From Gene To Protein

Transcription

Translation

Chapter 8 – Section 8.2

Pages 194 – 202

DNA to mRNA (messanger)

DNA A – T and G – C DNA zips open Transcription factor

“reads” DNA and “writes” mRNA

DNA zips closed RNA A – U and G – C

Single strand “Edited” mRNA enters

cytoplasm

http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/images/ch1_trans.jpg

mRNA to rRNA (ribosome)

mRNA leaves nucleus of cell

rRNA large 2 unit macromolecule “builds” proteins from amino acids

Amino acids brought to rRNA by tRNA (transfer)

http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/images/ch1_trans.jpg

mRNA to amino acid

3 nucleotides (codon) = 1 amino acid

A little math: 4 nucleotides (AUGC) Combination of 3 for

amino acid How many

combinations of 3 are there?

64 combinations

http://library.thinkquest.org/04apr/00217/images/content/ribosome.jpg

Genetic Code

20 amino acids 3 “stop” codons 64 combinations of

mRNA Redundancy Codon 3 “wobble” Can mutate with no

change in amino acid

http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/codontable2.jpg

Amino Acid

Amino Acids can have a charge (positive or negative), hydrophobic or hydrophylic

These interact with other amino acids in the protein strand and the cell (functional groups

http://www.langara.bc.ca/biology/mario/Assets/aminoAcidStruc.jpg

Amino Acids to Proteins

Amino Acids are strung together

Form a sheet or helix Fold with other amino

acids on the same strand

Can be one protein in a complex of several proteins – part of a final product

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/prot_struct-4143.JPG

Example – Hemoglobin

Comprised of 4 protein subunits, 2 alpha () and 2 beta (), which form the complex hemoglobin

Each subunit associated with a non-protein heme group

http://chemistry.ewu.edu/jcorkill/biochem/HemoglobinMOM.jpg

Regulation – cell signaling

Cell receives signal to produce a specific gene Example – hormones

produces in one part of the body and signal another part to function

http://219.221.200.61/ywwy/zbsw(E)/pic/ech6-1.jpg

Regulation

Our cell uses glactose first

If our cell has lactose and no glucose, genes expressed to break lactose down

When lactose becomes limited or glucose available, gene deactivated

http://xanta.com.ne.kr/2008/2008-1/08-1-biochem/08-1-biochem-3-2.gif

Introduction to Physiology

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organisms

Tissues

4 major types of tissues: Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/stomTS.gif

Epithelial

Tightly packed sheets of cells that cover Outer surfaces – i.e.

skin Lining hollow organs –

i.e. blood vessels Cover organs - i.e.

kidneys

http://media.wiley.com/Lux/70/21770.nfg001.jpg

Connective

Cell plus matrix Bone Fat Blood Cartilage Fibrous – ligaments

and tendons Loose – links different

tissues together

http://media.wiley.com/Lux/73/21773.nfg004.jpg

Muscle

Striated or Skeletal Attached to tendons

which attach to bone Voluntary movement

Smooth Peristolic slow

undulating contractions Involuntary movement

Cardiac Heart

http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/146.gif

Nerve

Single cell type Can be extremely

long (from toe to spine)

Cells divide until a certain point in fetal development, then never divide again

http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_Ed/grade10/mammal/images/neuron.gif

Organs

Composed of at least two types of tissues which work together for a specific function Heart contains all 4

tissue types to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body

http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/FD5DD30B-F412-46BF-B407-5421CBD0C8DB/0/271f2.gif

Organ Systems

Digestive Excretory Cardiovascular Muscle/Skeletal Integument Endocrine Nervous Lymphatic Reproductive

http://www.rogers.k12.ar.us/users/ehutches/Image567.gif

Homeostasis

Negative feedback Body temperature Blood pH Blood glucose levels Most other functions

Positive feedback Menstruation LAC operon Lactation

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2b_positive_feedbac_c.jpghttp://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2a_negative_feedbac_c.jpg

Cardio-pulmonary System

Due to time limitation of this class, we will use cardiovascular and pulmonary systems as an example of organ system

As a teacher, you can use each organ system to exemplify: Organisms

Describe the function of organ systems

Classify organs by the system to which they belong

http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/static/clipart/uk/dk/exp_humanbody/exp_human055.jpg

Cardiovascular System

Lungs Gas exchange

O2 in CO2 out

Heart and vessels Pumps blood to lungs

for oxygen Pumps blood to body

to deliver O2 and pick up CO2

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f22-1_cardiovascular_sy_c.jpg

Lungs - Mammals

Tidal Volume Oxygen inhaled Carbon Dioxide

exhaled Air into trachea,

bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli (smaller and smaller tubes

http://www.odec.ca/projects/2005/thog5n0/public_html/lungs.jpeg

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs Highly vascularized

with capillaries Surface area for gas

exchange AlveoliO2 uptake

CO2 output

http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/3D_Models/Human_Anatomy/Alveoli/supporting_images/3D_Model_Anat_Alveoli3_web.jpg

Heart

Deoxygenated Blood Enters via anterior and

posterior vena cava to right atrium

Enters right ventricle through the atrioventricular valve which stops blood returning to right atrium

http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gifhttp://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg

Heart

Right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs via pulmonary arteries

Blood blows off carbon dioxide and uptakes oxygen in capillaries of alveoli of lungs

http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gifhttp://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg

Heart

From the lungs through the pulmonary veins, blood enters the left atrium

Blood enters the left ventricle through the left atrioventricular valve

http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gifhttp://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg

Heart

Blood is pumped through the aorta to the brain, arms and lower body by the left ventricle

Coordination of the cardiac contractions by heart’s pacemaker – sinoatrial node

http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/heart-diagram3.gifhttp://www.heart-health-weightwatcher.com/images/HumanHeartDiagram.jpg

Circulatory System

From the heart, blood enters arteries to arterioles to capillaries

Single blood cells pass through capillaries releasing oxygen and uptake carbon dioxide

Blood is returned via venioles to veins

http://www.unm.edu/~jimmy/vessels.jpg

Circulatory System

High pressure: Aorta to Arteries Arteries to Arterioles Arterioles to

Capillaries Capillaries – no

pressure

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Physiology/CirculatorySystem/CirculatorySystem/Vertebrate/bloodvessels_3.gif

Capillaries

Network of tiny vessels – leaky

Like a river delta, all pressure from river behind it drops and water oozes to ocean

Once blood cell at a time

Circulation

http://www.shockwavetherapy.ca/capillaries.jpg

Circulatory System

Starts with no pressure to return blood Capillaries to venuoles Venuoles to Veins Veins to Anterior and

Posterior Vena Cava How does that work?

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Physiology/CirculatorySystem/CirculatorySystem/Vertebrate/bloodvessels_3.gif

Veins

Veins have valves to stop blood flowing backwards

Muscle action accounts for most of the return of blood to heart

Volume decreased because some plasma enters lymph system and is returned to heart to mix with returning blood

http://www.originmedical.co.uk/client_files/leg_illustrations/NormalVeins-All.jpg

Invertebrate Cardiovascular

Insects have an open circulatory system, and oxygen bathes most cells in the body

Oxygen enters through spiracles and travels down trachea

Movement pushes air in and out

http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/images/lb7fig8.gifhttp://severinghaus.org/gallery/d/3752-1/DSCF6599_wheel_bug_spiracles_sm.jpg

Invertebrate Cardiovascular

Scorpions and spiders have book lungs

Similar to gills with gas exchange

http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/web/11627_web.jpghttp://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_02_img0189.jpg

Gills

Order of magnitude less oxygen in water than air (21% in air)

Aquatic organisms need to extract dissolved O2

Counter current system

http://www.trincoll.edu/~alehman/_images/Bio210_Spring05/ali_murineliver2200x_wd11_ap4_A.jpghttp://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/1115/1141942/fig31-1.jpg

Fish Heart

Fish have a two chamber heart

Blood flows into atrium

Blood pumped out of ventricle

Travels to lungs and then to body

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/LifeScience/GeneralBiology/Physiology/CirculatorySystem/CirculatorySystem/VertebrateVascular/VertebrateVascular.htm

Amphibian Cardiovascular

Amphibians have a three chambered heart

Into right atrium to ventricle

Ventricle to lungs Lungs to left atrium Left atrium to

ventricle Ventricle to body

Reptiles

Lizards, snakes and turtles have 3-chambered hearts

Crocodiles have a 4-chambered heart

Evidence dinosaurs had 4-chambered hearts

Questions?