Friday, April 4, 2014

No homework

Do Now: Word Wise (on your desk)

Section 1

1. How was Rome founded?

2. What is the geography of Rome like? Is it good or bad?

3. What influence did geography have on the development of ancient Rome?

4. Who influenced ancient Rome? (what groups of people?)

How was Rome founded?

The legend tells us…Twin brothers of Romulus and Remus were

placed in a basket by their uncle. Their uncle was threatened by them

They began to float down the Tiber River where they had gotten into some trouble

A she-wolf saved them, but the two brothers argued over power

Remus is killed by Romulus and he founds city of Rome (naming it after himself)

What is the geography like in Rome?

A BOOT INTO THE SEAItalian peninsula is part of the European

continent that sticks out into Mediterranean Sea like a “kicking boot”

Sicily is an island west of the “toe” of the Italian peninsula. Sicily was a popular spot for Greek colonists because of rich farmlands.

Mountain Ranges, Fertile Soils, and Rivers

The Alps Mountains form the northern border of Italy and wall off the Italian peninsula from the rest of Europe

The Apennine Mountains form the giant “backbone” that runs through Italian peninsula

Latium is an important fertile plain on the west coast of central Italy.

The Tiber River runs through Latium, this is where Rome is located

What influence did geography have on the development of ancient Rome?

Helped Rome grow

Hills acted as a natural defense

Access to the Tiber River which led to ports and key trade routes

Who influenced ancient Rome?

Greeks – Many traveled to Rome and brought their culture with them

Etruscans – they formed the basis of religion and with help from the Greek helped form the Roman alphabet (we still use it today!)

Monday, April 7, 2014

Homework:Page 370 key terms and read section 2

Sign & return chapter 11 tests

Do Now:Take out your notes and be ready to continue

The Roman Government

“It was impossible even for a native to pronounce with certainty whether the whole system was aristocratic, democratic, or monarchical” Polybius, ancient historian

Leaders, wealthy aristocrats, and average citizens all play a role

The Roman Government

Roman government was structured by a constitution A system of rules by which a government is

organized

Separation of powers was the main idea Made sure no one person could become too

powerful

Limiting Officials’ Power

Split office positions between two or more men

2 leaders called consuls with equal powers

Time in office is limited to 1 year

The power to veto to stop or cancel the action of a government

official “I forbid” in Latin

Checks and Balances

Power was divided among 3 branches (tripartite) Assemblies Senate Magistrates: elected officials who enforce laws

One branch could check, or stop another branch from misusing power

No one branch could have TOTAL power

Rule of Law

The law applied to EVERYONE

Elected officials could even be tried for violating the law after their term of office ended

Roman Citizenship

Free Roman men were considered citizens

Women and slaves were not considered citizens and had no direct role in government

Symbol of Roman citizenship was the toga A garment that adult men wore wrapped around

their bodies Only citizens could wear togas

Rights and Responsibilities

Citizens had the right to a trial Had the right to vote Had the responsibility to serve in the army

Roman culture stressed civic duty

Roman Society

The society divided into two groups based on a class structure.

The patricians were wealthy landowners who were members of Rome’s noble families.

The plebeians were commoners who were allowed to vote, but not be elected to government office. Plebeians were farmers, traders, and craftsmen.

Plebeians

The plebeians protested the rule of the patricians.

During a war, they walked out of the city and refused to fight. Rome could not go on without them.

The plebeians forced the patricians to open up offices to them.

Now both patricians and plebeians had a role in government

Tuesday, April 8, 2014

Homework:Read page 375 “Roman Example” and answer page 375 # 4 & 5

Do Now:Please have out your homework (page 370 key terms)

Assemblies

Democratic part of the Roman government

All adult male citizens could participate

Votes of the wealthy men usually counted more than the poor

Assemblies

At assemblies, officials were elected and laws were passed

The power of the assemblies was checked by the powers of the senate

Senate

Worked like an oligarchy

Made up of the wealthiest and best known Roman men

Often, they had been former magistrates Government official who enforces the law

They were not meant to represent the people, instead guide the state

Senate

Advised the assemblies and magistrates

Almost always, the advice given from the senate was followed.

The senate controlled foreign policy and decided how to spend the state’s money

MOST POWERFUL PART OF ROME’S GOVERNMENT

Tribunes

Tribunes acted as the protectors of the plebeians

Had the right to veto any law or action of a magistrate

It was strictly forbidden to harm a tribune

Praetors and Consuls

Praetors Judged cases Managed the city of Rome Led armies in times of war

Consuls Top officials in the Roman Republic Lead the army Presided over the senate and assemblies Considered the highest judges

Lower Offices

Quaestors Accountants who kept track of the state’s money Served as assistants to higher officials

Aedile In charge of holding festicals In charge of maintaining public buildings

Cincinnatus

The Senate could vote for a dictator in an emergency, but it was only for a max of 6 months

Cincinnatus was working on his field when he had heard he was voted dictator

He quickly defeated Rome’s enemies, resigned, and went back to his fields.

He was considered a model citizen

Thursday, April 10, 2014

Homework: page 376 key terms and read section 3

Do Now: From what we have learned about the government and how it is run, who do you think runs the Roman household? Why? (you may work with a partner)

Roman Society

Rome was a patriarchal society Men ruled their families

Paterfamilias (head of the household) Owned all property Power over wife, children, underage siblings In practice, a father’s power was usually limited by

custom

Roman Society

Women: Could own personal property Went to parties Enjoyed the theater Participated in religious rituals BUT women could not vote, attend assemblies, or hold

office The ideal woman was a faithful wife and mother,

devoted to her family

Read pages 377-378

Rich vs. Poor

Wealthy Romans earned money from agriculture or business

Upper class lived in one or two story houses with court yards, gardens, private baths, and running water

Many elite families owned villas (large country homes)

Rich vs. Poor

Most poor Romans lived in cramped apartments without running water

Apartment buildings were poorly built and could collapse

Some worked as day laborers in construction, ran stores or restaurants

Some worked as tenant farmers People who rented land from wealthy landlords

Slavery

Very common in ancient Rome

Slaves had no rights, bought and sold like property

Some worked in mines and on large farms They died quickly due to brutal treatment

Some worked in households

Some educated slaves (usually Greek) worked as secretaries or teachers

Slavery

Some slaves could become free as a reward for serving loyally

Some slaves rebelled Spartacus

Wednesday, March 6, 2013

Homework: Page 379 1-6 & 9

Do Now: Please take out your lists from yesterday

(roles of men, women, or slaves)

Roman religion

Worshipped hundreds of gods

Most came from the Greek, but some were from the Latin tradition

Top government officials also served as priests

Romans believed that maintaining good relationships with the gods was a part of the government’s job

They wanted to keep the gods happy

Monday, April 21, 2014

Homework:Page 380 key terms

Do now:Please review all material from

chapter 12 (before spring break)

Struggle with Carthage

City in present-day Tunisia (north coast of Africa)

Controlled much of the land in the western Mediterranean and Sicily.

Once a colony of Phoenicia. “Punic” was Latin work for Phoenicia—Punic Wars.

Struggle with Carthage

Hannibal, Carthage’s most successful general led his troops from Spain into Italy

Rome defeats Hannibal’s troops, but knew “Carthage must be destroyed” One senator ended every speech by saying this

Rome now conquered Greece and parts of southwest Asia

Rome as an empire

Rome did not have an emperor, but it ruled an empire A state containing several countries or territories

Divided into provinces where magistrates governed (cruelly and corruptly) A province is an area within a country or empire

Use pages 380-381

Who was Hannibal?

What did he do?

Tuesday, April 22, 2014

Homework: Complete class work (Comparing Roman

army before and after reforms) Chapter 12 test Friday!

Do Now: Please have out your homework from last

night Please complete the vocabulary matching

sheet on your desks (all of chapter 12)

Conquest causing problems

Although Rome had become powerful and wealthy, rules were broken and there were many problems

Magistrates became wealthy by stealing from people in the provinces

Politicians used violence

Government stopped working

Rome grows rich, Romans get poor

Landowners and employers bought slaves to do the work the poor Romans used to do.

Tenant farmers lost their livelihood

The government feared that the poor would start a rebellion They began giving out free grain

Politicians

Supported reforms

Appealed to the poor to win office

More elite traditional politicians opposed them

The Army

Gaius Marius reformed the Roman army Changed or improved

Now even poor Romans could join the army The government would pay for their equipment Retired soldiers needed land to live on and because it

was provided, they became more loyal

From Republic to Empire

Army commanders turned their armies against their enemies and the senate Civil war broke out

Pompey conquered parts of southweat Asia, Caesar conquered Gual The two ran the government together, but ignored

customs and laws

Wednesday, April 23, 2014

Homework: Complete classwork – Page 384 1-7, 9, 10 Chapter 12 test Friday!

Do Now: Please have your homework out and ready to

hand in In the next space available in your notes

please answer – Is a stronger army always a good thing? Explain

From Republic to Empire

Pompey and Caesar fought The senate sided with Pompey and ordered Caesar to

give up his legions Civil war broke out

Caesar marched across the Rubicon River and rook control of Rome He declared himself dictator for life

From Republic to Empire

Caesar angered senators with this dictator proclamation “Beware the Ides of March” – Caesar was killed on

March 15, 44 BC

Octavian takes over and promises to avenge Caesar’s death

He soon ruled Rome and changed his name to Augustus This means “honored one”