhoods.tenement apartments in heavily ethnic neighborhoods.

LIFE IN THE IMMIGRANT LIFE IN THE IMMIGRANT APARTMENTAPARTMENT

NEW YORK TENEMENT

TENEMENT (NYC)

TENEMANT BUILDINGS

A BUSY DAY IN CHICAGOA BUSY DAY IN CHICAGO

ITALIAN NEIGHBORHOOD

NEW YORK (1900)

MULBERRY STREET (NY 1905)MULBERRY STREET (NY 1905)

HESTER STREET (1900) HESTER STREET (1900) PHILADELPHIAPHILADELPHIA

CHILDREN AT THE HULL HOUSECHILDREN AT THE HULL HOUSE

                                                                                      A starving Irish family from Carraroe, County Galway, during the Famine. Source: National Library of Ireland.

A populous Irish village, Gweedore, County Donegal. Source: Lawrence Collection, National Library of Ireland.

A family evicted by their landlords. Source: Lawrence Collection, National Library of Ireland.

A homeless woman who has been evicted from her cottage. Lawrence Collection, National Library of Ireland.

http://www-lib.iupui.edu/kade/adams/toc.html

Tracing German Immigration