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Friday the 13th 1

Friday the 13th

Friday the 13th in the calendar

Friday the 13th occurs when the thirteenth day of a month

falls on a Friday, which superstition holds to be a day of bad

luck. In the Gregorian calendar, this day occurs at least once,

but at most three times a year. Any month's 13th day will fall

on a Friday if the month starts on a Sunday.

Phobia

The fear of Friday the 13th is called  friggatriskaidekaphobia

( Frigga being the name of the Norse goddess for whom

"Friday" is named and triskaidekaphobia meaning fear of the

number thirteen), or  paraskevidekatriaphobia[1]  [2] a

concatenation of the Greek words  Paraskeví  (Παρασκευή,

meaning "Friday"), and dekatreís (δεκατρείς, meaning

"thirteen") attached to  phobía (φοβία, from phóbos, φόβος,

meaning "fear"). The latter word was derived in 1911 and first appeared in a mainstream source in 1953.[3]

History

Rossini by Henri Grevedon

According to folklorists, there is no written evidence for a

"Friday the 13th" superstition before the 19th century.[4] [5] [6]

The earliest known documented reference in English occurs in

Henry Sutherland Edwards' 1869 biography of Gioachino

Rossini:

  Rossini was surrounded to the last by admiring

and affectionate friends; Why Friday the 13th Is

Unlucky

Consequently, several theories have been proposed about the

origin of the Friday the 13th superstition.

One theory states that it is a modern amalgamation of two

older superstitions: that thirteen is an unlucky number and that

Friday is an unlucky day.

• In numerology, the number twelve is considered the

number of completeness, as reflected in the twelve months

of the year, twelve hours of the clock, twelve tribes of 

Israel, twelve Apostles of Jesus, twelve gods of Olympus, etc., whereas the number thirteen was considered

irregular, transgressing this completeness. There is also a superstition, thought by some to derive from the Last

Supper or a Norse myth, that having thirteen people seated at a table will result in the death of one of the diners.

• Friday has been considered an unlucky day at least since the 14th century's The Canterbury Tales,[3] and many

other professions have regarded Friday as an unlucky day to undertake journeys or begin new projects. Black 

Friday has been associated with stock market crashes and other disasters since the 1800s.[6] [7] It has also been

suggested that Friday has been considered an unlucky day because, according to Christian scripture and tradition,Jesus was crucified on a Friday.[8]

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Friday the 13th 2

A theory by author Charles Panati, one of the leading authorities on the subject of "Origins," maintains that the

superstition can be traced back to ancient myth:

The actual origin of the superstition, though, appears also to be a tale in Norse mythology. Friday is

named for Frigga, the free-spirited goddess of love and fertility. When Norse and Germanic tribes

converted to Christianity, Frigga was banished in shame to a mountaintop and labeled a witch. It was

believed that every Friday, the spiteful goddess convened a meeting with eleven other witches, plus thedevil — a gathering of thirteen — and plotted ill turns of fate for the coming week. For many centuries

in Scandinavia, Friday was known as "Witches' Sabbath." [9]

Another theory about the origin of this superstition traces to the arrest of the legendary Knights Templar.

The Knights Templar were a monastic military order founded in Jerusalem, in the year 1118. Their original mission

was to guide and protect Christian pilgrims along the path from Europe to Jerusalem during the Crusades. Through

this mission, the Templars developed a banking system to protect the finances of the traveling pilgrims, eventually

expanding this banking system throughout their holdings in Europe. Over time, France's Philip IV amassed a

substantial debt to the Knights Templar, due to their years of service to the crown. He had nearly depleted his

money, from France's ongoing battles with England. In the Knights' rise to power, King Phillip became envious of 

them, so he set his sights on their famed fortunes. Philip devised a plan to arrest all the Knights in a single day, and

charge them with crimes so heinous that no person or group would dare come to their defense. The charges against

them were religious in nature, and backed by the papacy of the Vatican and Pope Clement V. His plan was swift and

carefully crafted, so as not to alert the Templars in advance.

Knights Templar and Philip IV

King Phillip's orders were sent a month in advance to the

King's Men and other Bailiffs, with instructions not to open

the orders until dawn of Friday, October 13, 1307. The

charges against the Templars were of the highest accusations

of heresy: that the Knights Templar had asked members to

spit on the cross and to step on it, to deny Christ, to perform

homosexual acts, and so on. The king's orders were to engage

and arrest every Templar in France. All Templar outposts,

homes, wineries, mills, and castles were to be taken in the

name of the King of France and Pope Clement V. The

nationwide arrest was widely successful, with medieval

torture tactics used to obtain confessions from the Knights.

This act against the Templar Order is now viewed as one of 

the most unlucky days in History – Friday the 13th.

Following their arrest and confessions, King Phillip attempted

to further disgrace the Templars in a public manner. At a large

event in front of the Notre Dame Cathedral, he would have

Templar Grand Master Jacques De Molay publicly admit to

guilt of heresy. Instead, the incarcerated grandmaster took to the forum and apologized to the people  – and to the

Knights Templar – for his weakness, and for the signing of forced confessions. He rescinded his original confession,

and testified to the public that he, his men, and all Knights Templar were innocent, despite their forced confessions.

An embarrassed King Phillip was so enraged by the old man's actions as to have him burned at the stake, along with

his second-in-command. De Molay's dying last words were to curse King Phillip and Pope Clement V, declaring that

by year's end, each would meet his demise. Both men died that year, thus adding to the superstition of the Friday the

13th, and to the notion of the Templars' powers. [4]

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Friday the 13th 3

The connection between the Friday the 13th superstition and the Knights Templar was popularized in the 2003 novel

The Da Vinci Code. However, some experts think that it is a relatively recent correlation and is a modern-day

invention.[3] [7] [10] For example, records of the superstition are rarely found before the 20th century, when it became

extremely common. One author, noting that references are all but nonexistent before 1907 but frequently seen

thereafter, has argued that its popularity derives from the publication that year of Thomas W. Lawson's popular novel

 Friday, the Thirteenth,[11] in which an unscrupulous broker takes advantage of the superstition to create a Wall Street

panic on a Friday the 13th.[4]

In Spanish-speaking countries, instead of Friday, Tuesday the 13th is considered a day of bad luck, commonly

referred to as 'Martes y trece' (Literally translates to: Tuesday and thirteen). [12] The Fall of Constantinople, when the

city fell to the Ottomans, marks the end of the Byzantine Empire. It happened on Tuesday, May 29, 1453. That is

why the Greeks also consider Tuesday to be an unlucky day. [12]

Social impact

According to the Stress Management Center and Phobia Institute in Asheville, North Carolina, an estimated 17 to 21

million people in the United States are affected by a fear of this day. Some people are so paralyzed by fear that they

avoid their normal routines in doing business, taking flights or even getting out of bed. "It's been estimated that

[US]$800 or $900 million is lost in business on this day".[5] Despite this, representatives for both Delta and

Continental Airlines say that their airlines do not suffer from any noticeable drop in travel on those Fridays.[13]

Rate of accidents

There are conflicting studies about the risk of accidents on Friday the 13th. The Dutch Centre for Insurance Statistics

(CVS) on June 12, 2008, stated that "fewer accidents and reports of fire and theft occur when the 13th of the month

falls on a Friday than on other Fridays, because people are preventatively more careful or just stay home.

Statistically speaking, driving is slightly safer on Friday the 13th, at least in the Netherlands; in the last two years,

Dutch insurers received reports of an average 7,800 traffic accidents each Friday; but the average figure when the13th fell on a Friday was just 7,500.[14] [15] However, a 1993 study in the British Medical Journal that compared the

ratio of traffic accidents between Friday the 6th and Friday the 13th stated that there is a significant increase in

traffic-related accidents on Friday the 13th.[3] [16] There are indications that there are more accidents on Fridays than

average weekdays (irrespective of the date) probably because of alcohol consumption. Therefore it is less relevant

for this purpose to compare Friday the 13th with any other 13th day of another month.

Occurrence

The following months have a Friday the 13th:

Month Years Dominical

letter

January 1978, 1984, 1989, 1995, 2006, 2012, 2017, 2023 A, AG

February 1976, 1981, 1987, 1998, 2004, 2009, 2015, 2026 D, DC

March 1981, 1987, 1992, 1998, 2009, 2015, 2020, 2026 D, ED

April 1973, 1979, 1984, 1990, 2001, 2007, 2012, 2018 G, AG

May 1977, 1983, 1988, 1994, 2005, 2011, 2016, 2022 B, CB

June 1975, 1980, 1986, 1997, 2003, 2008, 2014, 2025 E, FE

July 1973, 1979, 1984, 1990, 2001, 2007, 2012, 2018 G, AG

August 1971, 1976, 1982, 1993, 1999, 2004, 2010, 2021, 2027 C, DC

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Friday the 13th 4

September 1974, 1985, 1991, 1996, 2002, 2013, 2019, 2024 F, GF

October 1972, 1978, 1989, 1995, 2000, 2006, 2017, 2023, 2028 A, BA

November 1981, 1987, 1992, 1998, 2009, 2015, 2020, 2026 D, ED

December 1974, 1985, 1991, 1996, 2002, 2013, 2019, 2024 F, GF

The following years have Fridays the 13th in these months:

Year Months Dominical

letter

2001 April, July G

2002 September, December F

2003 June E

2004 February, August DC

2005 May B

2006 January, October A

2007 April, July G

2008 June FE

2009 February, March, November D

2010 August C

2011 May B

2012 January, April, July AG

2013 September, December F

2014 June E

2015 February, March, November D

2016 May CB

2017 January, October A

2018 April, July G

2019 September, December F

2020 March, November ED

2021 August C

2022 May B

2023 January, October A

2024 September, December GF

2025 June E

2026 February, March, November D

2027 August C

2028 October BA

This sequence give here for 2001 – 2028, follows a 28 year cycle from March 1, 1900 to February 28, 2100. The

months with a Friday the 13th are determined by the Dominical letter (G, F, GF, etc.) of the year. Every month that

begins on a Sunday will contain a Friday the 13th, and there is at least one Friday the 13th in every calendar year.

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Friday the 13th 5

The longest period that can occur without a Friday the 13th is fourteen months, either from July to September the

following common year (e.g. between 2001 – 2002, 2012 – 13, and 2018 – 2019), or from August to October the

following leap year (e.g. between 2027 – 28).

Patterns for non-leap years: Patterns for leap years:

First month occurring Second month Third month

January October

February March November

April July

May

June

August

September December

First month occurring Second month Third month

January April July

February August

March November

May

June

September December

October

Each Gregorian 400-year cycle contains 146,097 days (365 × 400 = 146,000 normal days plus 97 leap days),

146,097 / 7 = 20,871 weeks, and 400 × 12 = 4,800 months. Thus, each cycle contains the same pattern of days of the

week (and thus the same pattern of Fridays the 13th), but no day of the month up to the 28th can occur the same

number of times on each day of the week (because 4,800 is not divisible by 7). The 13th day of the month is slightly

more likely to be a Friday than any other day of the week.[17] On average, there is a Friday the 13th once every

212.35 (212 and 241/688) days.

The distribution of the 13th day over the 4,800 months is as follows:

Day of the week Number of occurrences

Sunday 687

Monday 685

Tuesday 685

Wednesday 687

Thursday 684

Friday 688

Saturday 684

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Friday the 13th 6

Planned events on Fridays the 13th

On October 5, 2004, Paramount released a box

set of the first eight Friday the 13th films, which

includes new interviews with the cast and crew,

as well as four new commentaries.[18]

Some events are intentionally scheduled for Friday the 13th for

dramatic effect. They include:

•  Resident Evil 5 was released in the UK and US on Friday, March

13, 2009.

• SAW - The Ride at Thorpe Park, UK was opened on March 13,

2009. Coincidentally the ride was marred by "teething problems"

for the first few days after it was opened[19] [20]

• Black Sabbath's eponymous debut album was released in the UK on

Friday, February 13, 1970.

• The Opening ceremony of the Athens Olympic Games took place

on Friday, August 13, 2004.

• The 13th book in A Series of Unfortunate Events was released on

Friday, October 13, 2006 by Lemony Snicket, also known as

novelist Daniel Handler.• Four of the twelve films in the Friday the 13th series, including the

most recent (reboot of the series), were released on a Friday the

13th. The sequel to the reboot is planned to be released on Friday,

September 13, 2013, however the release date is unknown at this

point, due to slow development and companies putting the film on

hold. Although a script for the sequel has recently been completed,

development is still unknown.

• Joss Whedon's show Dollhouse aired its pilot on February 13, 2009.

• Every Friday the 13th thousands of bikers ride to the small town of Port Dover, Ontario, Canada.

• Boston Lee Day is celebrated every Friday the 13th. Participants gather to enjoy the Boston Lee Drink for which

this day is named.[21]

• The popular Browser-based RPGs Dragonfable, AdventureQuest, MechQuest, AQWorlds and WarpForce has an

undead war every Friday the 13th.

• Voltaire the goth musician performs live on AQWorlds each Friday 13th on AQWorlds

• The 2009 film 2012 was released on Friday November 13, 2009.

• Stuntman Sam Patch scheduled a 125-foot jump into the Genesee River, USA on Friday, November 13, 1829, his

largest jump to date. The jump killed him.[22]

• The Colgate University community celebrates Colgate Day every Friday the 13th by donning Colgate gear and

rolling out a number of events across the United States to honor Colgate's historical thirteen men with thirteen

dollars and thirteen prayers who founded the University in 1819. [23]

• The online publication TidBITS has named Friday the 13th as "International Verify Your Backups Day" as a way

of encouraging people to verify that they can restore data from their backups on what would be the most

inauspicious day to lose data. [24]

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Friday the 13th 8

[18] Mike Bracken (2004-10-25). "Friday The 13th: From Crystal Lake to Manhattan Ultimate DVD Collection" (http://dvd.  ign.  com/articles/ 

559/559845p3. html). IGN. . Retrieved 2009-04-03.

[19] March 13, 2009 10:38 AM (2009-03-13). "Newslite.tv" (http://newslite.tv/2009/03/13/friday-13th-unlucky-for-saw-ro. html).

Newslite.tv. . Retrieved 2011-05-13.

[20] "Thorpeparkmania.co.uk" (http://www. thorpeparkmania. co. uk/news/16-03-2009/Main-Season-Begins). Thorpeparkmania.co.uk. .

Retrieved 2011-05-13.

[21] Holy Order Of Kites And Hats (http://kitesandhats. org/articles-by-category-secret-menu-65/28-holy-order-of-kites-and-hats-general/ 

34-boston-lee-day)[22] Rosenberg-Naparsteck, Ruth (Summer 1991). "The Real Simon Pure Sam Patch" (http://www.  libraryweb. org/~rochhist/v53_1991/ 

v53i3.  pdf) (PDF). Rochester History (Rochester Public Library) LII (3). ISSN 0035-7413. . Retrieved January 6, 2008.

[23] "Colgate Day 2010" (http://www.colgateconnect. org/s/801/template. aspx?sid=801&gid=1&pgid=1291). Colgate Connect. . Retrieved

2011-05-13.

[24] Engst, Adam C. (2009-11-13). "TidBITS Safe Computing: International Verify Your Backups Day" (http://tidbits. com/article/10071).

Tidbits.com. . Retrieved 2011-05-13.

[25] McGuire, Bill (2005). Global Catastrophes: A Very Short Introduction. US: Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0192804936. "...the

recently discovered asteroid, Apophis..., which will pass within the orbits of our communication satellites on 13 April 2029"

[26] Vivek Gite. "Cyberciti.biz" (http://www.cyberciti.  biz/tips/february-13th-unix-time-will-reach-1234567890. html). Cyberciti.biz. .

Retrieved 2011-05-13.

[27] "BBC.co.uk" (http://www. bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-10964766). BBC.co.uk. 2010-08-13. . Retrieved 2011-05-13.

External links

• Some don't count on Lucky 13 (http://www. viamagazine. com/top_stories/articles/lucky_1304.  asp) – Via

Magazine

• A Bad-Luck Guide to Friday the 13th (http://www.life. com/image/first/in-gallery/36602/ 

a-bad-luck-guide-to-friday-the-13th) – image slideshow by Life magazine

• Robslink.com (http://robslink. com/SAS/democd42/friday13.  htm) – Calendar Showing Friday 13s

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Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsFriday the 13th  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=428990856 Contributors: *Αλέξανδρος, 0dd1, 130.94.122.xxx, 22violet, 4twenty42o, 63x927is58401, 8-bitpessimist,

ABigHairySpider, ACW, AQUIMISMO, Aaron Kauppi, Abcbe, Academic Challenger, Across.The.Synapse, Acroterion, Adaca777, Adam.J.W.C., AdamDeanHall, Adamengst, Addshore,

AdiJapan, Aesopos, Aexon79, Agatha Crimp, AgentPeppermint, Akakkakkakakakuiwui, Alansohn, Alensha, Alphachimp, Altenmann, Ame ricanLeMans, Andonic, AndrewWTaylor, Andy

Dingley, AndyTerry, Andycjp, AngelOfSadness, Angst43, Antandrus, Aproachme, Aranherunar, Arbitrarily0, Arcanaman, ArséniureDeGallium, Arthur Rubin, Arthurian Legend, Aspensti,

Atmosphere, Av8, Avoided, Azchipka, BD2412, BIL, Bachrach44, Bacteria, Bart133, Bdegfcunbbfv, Beantwo, Beboba2, BeccaBlack, Bedivere, Beeblebrox, Beland, Belovedfreak, Bentley4,

Bento00, Berks105, Berserkerus, Bevo, Big Brother 1984, Billyoffland, Biruitorul, Blackjack48, BlastOButter42, Bloodless, Bluemask, Bluerasberry, Bmdavll, Bmearns, Bobcheezy, Boivie,

Bongwarrior, Bookworm89, BorgQueen, Brainfsck, Brainmachine, Brianga, Brighterorange, Bunn77, Bustin skullz, CO, Calle Widmann, Caltas, CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown willeat me, CapitalR, CardinalDan, Carowinds, CarrotMan, Cartoon Boy, Cbrown1023, Celestra, Ceranthor, Ceyockey, Chaosvii7, Charlene.fic, Chizzymeka, Chris the speller, Chriswiki, Chuunen

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Debresser, Delphii, Dennis Valeev, DerHexer, Dionyziz, Discospinster, Dismas, DitzyNizzy, Dja.ait175, Djdnyc, Dlmccaslin, Doktor Wilhelm, Dotancohen, Dougie monty, Dr. Universe,

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EdBever, EdEColbert, EdJohnston, Edemaine, Ediaz754, Editor-in-keef, Edokter, Edward, Edward321, Egret, Ehrenkater, El C, Elenseel, Elipongo, Elonka, Emeraldcityserendipity, Emersonv,

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