From Genes to Proteins All About RNA. Quick Review The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. They have many different functions. They can be enzymes,

From Genes to Proteins

All About RNA

Quick Review

• The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.

• They have many different functions. They can be enzymes, hormones, or any of a number of substances your body needs.

• Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ACnh:Myoglobin.png

• RNA is made of nucleotides.– A phosphate group– Ribose– Nitrogen base

• RNA is a single strand.

• RNA uses uracil instead of thymine.

• Three types:– mRNA – messenger RNA– tRNA – transfer RNA– rRNA – ribosomal RNA

The instructions for making a protein are encoded in the genes in the DNA.

The instructions for making the protein are transferred from a gene to an mRNA

molecule in a process called transcription.

• Cells then use tRNA and rRNA to read the instructions on the mRNA molecule and put together the amino acids that make up the

protein in a process called translation.

Transcription

• Takes place in the nucleus.

• Starts at a ‘start’ signal and ends with a ‘stop’ signal.

• Requires RNA polymerase– Opens DNA– Adds complementary nucleotides of RNA

•mRNA then leaves through the nuclear pores out to the cytoplasm where it settles on a ribosome.

Genetic Code

• The instructions for making proteins are written as a series of three-nucleotide sequences on the mRNA called codons.

• Each codon codes for an amino acid or signals a start or stop for translation.

• AUG = start

• UAG = stop

UAG (STOP)

• Do the Quick Lab on page 210…

Translation• Takes place in the cytoplasm on the

ribosomes.

• tRNA molecules are single strands of RNA that temporarily carry an amino acid on one end.

• Each tRNA contains an anticodon for the mRNA’s codon.

• The anticodon is a three-nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a particular mRNA codon.

Translation continues…

• When a tRNA’s anticodon matches up with the codon of mRNA, it drops off its’ amino acid.

• Each amino acid forms a peptide bond with the previous amino acid which results in the production of a protein.

DATA LAB

Keratin is one of the proteins in hair. The gene for keratin is transcribed and

translated by certain skin cells. The series of letters on the next slide represents the sequence of nucleotides in a portion of an mRNA molecule transcribed from the gene

for keratin. This mRNA strand and the genetic code on page 211 can be used to

determine some of the amino acids in keratin.

UCUCGUGAAUUUUCC1. Determine the sequence of amino acids that

will result from the translation of the segment of mRNA above. (Use chart on p. 211.)

2. Determine the anticodon of each tRNA molecule that will bind to this mRNA segment.

3. Determine the sequence of nucleotides in the segment of DNA from which the mRNA strand above was transcribed.

4. Determine the sequence of nucleotides in the segment of DNA that is complementary to the DNA segment described in item 3.

Environmental Factors and Protein Synthesis

The development of a growing zygote (fertilized egg) is controlled by different types of proteins produced by that cell. Certain factors can inhibit, enhance, or change the way those proteins work.http://www.idreamofzygotes.com/.a/

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For instance…

Temperature Temperature can

affect the sex of some reptiles. This graph shows that for different reptiles the number of males vs. females that are born at different temperatures.

So…temperature determines the synthesis of the proteins that are responsible for telling the cells to produce males or females. Makes you want to watch Jurassic Park!

Water Some species of

animals, including frogs and insects that lay eggs in ponds that evaporate quickly, have developed an adaptation that allows metamorphosis to occur more quickly.

So…the availability of water determines the synthesis of the proteins that are responsible for telling the cells to develop more quickly. Frogs: yea! Mosquitoes? Not so much…

Julie Garner

Many amphibian species breed in temporary ponds that are sporadically filled by rain and then dry at different rates. The rate of pond drying depends both on the geological characteristics of the pond (i.e., the substrate) and climatic factors (i.e., the frequency of rainfall and rate of evaporation; see Bragg 1965, Newman 1989). In such unpredictable habitats, desiccation is arguably the single most important environmental factor affecting larval survivorship, and species that breed in such ponds have evolved several traits that allow successful development. For instance, these species tend to have short periods of development compared with species that breed in more permanent environments (see Low 1976, Denver 1997a). In addition, larvae of several species have been shown to accelerate metamorphosis in response to habitat desiccation; i.e., they exhibit phenotypic plasticity in development time (Bufo americanus, Wilbur 1987; Ambystoma talpoideum, Semlitsch and Wilbur 1988; Scaphiopus couchii, Newman 1988, 1989, Morey and Janes 1994; Hyla pseudopuma, Crump 1989b). Plasticity in development may be adaptive in such ephemeral environments (see Stearns 1989, Newman 1992).

Nutrients Lack of certain

proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, or vitamins can cause cells to produce incorrect proteins or to not produce certain proteins, at all. This can lead to many disorders.

So…the availability of nutrients determines which proteins are synthesized. Salad, anyone?

Julie Garner

picture: http://www.eating-disorders.org.uk/images/FOOD%20PYRAMID.jpg

Just checking!

1. How many types of RNA are there and what are they?

2. What are the two steps to protein synthesis?

3. Discuss how protein synthesis is necessary to development in all organisms, no matter how small.

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From Genes to Proteins All About RNA. Quick Review The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. They have many different functions. They can be enzymes,