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Friday, April 4, 2014. No homework Do Now: Word Wise (on your desk). Section 1. How was Rome founded? What is the geography of Rome like? Is it good or bad? What influence did geography have on the development of ancient Rome? Who influenced ancient Rome? (what groups of people?). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Friday, April 4, 2014
No homework
Do Now: Word Wise (on your desk)
Section 1
1. How was Rome founded?
2. What is the geography of Rome like? Is it good or bad?
3. What influence did geography have on the development of ancient Rome?
4. Who influenced ancient Rome? (what groups of people?)
How was Rome founded?
The legend tells us…Twin brothers of Romulus and Remus were
placed in a basket by their uncle. Their uncle was threatened by them
They began to float down the Tiber River where they had gotten into some trouble
A she-wolf saved them, but the two brothers argued over power
Remus is killed by Romulus and he founds city of Rome (naming it after himself)
What is the geography like in Rome?
A BOOT INTO THE SEAItalian peninsula is part of the European
continent that sticks out into Mediterranean Sea like a “kicking boot”
Sicily is an island west of the “toe” of the Italian peninsula. Sicily was a popular spot for Greek colonists because of rich farmlands.
Mountain Ranges, Fertile Soils, and Rivers
The Alps Mountains form the northern border of Italy and wall off the Italian peninsula from the rest of Europe
The Apennine Mountains form the giant “backbone” that runs through Italian peninsula
Latium is an important fertile plain on the west coast of central Italy.
The Tiber River runs through Latium, this is where Rome is located
What influence did geography have on the development of ancient Rome?
Helped Rome grow
Hills acted as a natural defense
Access to the Tiber River which led to ports and key trade routes
Who influenced ancient Rome?
Greeks – Many traveled to Rome and brought their culture with them
Etruscans – they formed the basis of religion and with help from the Greek helped form the Roman alphabet (we still use it today!)
Monday, April 7, 2014
Homework:Page 370 key terms and read section 2
Sign & return chapter 11 tests
Do Now:Take out your notes and be ready to continue
The Roman Government
“It was impossible even for a native to pronounce with certainty whether the whole system was aristocratic, democratic, or monarchical” Polybius, ancient historian
Leaders, wealthy aristocrats, and average citizens all play a role
The Roman Government
Roman government was structured by a constitution A system of rules by which a government is
organized
Separation of powers was the main idea Made sure no one person could become too
powerful
Limiting Officials’ Power
Split office positions between two or more men
2 leaders called consuls with equal powers
Time in office is limited to 1 year
The power to veto to stop or cancel the action of a government official “I forbid” in Latin
Checks and Balances
Power was divided among 3 branches (tripartite) Assemblies Senate Magistrates: elected officials who enforce laws
One branch could check, or stop another branch from misusing power
No one branch could have TOTAL power
Rule of Law
The law applied to EVERYONE
Elected officials could even be tried for violating the law after their term of office ended
Roman Citizenship
Free Roman men were considered citizens
Women and slaves were not considered citizens and had no direct role in government
Symbol of Roman citizenship was the toga A garment that adult men wore wrapped around
their bodies Only citizens could wear togas
Rights and Responsibilities
Citizens had the right to a trial Had the right to vote Had the responsibility to serve in the army
Roman culture stressed civic duty
Roman Society
The society divided into two groups based on a class structure.
The patricians were wealthy landowners who were members of Rome’s noble families.
The plebeians were commoners who were allowed to vote, but not be elected to government office. Plebeians were farmers, traders, and craftsmen.
Plebeians
The plebeians protested the rule of the patricians.
During a war, they walked out of the city and refused to fight. Rome could not go on without them.
The plebeians forced the patricians to open up offices to them.
Now both patricians and plebeians had a role in government
Tuesday, April 8, 2014
Homework:Read page 375 “Roman Example” and answer page 375 # 4 & 5
Do Now:Please have out your homework (page 370 key terms)
Assemblies
Democratic part of the Roman government
All adult male citizens could participate
Votes of the wealthy men usually counted more than the poor
Assemblies
At assemblies, officials were elected and laws were passed
The power of the assemblies was checked by the powers of the senate
Senate
Worked like an oligarchy
Made up of the wealthiest and best known Roman men
Often, they had been former magistrates Government official who enforces the law
They were not meant to represent the people, instead guide the state
Senate
Advised the assemblies and magistrates
Almost always, the advice given from the senate was followed.
The senate controlled foreign policy and decided how to spend the state’s money
MOST POWERFUL PART OF ROME’S GOVERNMENT
Tribunes
Tribunes acted as the protectors of the plebeians
Had the right to veto any law or action of a magistrate
It was strictly forbidden to harm a tribune
Praetors and Consuls
Praetors Judged cases Managed the city of Rome Led armies in times of war
Consuls Top officials in the Roman Republic Lead the army Presided over the senate and assemblies Considered the highest judges
Lower Offices
Quaestors Accountants who kept track of the state’s money Served as assistants to higher officials
Aedile In charge of holding festicals In charge of maintaining public buildings
Cincinnatus
The Senate could vote for a dictator in an emergency, but it was only for a max of 6 months
Cincinnatus was working on his field when he had heard he was voted dictator
He quickly defeated Rome’s enemies, resigned, and went back to his fields.
He was considered a model citizen
Thursday, April 10, 2014
Homework: page 376 key terms and read section 3
Do Now: From what we have learned about the government and how it is run, who do you think runs the Roman household? Why? (you may work with a partner)
Roman Society
Rome was a patriarchal society Men ruled their families
Paterfamilias (head of the household) Owned all property Power over wife, children, underage siblings In practice, a father’s power was usually limited by
custom
Roman Society
Women: Could own personal property Went to parties Enjoyed the theater Participated in religious rituals BUT women could not vote, attend assemblies, or hold
office The ideal woman was a faithful wife and mother,
devoted to her family
Read pages 377-378
Rich vs. Poor
Wealthy Romans earned money from agriculture or business
Upper class lived in one or two story houses with court yards, gardens, private baths, and running water
Many elite families owned villas (large country homes)
Rich vs. Poor
Most poor Romans lived in cramped apartments without running water
Apartment buildings were poorly built and could collapse
Some worked as day laborers in construction, ran stores or restaurants
Some worked as tenant farmers People who rented land from wealthy landlords
Slavery
Very common in ancient Rome
Slaves had no rights, bought and sold like property
Some worked in mines and on large farms They died quickly due to brutal treatment
Some worked in households
Some educated slaves (usually Greek) worked as secretaries or teachers
Slavery
Some slaves could become free as a reward for serving loyally
Some slaves rebelled Spartacus
Wednesday, March 6, 2013
Homework: Page 379 1-6 & 9
Do Now: Please take out your lists from yesterday
(roles of men, women, or slaves)
Roman religion
Worshipped hundreds of gods
Most came from the Greek, but some were from the Latin tradition
Top government officials also served as priests
Romans believed that maintaining good relationships with the gods was a part of the government’s job
They wanted to keep the gods happy
Monday, April 21, 2014
Homework:Page 380 key terms
Do now:Please review all material from
chapter 12 (before spring break)
Struggle with Carthage
City in present-day Tunisia (north coast of Africa)
Controlled much of the land in the western Mediterranean and Sicily.
Once a colony of Phoenicia. “Punic” was Latin work for Phoenicia—Punic Wars.
Struggle with Carthage
Hannibal, Carthage’s most successful general led his troops from Spain into Italy
Rome defeats Hannibal’s troops, but knew “Carthage must be destroyed” One senator ended every speech by saying this
Rome now conquered Greece and parts of southwest Asia
Rome as an empire
Rome did not have an emperor, but it ruled an empire A state containing several countries or territories
Divided into provinces where magistrates governed (cruelly and corruptly) A province is an area within a country or empire
Use pages 380-381
Who was Hannibal?
What did he do?
Tuesday, April 22, 2014
Homework: Complete class work (Comparing Roman army
before and after reforms) Chapter 12 test Friday!
Do Now: Please have out your homework from last night Please complete the vocabulary matching
sheet on your desks (all of chapter 12)
Conquest causing problems
Although Rome had become powerful and wealthy, rules were broken and there were many problems
Magistrates became wealthy by stealing from people in the provinces
Politicians used violence
Government stopped working
Rome grows rich, Romans get poor
Landowners and employers bought slaves to do the work the poor Romans used to do.
Tenant farmers lost their livelihood
The government feared that the poor would start a rebellion They began giving out free grain
Politicians
Supported reforms
Appealed to the poor to win office
More elite traditional politicians opposed them
The Army
Gaius Marius reformed the Roman army Changed or improved
Now even poor Romans could join the army The government would pay for their equipment Retired soldiers needed land to live on and because it
was provided, they became more loyal
From Republic to Empire
Army commanders turned their armies against their enemies and the senate Civil war broke out
Pompey conquered parts of southweat Asia, Caesar conquered Gual The two ran the government together, but ignored
customs and laws
Wednesday, April 23, 2014
Homework: Complete classwork – Page 384 1-7, 9, 10 Chapter 12 test Friday!
Do Now: Please have your homework out and ready to
hand in In the next space available in your notes
please answer – Is a stronger army always a good thing? Explain
From Republic to Empire
Pompey and Caesar fought The senate sided with Pompey and ordered Caesar to
give up his legions Civil war broke out
Caesar marched across the Rubicon River and rook control of Rome He declared himself dictator for life
From Republic to Empire
Caesar angered senators with this dictator proclamation “Beware the Ides of March” – Caesar was killed on
March 15, 44 BC
Octavian takes over and promises to avenge Caesar’s death
He soon ruled Rome and changed his name to Augustus This means “honored one”