Freshwater Fish Farming How to Begin 1978

8/13/2019 Freshwater Fish Farming How to Begin 1978

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A project o f Volunteers in Asia

By:FAO Better Farming Series

Published by. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsPublications DivisionVia delle Terme di Caracalla00100 RomeItaly

Availabic from: UNIPUB4611 -F Assembiy DriveLanham MD 20706-4391U.S.A.

Reproduced with permission.Reprudxtion of this microfiche document in afry form is subject to the samerestrictions as those of the original document.


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BETTER FAR

Thirty titles have been published irl this series, designedas handbooks for a two-year intermediate-level agriculturaleductition and training course. They may be purchased asa set or as individual documents.

FIRST YEAR

::3.4.5.6.7.a.9.

The plant: the living plant; the rootThe plant: the stem; the buds; the leavesThe plant: the flowerThe soil: how the soil is made upThe soil: how to conserve the soilThe soil: how to improve the soilCrop farmingAnimal husbandry: feeding and care of animalsAnimal husbandry: animal diseases; how animals1eproduce

SECOND YEAR10.11.12.13.;4.15.16.17.ia.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.

The farm business surveyCattle breedingSheep and goat breedingKeeping chickensFarming with animal powerCerealsRoots and tubersGroundnutsBananasMarket gardeningUpland riceWet paddy or swamp riceCocoaCoffeeThe oil palmThe rubber treeThe modern farm businessFreshwater fish farming: how to beginWater: where water comes fromFreshwater fish farming: the pondBetter freshwater fish farming: the fish


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graphic interpretaIt is one of a serintermediateThe original extension b

OTS communityU.S. Peace CorpsThis version has been preparesources and Aquaculture Service,Environment DivisionOrganization of thecan be made to the teecological conditions.Requests for permission to issue this


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..................What is fish farming? .........Why do we raise fish? ........What do you need to raise fisHow do we begin? ..........

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Where to put your fish pouCompost to fertilize your pond . .How to dig your pond . . . . . . .

The wager ....................Filling your pond ............Fertilizing the water in the pond .How to make compost ........

utting the fish into your p

ing your fish . . . . . .

care of your ~~~~ . . . . . . . 32

arwestiilg your Cis . . . . . .What to do with your baby fishWhat to do with your big fish

.

1414161621212224

2730

3334353942


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ntr ctioRead paragraphs 1 to 15.By raising fishyou can get bettar food andfor yourself and your family.

ut to do thisyou will have to take good careof your pond and your fish.

Building yourRead paragraphs 16 to 45.Your success in fish farmingdepends on where you put your pondand how you build It.Ask your extension agentto visit your landand give you advice.He can aiso advise youabout building your corn

Read paragraphs 46 to 66.You need rich landto have a goo

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--- --

every week.

isRead paragraphs 67 to 76.To know the best kind of fisto put into your pond,

ask your extension agentor other farmers who are raising fish.Ro not put too many fish in your pond.Handle baby fish carefullyto keep them strong.

iing your fishRead paragraphs 77 to 83.Feed your fish every day,and watch them while tIf they are healthythey will eat very quickly.Give them enough to eat,but not too much.

Read paragraphs 84 to


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You must take care of your croYou must take care of yo

Read paragraphs 91 to 112.Harvesting your fishwill be a big feast

for your family and friends.Be sure you have everything ready.Do not forget to keep some baby fish aliveso that you can start again.

e ready to use the big fishor to preserve themor to take them to the market.

Read paragraphs 113 to 119.Paragraphs 69 to 71will tell you how many baby fish you will need.When you have begun,try to do better

than the first time.

A~iswer the question paper.5


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3. fish

ily strong alike clicker, sheep alp oat.


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6. But fish farming is not easy.To raise fish is as hard workas to raise anything else,such as maize, rice,cassava or groundnuts.

7. You will need to learnto do many things.

What do you need to raise fis8. You will need a piece of landwhere you can build a pond,

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baby fish to begin,

food for your fish.

9. You will need time to builand to care for it regularly.Fish farming takes a lot of time.9


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10. If there is a fish culture stationnear where you liveyou may be nble to get helpfrom an extension agent.

11. If there is no extension agentyou will need to learn many things by yourself.12. You will need to knowthe type of soil best for your pond,how to dig your pond,

how to fill it with water,


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how to fertilize it.

- _- -.--

_ __. . - __. --.-

13. You will need to knowwhat kind of fish to raise,

Tilapia nilotica

how to put the baby fish into your pond,


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what to feed your fish,how to feed them.

14. You will need to knov*how lo take care of the pond,

how to drain it,


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how to harvest the fish,

how to use your own baby fish to start again./--

--_- __

.-

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me to put yaw fish pond16. You must choose a good placeto put your pond.17. Remember that a pond for fishis only one use for your land.Be careful not to build a pondon land that could be better usedfor something else.18. It is best to choose a piece of land

that has a gentle slope.19. Do not build your pond on a steep hillor where it can be floodedin the rainy season.20. Choose a sunny place for your pond,close to your home so peoplewiii not come and take your fish away.

Near your home It is also easierto take care of the fish.14


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21. The pond should be near watersuch as a stream or a spring,or in marshy groundwhere the water in the soilwill fill up your pond.

1 .,. :.,. ; ..

22. The soil in the place you choosemust be good for a fish pond.23. To test if you have good soil,take a handful of soil from the surfaceand squeeze it into a ball.24. Throw the bail of soilinto the air and catch it.

25. If it sticks together it is good soiland will hold water well.26. Bad soilwith sand or gravel in itwill not stick togetherand will not hold water.

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27. Now dig a hole as deep as your waistand test the soil from the bottomof the hole in the same way as before.

28. If the soil from the surface is good,and the soil from the bottom is good,this is a good place to dig your pond.Compost to fertilize your pond

29. You will need compostto fertilize your pond.To make a good compost pilewill take one month,so you should start making itbefore you dig your pond.Later this book will tell youhow to make compost (see 56-66)How to dig your pond

30. Mark out the size of the pondon the ground you have chosen.Each side should be about I4 metres long,10 metres for the pondand 2 metres for each bank of the pond.

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31. Clear this areaof all trees, bushes and grassand take away all the roots.32. Take away 20 centimetres of topsoilfrom all the cleared areaand put it aside.

33. Now you can dig your pond.34. The bottom of the pond should be evenand sloped toward the deep end.35. In the shallow end,

the water in the pond will have to be about knee-deep.36. In the deep end,it will have to be waist-deep.

37. As you dig the soil out,put it on the %metre stripsto be the banks of the pond.17


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38. Do not make the sides too steep,but slope themto make them stronger.

39. Compact the soil as you take it out,to make banks strong enoughto stop the water from pushing them out.The banks must be watertight.

40. You will need to make an inletat the shallow endabove the water levelto fill your pond.

41. At the deep endyou will need to make an outletto keep the banks from overflowingif there is too much water in the pond.18


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3.


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45. It is good if other farmersbuild ponds beslde yours.It is easier if others help youin fish farming,and one bank can be usedbetween two ponds.

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7.

49. As a screen you can use:


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50. To stop other peoplefrom taking fish from your pond,you can put some bamboo brancheson the pond bottom.This will stop them from fishingor taking fish with a net.

51. Now you are readyto fill your pond with water.

52. To make more food in the water for the fishyou will need to fertilize the pond.You can do this by adding compost.22


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\., ,_

-~-, _ _

1__1_.s M,.I12815 162"

F s-....-x

13 14

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56. Make a compost pile near the pond.Put it in a shady placeprotected from rain.

. .n

57. Make your pile in layers.Make the first layer of grass or leavesmixed with a spadeful of topsoil,and damp it with waterto make it rot faster58 Then make a second layer of animal manuremixed with a spadeful of topsoiland some water.

animal manure .grass or leaves\

59. Use animal manurefrom sheep, goats, cattle,pigs, chickens or ducks.24


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60. In place of animal manureyou can also use cotton seespoiled fruit, household garbage,ashes from the fireplace or night soi I.

.

61. Then make another layer of grass or leaves,and another of manure,until you have a large pile.

62. eep your coy watering i


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63. rot

_----__T W T

64. Take compost from the ~~ttorn of tor the old part of the pile,where it is most rotteto put in your

65. Add new layers to your pile every weeso that you will always have compost.66. If you have too much coyou can use some to fertilize your Ian


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67. The first time you stock your pondyou will need to find some baby fish.68. You can get them

from a ;ish-culture station

or from another fish farmer.69. If you use ?ilapia niloticayou will need two baby fish for each square metre.If each side of the pond is 10 metres long(100 square metres)you will need 200 fish

(about 2 kilograms or 5 pounds).

TilarJia nilotica

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70. Be carefulnot to put too many fish in your pond.Stocking a fish pondis like planting a field.lf plants are too close togetherthey grow badly.If there there are too many fishin your pondthey will grow badly, too,and they will stay small.

71. If you want to use a different fish,ask your extension agent for help.72. Before you put the baby fish in the pond,be sure that the water where they areis not hotter or colderthan the water in the pond.73. You can find this out

by putting one of your handsin the water with the fishand the other in the pond.74. If one is hotter or colderslowly put water from the pondin the water with the fishuntil they are both the same.

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75. tf you do notthe fish maywhen you put them in t76.

\ \ \ right

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77. Feed your fish every day.78. You can give them many things to eat.You can give themtermitescassava leaves and cassava wastesgrain mill sweepingsrice branbeer wastescotton seed pounded in a mortarslaughterhouse wastesspoiled fruitkitchen waste

79. Feed your fish in the shallow part of the pondso that you can see them eat.


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.

.

83.

-- .-

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84. You must take care of your pond every daywhen you take food to your fish.85. Be sure the pond is full of water.86. Be sure the screens are in placeso that your fish cannot get avvay.87. Do not let weeds covermore than one quarter of the surface.If there are too manypull them up.88. Cut the weeds and grasson the banks of the pond.89. Be sure the water is not leakingthrough the banks.If you find leaksstop them up right awaywith good soil.90. Get rid of birds, frogs,turtles, rats and snakes.They can hurt your fish.

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91.

92.

93. e fish early i94. ave some water%

e water


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96. Drain the pond by opening the bankat the deep end.97. Use a screen at the outletwhile you are drainingso that you will not lose any fish.98. Use baskets or nets

to take the fish out of the waterwhile the pond is being drained.to do with your beky

99. As soon as you find baby fish,put them gently into containerswith clean water.

100. You will need these baby fishto put back into your popdto begin again.Baby fish are the fish farmers seed.

10-i. Keep them in clean water,out of the sun,and move the water around gentlywith your handfrom time to time.34


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2.


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107. Use fish to f

each of you will have to eat.

108. You can sell part of your harvestto neighbours or at the market,either fresh or preserved.109. To transport fresh fish to market,you should:

rinse them well in clear water

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put them in a clean and dry container

cover them with fresh leaves or a mat, and

keep them out of the sun.


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110. A fresh fish will keep betterif you remove its gutsand rinse it with clean water.

111. To preserve the fishyou cannot sell or eat quickly,dry them in the sun,

or smoke them.

I 12. By putting some salt on your fishwhile you are drying or smoking themyou will preserve your fish better.38


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sa r-as

115. Fill the pond with water asBe sure to use a screento keep out ba


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116. Put compost in the crib.

117. Then put 200 of your baby fishback in the pond.

118. If you have more baby fishthan you need,sell some to a neighbourto help him start fish farming.

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119. You will see that by faryou can provifor your famil

120. If your family is not tooyou will have more fish to sell

and you and your familycan live better.


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Raisi ng fish will give you and your family more. and more .,.... . . . .

For your pond.... slope, near to ..................................... .....................

and to your ......... Such land shouldnot be ..... .......... ,, during the rainy season.If a ball of soil .............. together, itwill hold ............................................ ., . well,Before digging your pond, you ........................ .... .................the area and you take away all ........................... .....................and ................ ..... .....................................f soil,To keep out bad fish, you can use a ............... ....... .... ...To make the water better for the fish, you will add ........

it is best to choose land with a ..................

............ .... once a week.You should handle the baby fish very .........................................................You will ............................................. your fish every day,in the ................................. ...............................art of the pond.To take good care of your pond, you should look for ............... .... ...................n the banks, you should cut ...........

...... .... ... ..........................and get rid of ......................................................After 5 months, you may catch ............ ................... .......big fish each week.When draining the pond, you will need ........................... ................

to keep baby fish alive.42


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to raise fisas several a

t-low many baby fish will youWhat can you feed to your fisYoy have now bigharvest all of tyou need?

hen you drain yourfish alive?If you cannot eat a


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Documents

Freshwater Fish Farming How to Begin 1978