From 2-D to 3-D · 2020. 1. 31. · Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB 2 Examples H 2O CH 3OH • 4 electron domains Tetrahedral • 2 nonbonding domain •

1

From 2-D to 3-D

Chapter 9Molecular Geometry

2

Moving on to Shapes• A chemical formula tells us

The identity of atoms

The number of atoms

• The Lewis structure tells us


The number of atoms

How the atoms and electrons are arranged.

• The molecular geometry tells us


The number of atoms

How the atoms and electrons are arranged

The 3-d shape of that atom arrangement.

3

VSEPR Model• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion

• A fancy name for a simple model.

• A model used to sort out how the bonding and nonbonding electrons orient themselves in three dimensionsIn the model, pairs of electrons arrange

themselves to get as far away from each other as possible in order to minimize their negative repulsions.

4

Vocabulary• Electron Domain

a region around a central atom where electrons are likely to be located.Bonding pair - a pair of electrons between two nuclei.Unshared pair (nonbonding pair, lone pair) - a pair of electrons Multiple bonds - double or triple bonds make up a single

domain.

• Consider O3

three domains around the central oxygen.

Bonding pair Unshared pair Multiple bond

5

Electron Domain Geometry• 2 domains• Build it with a styro-ball and 2 toothpicks• Linear• Angle

180º

6

Electron Domain Geometry

• 3 domains• Build it with styro-ball and 3 toothpicks• Trigonal Planar• Angles

120º

7

Electron Domain Geometry• 4 domains• Build it with styro-ball and 4 toothpicks• Build it with the model kit. Find a ball with 4 holes.

Stick in 4 stubby gray bonds• Tetrahedral• Angles

109.5º

8

Electron Domain Geometry• 5 domains• Build it with styro-ball and 4 toothpicks• Build it with your model kit. Use the ball with 5 holes.• Trigonal bipyramidal• Angles

120º90º180º

9

Electron Domain Geometry• 6 domains• Build it with styro-ball and 4 toothpicks• Build it with the model kit. Find the ball with 6 holes.• Octahedral• Angles

90º

10

Five Fundamental Domain Arrangements

11

Molecular GeometryWhat is the shape of the atoms?

• AB2 Example:CO2

SCN−

C2H2

• 2 electron domainsLinear domains

• 0 nonbonding domains• Linear molecule• Bond Angles

180º

12


• AB3 Examples BF3

CH2O NO3

−

(CH3)2CO• 3 electron domains

Trigonal planar• 0 nonbonding domains• Trigonal planar

molecule• Bond Angles

120º

13


• AB2 Examples:O3 NO2

−

• 3 electron domainsTrigonal planar

• 1 nonbonding domain• Bent molecule• Bond Angles

< 120ºthe unshared pair takes up more space and

repels the bonding domains closer together.

14

Ozone• O3

• 3 domains = trigonal planar domains• 1 unshared pair = bent molecule

15


• AB4 ExamplesCH4

CF2H2

• 4 electron domainsTetrahedral

• 0 nonbonding domain• Tetrahedral molecule• Bond Angles

109.5º

16


• AB3 Examples NH3

PCl3• 4 electron domains

Tetrahedral• 1 nonbonding domain• Trigonal pyramidal

molecule• Bond Angles

< 109.5º

17


• AB2 Examples H2O

CH3OH

• 4 electron domainsTetrahedral

• 2 nonbonding domain• Bent molecule• Bond Angles

<< 109.5ºTwo unshared pairs take up even more space and

force the bonding domains closer together.

18

Bond Angles• Resketch the molecular shapes of CH4, NH3,

and H2O.• Consider the bond angles. • Unshared pairs take up more space than

bonding pairs.

19

More on Bond Angles• Sketch the Lewis structure for CCl2O.• Consider the bond angles.• Multiple bonds bulge and take up more space

that single bonds.

20

Build a Trigonal Bipyramidal Structure• Consider the five positions -

different or the same?• There are two different positions in

this expanded octet molecule2 Axial positions3 Equatorial positions

21


• AB5 Example PCl5

• 5 electron domainsTrigonal bipyramidal

• 0 nonbonding domain• Name?

Trigonal bipyramidal molecule

• Bond Angles 90º, 120º, 180º

22


• AB4 Example SF4



See saw molecule• Bond Angles

< 90º, < 120º, 180º

180º

23

Where does the unshared pair end up?Always the equatorial position

• The unshared pair takes up more space.• Repulsion forces are minimized if the unshared pair is

in the equatorial position.• Only 2 (not 3) of its nearest neighbors are 90º away

24


• AB2 Example ClF3


• 2 nonbonding domains• Name?

T-shape molecule• Bond Angles

< 90º, 180º

180º

25


• AB2 Examples XeF2

I3-1



Linear molecule• Bond Angles

180º

26


• AB6 ExampleSF6

• 6 electron domainsOctahedral


Octahedral molecule• Bond Angles

90º, 180º

27


• AB5 Example BrF5



Square pyramidal molecule• Bond Angles

< 90º

28


• AB4 Example XeF4



Square planar molecule• Bond Angles

90º, 180º

2, 3, 4 domains

29

4-tetrahedron 3-trigonal planar

4-trigonal pyramid 3-bent (~120)

4-bent (~109.5) 2-linear

2 atom molecules:

5, 6 domains

30

5-trigonal bipyramid octahedral

5-see saw square pyramid

5-T-shape square planar

5-linear

2, 3, 4 domains

31

tetrahedron trigonal planar

trigonal pyramid bent (~120)

bent (~109.5) linear

CO10 e-

linear (2 atoms)triple bond

O212 e-

linear (2 atoms)double bond

ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-

trigonal planar1 double bond

NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-

bent distorted 109.5º

ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-

(1 unshared pair)see saw

SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-

(2 unshared pair)T-shape

SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-

(3 unshared pair)linear

IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-

(3 unshared pair)octahedron

BrF548 e-

(1 unshared pair)square pyramid

SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-

(2 unshared pair)square planar

ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-

free radicaldouble bond − linear

ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-

(exception)trigonal planar

NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

CO10 e-


O212 e-


ClO−14 e-

linear (2 atoms)

N2O16 e-linear

SCN−16 e-linear

CO216 e-linear

SO324 e-


NO3−24 e-


CH2O24 e-

trigonal planar

O318 e-

bent 120º

NO2−18 e-

bent 120º

SO218 e-

bent 120º

ClO4−32 e-

tetrahedron

CH48 e-

tetrahedron

NH4+8 e-

tetrahedron

CI2H220 e-

tetrahedron

SO42−32 e-

tetrahedron

SO32−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

NH38 e-

trigonal pyramid

H3O+8 e-

trigonal pyramid

ClO3−26 e-

trigonal pyramid

SeF220 e-

bent 109.5º

H2O8 e-


ClO2−20 e-

bent 109.5º

Two atom molecules,always linear

5, 6 domains

32

trigonal bipyramid octahedral

see saw square pyramid

T-shape square planar

linear

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e−


SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

SiF5−40 e-

trigonal bipyramid

PCl540 e-

trigonal bipyramid

SF440 e-


SeCl440 e-


ClF340 e-


SF3−40 e-


XeCl240 e-


IF2−40 e-


I3−40 e-

octahedron

SF648 e-

octahedron

BrF6+48 e-

octahedron

SiF62−48 e-

octahedron

AsF6−48 e-


BrF548 e-


SF5−48 e-


XeF448 e-


ICl4−48 e-


BrF4−48 e-


NO11 e-


ClO219 e-

free radicalbent

BF324 e-


NO+10 e-

(triple bond)linear

NOoops

CF3H26 e-

tetrahedron

Unit IChapters 8 & 9

The “clicker” Review

34

The molecular geometry of SO32− is

(Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.)

1. trigonal pyramid2. trigonal planar3. square planar4. tetrahedron5. octahedron6. T-shaped7. see-saw8. bent9. linear

35

The molecular geometry of SO32− is

(Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.)

1. trigonal pyramid2. trigonal planar3. square planar4. tetrahedron5. octahedron6. T-shaped7. see-saw8. bent9. linear

26e−

−O−−O− −−

O −−−S−−

−

−

tetrahedron domains,1 unshared pair ∴ trigonal pyramid

36

The hybridization around the Si atom in SiS2 is(Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.)

1. sp2. sp2

3. sp3

4. sp3d5. sp3d2

37

The hybridization around the Si atom in SiS2 is(Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.)

16e−

2 domains,∴ sp hybridization

1. sp2. sp2

3. sp3

4. sp3d5. sp2d2

−−＝SSi− −＝S

38

The hybridization around the S atom in SO2 is(Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.)

1. sp2. sp2

3. sp3

4. sp3d5. sp3d2

39

The hybridization around the S atom in SO2 is(Before you decide, draw a Lewis structure.)

1. sp2. sp2

3. sp3

4. sp3d5. sp3d2

18e−

−O−− O −−S＝−−

3 domains ∴ sp2

40

The bond angles in SO3 are1. 120º2. Less than 109.5º3. Greater than 109.5º4. Less than 120º5. Both greater than and less than 120º

41

The bond angles in SO3 are1. 120º2. Less than 109.5º3. Greater than 109.5º4. Less than 120º5. Both greater than and less than 120º

24e−S

−O−− −

O− −−

−

O−−

＝3 domains,and the unshared pair bulges and thus takes up more space

However, perhaps the resonance that causes equal bond lengths will also blend the bond angles

42

Which of the following molecules are polar?A) CF4 B) CH3F C) CH2F2

1. All of them are polar2. Both B + C are polar3. Only A is polar4. Only B is polar5. Only C is polar

43

Which of the following molecules are polar?A) CF4 B) CH3F C) CH2F2

1. All of them are polar2. Both B + C are polar3. Only A is polar4. Only B is polar5. Only C is polar

Remember the shape is tetrahedron, not a planar cross, so do NOT place the F’s opposite in the cross structure and think that the polarity crosses out − the polarity is asymetrically arranged.

C −−−−F

−− −

−F

−− −−F−−−−F C −−

−−F−H

−

H−H C −−

−−F

−H

−H−

− −−F

44

The IF2− ion has how many shared

electron pairs, and how many unshared electron pairs around the central I atom?

1. 2, 12. 2, 23. 2, 34. 3, 15. 3, 2

45

IF2− ion has how many shared electron

pairs, and how many unshared electron pairs around the central I atom?

1. 2, 12. 2, 23. 2, 34. 3, 15. 3, 2

− −

−I−−− −F

− −−

−

F

22e−

46

The electron domain geometry on the central atom of this molecule is1. Trigonal planar2. Trigonal bipyramid3. Tetrahedron4. Trigonal pyramid5. Linear

47

The electron domain geometry on which this molecule is based is1. Trigonal planar2. Trigonal bipyramid3. Tetrahedron4. Trigonal pyramid5. Linear

−

The trigonal pyramidal shape must be caused by an unshared pair.

48

Select the atom(s) below that could possibly be the central atom of this molecule. Select all that apply.1. C2. P3. O4. Al5. There is no way of knowing

49

Select the atom below that could possibly be the central atom of this molecule.1. C2. P3. O4. Al5. There is no way

of knowing

−

The unshared pair and three bonding pair mean that the central atom must have 5 valence electrons.Maybe….it could be C if you consider the unshared pair to be a single electron = free radical

50

The shape of the electron domains in this molecule can beSelect all that apply.

1. Trigonal planar with no unshared pairs2. Trigonal bipyramid with 2 unshared pairs3. Tetrahedron with 1 unshared pair4. Trigonal pyramid with 1 unshared pairs5. None of the above

51

The shape of the electron domains in this molecule is most likely

1. Trigonal planar with no unshared pairs2. Trigonal bipyramid with 2 unshared pairs• This is not a valid choice because trig bipyr

unshared pairs are in the equatorial positions not axial, so 2 unshared pair would be T-shape

3. Tetrahedron with 1 unshared pair4. Trigonal pyramid with 1 unshared pairs5. None of the above

52

For each molecule, how many unshared pair are on each molecule?

1. 0, 0, 12. 1, 1, 33. 2, 0, 14. 2, 1, 35. 1, 0, 1

53

For each molecule, how many unshared pairs are on each molecule?

1. 0, 0, 12. 1, 1, 33. 2, 0, 14. 2, 1, 35. 1, 0, 1

−

−

−

54

What are the total number of nonbonding pair(s) of electrons on the central Si atom of SiS2?1. 12. 23. 34. 45. 0

55

What are the total number of valence nonbonding pair(s) of electrons on the central Si atom of SiS2?1. 12. 23. 34. 45. 0

−−＝SSi− −＝S

56

Chemistry Humor

57

In the molecule HCN, how many σ and how many π bonds total?1. 2 σ, 0 π2. 1 σ, 1 π3. 2 σ, 1 π4. 2 σ, 2 π5. 2 σ, 3 π

58

In the molecule HCN, how many σ and how many π bonds total?1. 2 σ, 0 π2. 1 σ, 1 π3. 2 σ, 1 π4. 2 σ, 2 π5. 2 σ, 3 π

−N≡C−H

2 σ2 π

59

The hybridization of the sulfur in methyl mercaptan is

1. sp2. sp2

3. sp3

4. sp3d5. sp3d2

• methyl mercaptan (also known as ethanethiol) is a colorless gas with a smell like rotten cabbage. It is released from animal feces. It occurs naturally in certain foods, such as some nuts and cheese. It is also one of the main chemicals responsible for bad breath and the smell in flatulence. It is added in very small quantities to CH4, an odorless gas, so that leaks will be detected.

60

The hybridization of the sulfur in methyl mercaptan is

1. sp2. sp2

3. sp3

4. sp3d5. sp3d2

• There are two unshared pairs on the S

− −

61

Draw a valid Lewis structure for butanol.How many isomers can be drawn only making alcohols?

• Enter a number.

62

Draw a valid Lewis structure for butanol.How many isomers can be drawn for this molecule?

• 4

63

Draw a valid Lewis structure for pentane.How many isomers can be drawn for this molecule?

• Enter a number.

Documents

From 2-D to 3-D · 2020. 1. 31. · Molecular Geometry What is the shape of the atoms? • AB 2 Examples H 2O CH 3OH • 4 electron domains Tetrahedral • 2 nonbonding domain •