From an Open-access to State-controlled Resource: …people.ucalgary.ca/~hayashi/kathmandu_2016/lectures/1_6_guest...From an Open-access to State-controlled Resource: A Case of Groundwater

From an Open-access to State-controlled Resource:

A Case of Groundwater in Kathmandu Valley

(Source: https://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp?lang=En&n=300688DC-1)

Vishnu Prasad Pandey, PhD(Email: [email protected]; [email protected])

13TH November 2016 @ Institute of Engineering (IOE), Lalitpur, Nepal

(Source: Lorphensri et al., 2016)

About myself

• Schooling: in village

• University: in Kathmandu

(Tribhuvan University, Nepal)

• M.Eng. (AIT,

Thailand)

• PhD (Uni. of

Yamanashi, Japan)

Birth: 1979Birth: 1979

• ~ 1/3RD of freshwater is GW

• GW over-abstraction is leading to various problems

• GW management is one of the key challenge of the time

Focus:

GW

• Asst. Prof. (2013-2015): AITM, Nepal

• Researcher/Affiliated Faculty (2015.04 –

2016.11): AIT, Thailand

Education:Education:

Work: 2010.10 - todayWork: 2010.10 - today

• Post. Doc. (2010-2013): UY, Japan

• Researcher (2016.11 –

…): IWMI, Nepal

GW from an open-access to state-controlled resourceDr. Vishnu P Pandey Guest Lecture | Summer Course | 13TH Nov 2016 2

2016.11): AIT, Thailand

• Publications: 30 journals; 13

book chapters; 4 books

• Impact of publications

(Google Scholar): Citations

=427; h-index =12

• Co-authors: 43

• Publications: 30 journals; 13

book chapters; 4 books

• Impact of publications

(Google Scholar): Citations

=427; h-index =12

• Co-authors: 43

Research & Publishing

• Courses Taught (since

2013): 10 (including GW

dev. & mgmt; Hydrology;

Env. studies; etc.)

• Total students taught: 500+

(from various countries)

• Courses Taught (since

2013): 10 (including GW

dev. & mgmt; Hydrology;

Env. studies; etc.)

• Total students taught: 500+

(from various countries)

Teaching

• Designed,

Coordinated &

delivered: 7 nos

• Total participants

trained: ~ 150 (from

many countries)

• Designed,

Coordinated &

delivered: 7 nos

• Total participants

trained: ~ 150 (from

many countries)

Training Courses

Study & Work in Several Countries (largely different environments): Was a great opportunity to understand Real-world water Problems

About myself: Publications

Thirty peer-reviewed papers in international journals [Ref: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=pp_w84AAAAAJ&hl=en]

Four books; several book chapters


March, 2012

Publisher: AIT/SEN/

CREEW/ICRE-UY

May, 2014

Publisher: CRC Press

(Taylor & Francis Group)

Jan, 2016

Publisher: Elsevier

About myself: GW-related Publications (selected)

Theme Authorship Year Journal

CC impacts on GW @Mekong Delta under

RCPs scenarios

Co-Author 2016 J. of Env. Sci. & Policy

GW vulnerability & risk to pollution in

Kathmandu Valley

Co-Author 2016 Science of The Total

Environment

GW markets for domestic water use in

Kathmandu Valley

Author 2015 Journal of Commons

From an open-access to a state-controlled resource: case of GW

Author 2014 Water International

A GIS-based ARC model to delineate GW Author 2013 Applied Water Science


A GIS-based ARC model to delineate GW

potential areas

Author 2013 Applied Water Science

Framework for GW sustainability Author 2011 J. of Env. Sci. & Policy

Hydrogeologic characteristics of GW aquifers

in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Author 2011 Env. Earth Science

GW quality using multivariate statistical

techniques.

Co-Author 2010 Water Air and Soil

Pollution

DPSIR analysis: Evaluate GW environment Author 2010 Env. Earth Science

From an Open-access to State-controlled Resource:

A Case of Groundwater in Kathmandu Valley

(Source: https://www.ec.gc.ca/eau-water/default.asp?lang=En&n=300688DC-1)

Vishnu Prasad Pandey, PhD(Email: [email protected]; [email protected])

13TH November 2016 @ Institute of Engineering (IOE), Lalitpur, Nepal

(Source: Lorphensri et al., 2016)


Questions?

What is your motivation for joining this training course?

Why do you need to understand GW flow; Hydrogeology; GW-SW interaction?

GW from an open-access to state-controlled resourceDr. Vishnu P Pandey Guest Lecture | Summer Course | 13TH Nov 2016

Hydrogeology; GW-SW interaction?

What are issues/challenges related to GW?

How can we address the challenges?

7

Contents

Context: Global & Local

• About the case study area – Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

GW as a life-line and open-access resource

GW as an over-exploited resource


GW as a depleted, degraded & vulnerable resource

Towards state-control of the GW resources

Ways forward

8

Context

Common sense: Something hidden is

valuable

• GW is hidden resources

GW is an important resource for socio-

economic development


(Source: IGES, 2007)

Context

GW accounts for some

90% of the world’s readily

available freshwater

resources (lakes & rivers)

~ 2 billion rural/urban

population get drinking

water from GW


Source: Adapted from Figure 2, Freshwater Series No. A-2,

Water - Here, There and Everywhere.

• ~ 35% of total global

water supply

Strategic importance of

GW for global water &

food security may further

intensify under future

climatic conditions

Challenge: Sustainable use of the resource?

(Taylor et al., 2013)

Kathmandu Valley - Introduction

Watershed: 664 km2.

• GW basin: 327 km2.

Rainfall: ~1,750 mm/yr

Population: > 2.5 million

GW abstraction: > 70 MLD

Recharge (Estimated):

Source: Pandey et al. (2014)


• ~ 45% of GW abstraction

• ~ 6% of Rainfall

Aquifer layers

• Unconfined aquifer

• Clay aquitard layer

• Confined aquifer (deep)

11

X-sectional view

Kathmandu Valley – Under acute water scarcity

Drying of water sources


Drying of water sources

GW as a life-line & open-access resource

Ancient time: traditional

sources (e.g., stone spouts,

dug wells, springs,

infiltration galleries)

Currently, GW fulfills

• >50% water demand of

over 2.5 million pop. in

the valley.

• Up to 70% in dry season

Water Resources Act


Since the early 1970s:

• The valley started to

develop as urban center

• Started to use deeper part

of the aquifers

Water Resources Act (1992): ownership of GW

is vested to the STATE;

• Practically, it is NOT;

• GW right is linked to

right to land

GW was perceived as INFINITE resource

GW as over-exploited resource((Source: Source: PandeyPandey et al., 2012)et al., 2012)


• GW Abstraction > Natural Recharge

• 1st decade of 21st century: Major GW abstraction sector changed

from KUKL to Private Sector

• Imbalance between development & management

GW as over-exploited resource

Informal GW markets as a trigger for over-exploitation

• Water markets emerged

• Surface water based1988

Mid-


• Started to shape up due to increased deficit; GW was introduced

Mid-

1990s

• Sharp rise in nos. of entrepreneurs

• Volume/areas expanded

• 90% of water markets are based on GW

2008-

2009

GW as over-exploited resource

Kathmandu Metropolis

Manamaiju Cluster

(5, 1.21, 0.42, 0.27, 68.2)

Jorpati Cluster

(9, 4.25, 2.03, 1.07, 251.7)

Gothatar Cluster

(3, 1.40, 0.62, 0.34, 81.2)

Jhaukhel Cluster

Balaju Cluster

(4, 2.42, 1.19, 0.62, 145.3)

Swyambhu Cluster

(4, 1.01, 0.29. 0.21, 52.3)

Total groundwater abstraction in a year = 3.57 MCM (15.00 MLD in peak and

6.54 MLD in off-peak seasons); in monetary terms = NPR 870.8 Million/year

Source: Pandey et al.

(Unpublished)

Figures in the

parenthesis (from left

to right) are: number

of abstraction points

(or entrepreneurs),


KirtipurMunicipality

Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan city

BhaktapurMunicipality

Madhyapur-ThimiMunicipality

Jhaukhel Cluster(14, 2.83, 0.95, 0.63, 163.5)

Sundarighat Cluster

(5, 0.31, 0.17, 0.08, 21.7)

Matatirtha Cluster

(10, 0.71, 0.40, 0.19, 46.1)

Others Cluster (wells with a

black dot inside)(4, 0.66, 0.28, 0.16, 40.8)

(or entrepreneurs),

peak season

abstraction (MLD),

off-peak season

abstraction (MLD),

total abstraction in a

year (MCM), and total

volume of annual

transaction (MNPR).

GW as a depleted resource

Aquifer depletion at selected locations during the dry

season (Source: Pandey et al. 2010)

B GD

MCP

Depletion in GW Levels


7.5 m

0.37 m

GW as a depleted resource

(Source: Pandey et al. 2010)

B GD

MCP

SN WID Well field Areas within

GW basin

Previous discharge Q (l/s)

in 1999

Decline in Q

Year Q (l/s) (l/s)

1 DK5 Dhobi Khola

Nort

her

n ar

eas:

1983 27.89 20.00 7.89

2 BB2 Bansbari 1984 20.46 15.49 4.97

3 BB3 Bansbari 1984 43.24 21.67 21.57

Decline in well yield (l/s)


Nort

her

n ar

eas:

NW

SC

wel

l fi

elds

3 BB3 Bansbari 1984 43.24 21.67 21.57

4 BB4 Bansbari 1984 44.11 10.00 34.11

5 BB5 Bansbari 1985 41.00 15.00 26.00

6 BB6a Bansbari 1984 43.67 7.50 36.17

7 BB8 Bansbari 1984 40.58 20.83 19.75

8 GK1 Gokarna 1985 35.77 16.67 19.10

9 GK3 Gokarna 1984 29.85 11.67 18.18

10 BH4a Bhaktapur/Bode 1985 46.31 15.00 31.31

11 MH4 Manohara 1985 39.75 11.94 27.81

12 MH6b Manohara 1983 35.00 16.67 18.33

13 MH7 Manohara 1985 38.50 23.33 15.17

14 H30 -

Cen

tral

Are

as 1996 22.00 10.00 12.00

15 G24 - 1996 7.33 5.83 1.50

16 G33 - 1996 11.33 8.33 3.00

17 G52 - 1996 7.33 0.60 6.73

WID: Well Identification number, GW: Groundwater, Q: Discharge; well location is shown in Fig 1.

GW as a degraded & vulnerable resource

Shallow GW vulnerability is increasing due to

• Biological contaminants like E. coli & nutrients like Nitrate

(Chapagain et al., 2009)

• Excessive development of GW coupled with unsustainable

practices for waste management

• Even GW-rich areas in the north part of the valley are highly

susceptible to pollution (Pathak et al., 2009)


Deep GW vulnerability due to

• Contaminants such as Arsenic, Ammonia, Heavy metals

(Chapagain et al., 2009)

• Biological contaminants mainly because of wells that are

poorly designed or installed, improperly (or not) sealed, or

abandoned (Pandey et al., 2010).

19

Towards GW as a state-controlled resource

Informal sectors’ initiatives

• Knowledge generation

• Advocacy

• Lawsuit against the government bodies

Institutional & policy reforms

• From 1968 - today

What are ways to that the state (or government)

can have



KVWSMB’s initiatives

• Towards GW monitoring & regulation


20

can have control in its

natural resources (e.g. GW)?

Towards state-control: Informal sector’s initiatives

Prepared a synthesis of available publications/reports

• Highly scattered publications were compiled in Kathmandu

Valley GW Outlook (2012)

• I & U. Yamanashi Group contributed several publications

Prepare an inventory of data/information (Lead: myself;

have shared with many researchers)

Kn

ow

led

ge

Ge

ne

rati

on


have shared with many researchers)

• Lithology of borehole logs

• Develop spatially distributed thickness of each

hydrogeological layers in the valley

• Database of GWL monitoring – collection from highly

scattered sources

• An inventory of GW observation wells

• An inventory of available hydrogeological information

21

Kn

ow

led

ge

Ge

ne

rati

on


Kn

ow

led

ge

Ge

ne

rati

on

GW volume = aquifer volume * storage coefficient


Kn

ow

led

ge

Ge

ne

rati

on

shallow aquifer

Aquifer Thickness: SA = 0~85; DA = 25~285

GW Storage (MCM) : SA = 1.5 BCM; DA = 0.6 BCM

deep aquifer

(Source: Pandey et al. 2013: Applied Water Science)

Also, delineated potential areas for GW development

Towards state-control: Informal sector’s initiativesK

no

wle

dg

e G

en

era

tio

n


Kn

ow

led

ge

Ge

ne

rati

on

This graph has been widely as a knowledge of GW situation since I publish it


First (2009) Second (2011)

Seventh (2015) • I was one of the initiator

Initiation of National GW Symposium (since 2009)

Ad

vo

ca

cy


GW Expert Meeting (July, 2009):

• I drafted the background paper

24

Seventh (2015) • I was one of the initiator of this highly successful Initiative

• Partners: Gov., AIT, Uni. Of Yamanashi; Local NGOs, CREEW

• Now it has become a part of Nepal National Water Week (NNWW)

• Outcome: Rise in profile of GW

Ad

vo

ca

cy


ProPublic (www.propublic.org) filed a Lawsuit at the

Supreme Court of Nepal in 2003, to ensure –

• Implementation of Water Resources Act (1992) –

− Permits for industrial & commercial GW abstraction

− GW be used for drinking & sanitation with priority.

− GW be used equitably:

� no groups/individuals be allowed to use GW unlawfully for

Filin

g a

Law

su

it A

ga

ins

t th

e G

ovt.

Bo

die

s


business purpose

In response, the Supreme Court in 2010 issued a

mandamus ordering the Gov. agencies –

• To follow the provisions in Water Resources Act (1992),

• Reinforce the licensing system, &

• Control illegal exploitation of GW.

25

Filin

g a

Law

su

it A

ga

ins

t th

e G

ovt.

Bo

die

s

Towards state-control: Institutional & policy reforms

Year Institutional and Policy Reforms

1968 Dept. of Groundwater Survey

1976 Groundwater Resources Development Board (GRDB)

� It focused on GW development in southern Nepal only

1975/8

1

Water & Energy Commission/Secretariat (WECS)

� But, groundwater was never its priority

1992 Water Resources Act; ownership of water vested to state

� In practice, it remained with the land owner

1993 District WR Committee � authority to issue license for use of WR


1993 District WR Committee � authority to issue license for use of WR

� No practice to issue license for using Groundwater

2004 A Groundwater Bill drafted and sent to Parliament;

� Unfortunately, Parliament itself dissolved & the bill disappeared

2006 KVWSMB: as an authority for GW conservation and management

� Institutional capacity for research is limited

2009 The Supreme Court Order to make “Groundwater Use Action Plan”

� GWRDB formed a committee to draft GW use Action Plan for Nepal

2012 “Groundwater Policy for Kathmandu Valley” enacted

2016 “National Groundwater Policy” tabled in the parliament

� Need sensitizing the parliamentarians

Still …. A lot of overlaps in responsibilitiesInstitutions Estd. Groundwater-related functions

1. Ministry of Irrigation (formerly Ministry of

Water Resources)

• Groundwater Resources Development Board

• Department of Irrigation

1976

1987

• Oversees policies and plans related to groundwater

development and implements them through its project offices located in different parts of Nepal

• Develops groundwater resources for irrigation

2. Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

• Department of Water Supply and Sewerage

• Nepal Water Supply Corporation

1972

1990

• Supplies drinking water from surface and

underground sources in the areas outside the coverage of NWSC and KUKL

• Regulates, operates and manages drinking water supply (surface & groundwater) in urban centers

outside the Kathmandu Valley


• Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management

Board

• Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited

2006

2007

outside the Kathmandu Valley

• Regulates, manages and protects groundwater

resources in the Kathmandu Valley; also issues license to use groundwater for commercial purpose

• Produces and supplies water from surface and underground sources in the Kathmandu Valley

3. Ministry of Industry

• Department of Mines and Geology

1977

• Conducts geological surveys and maintains database

4. Ministry Environment

• Department of Hydrology & Meteorology 1995 1988

• Protects groundwater quality

• Collects, stores, manages and releases climate data

5. Ministry of Energy

• Water & Energy Commission (Secretariat)

1975 (1981)

• Serves as an apex body for water resources policy

and planning

6. District Water Resource Committee (most of the water-sector-related government agencies in

the district are represented in this committee)

1993 • Issues licenses for the use of water resources (including groundwater)

Source: Pandey et al., 2011

Towards state-control: KVWSMB’s initiatives

2006: KVWSMB established with following mandate

• GW regulation, licensing, management & protection

• Role towards resource custodian & information provider

2008: KVWSB prepared

• Strategic Plan (for 2008–2025).

From 2009: Concentrated on -

• Locating GW users (Estimate: >700 deep wells)


• Locating GW users (Estimate: >700 deep wells)

• Issuing licenses: license MUST for abstraction from >100 m

• Identifying wells for GW monitoring

2010: Drafted “GW Management & Regulation Policy”

• Now already in place

• Emphasis: controlling haphazard abstractions; protecting GW

quality; promoting RW harvesting & recharge.

28

Towards state-control: KVWSMB’s initiatives

Progress in license issuing (out of 700-plus deep wells)

• 25 (in Jan, 2011) � 100 (in Mar, 2011) � 206 (in Dec, 2011).

• From Aug, 2011:

− Started monitoring GWL & quality at 41 wells.

− Stepped up measures to book illegal GW users.

• As of Dec 2011,

− Carried out inspections of high ranked companies & hotels


− Carried out inspections of high ranked companies & hotels

− Fined them up to NPR 50,000 each for illegal use.

2012:

• Started to prepare GW inventory

As a post-licensing step:

• Preparing to restrict GW abstraction in critical zones

• Launch GW-recharge programmes

29

Ways forward

Putting more efforts to enhance understanding of GW flow

dynamics, storage, & recharge

• Hydrogeological characterization with finer resolution

• Potential for artificial recharge

Addressing overlaps in responsibilities, e.g.

• KVWSMB & GWRDB are not in good terms

Devising workable measures to control GW abstraction that


Devising workable measures to control GW abstraction that

involves public participation

• Need to provide feasible alternative for basic water needs

• Public involvement is not a panacea; need to strengthen trust

between public & implementing agencies

There is no simple blueprint: still a long way to go –

• Enhancing collaboration to optimize the resources

• Strong leadership & capacity of KVWSMB is required

30

Thank you.


Documents

From an Open-access to State-controlled Resource: …people.ucalgary.ca/~hayashi/kathmandu_2016/lectures/1_6_guest...From an Open-access to State-controlled Resource: A Case of Groundwater