FRESHMEN’S SLIPS OF THE TONGUE IN ESP SPEAKING

CLASS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT AT UNIVERSITY OF

MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

THESIS

By:

MAHSA LIVIA

201210100311057

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2016

FRESHMEN’S SLIPS OF THE TONGUE IN ESP SPEAKING

CLASS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT AT UNIVERSITY OF

MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve

Sarjana Degree in English Education

By:

MAHSA LIVIA

201210100311057

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2016

Mottos

“You are what you believe in”

“Those who laugh last laugh best”

DEDICATIONS

This thesis is wholeheartedly dedicated to my beloved

parents, my lovely sister, and my beloved brother. Their sincere

kindness, prays, loves, and affections become my big motivation

to achieve my best and bright future.

Statement of Work’s Originality

The undersigned:

Name : Mahsa Livia

NIM : 201210100311057

Depatment : English Department

Faculty : Faculty of Teacher Training and Education

I hereby declare that in this thesis there is no any thesis or paper that have been

proposed to receive a bachelor degree, and there is no idea or notion written or

published by another person, unless what has been written in this thesis and

mentioned in the references.

Malang, January 25, 2016

Mahsa Livia

Materai

Acknowledgements

Alhamdulillah, all praises be to Allah SWT, the Almighty, the Most

Gracious and the Most Merciful, without which I would never have finished this

thesis. In accomplishing this thesis, I realize that my thesis is far from perfect.

Therefore, I would be glad to get any comments, feedbacks, and suggestions for

the betterment of this thesis. Besides, I owe many people for the support,

guidance, and help.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude and thanks to my first

advisor, Riski Lestiono M.A., and my second advisor, Dian Arsitades W., M.Pd.

Their endless supports, advices, patience and great guidance help me throughout

this thesis. Besides, I am also grateful to all lecturers at English department. I am

extremely thankful and indebted to them for sharing expertise, valuable guidance

and encouragement for me.

The foremost, I have to thank my parent for never ending love, support,

and pray throughout my life. Besides, for all my family, my sister, my brother and

Kak Ginandjar Assegaf, thanks for supporting and helping me as always. I will

always love you no matter what. I would also give my sincerest thanks for my

bae, my beloved cousin Ence Adinda Dianasta Almas. Her inspiring words do

help me not only to get through the times when working on this thesis revisions,

but also in every step of my daily terrific life. For my partner in crime, Istia Putri

Purwandari, she knows exactly how to make me laugh louder. For the

perfectionist girls, Muthiiah Nuurhamid and Diah Wahyuni, thank you for sparing

the time to handle everything I need.

For all my friends, my fireants friends, my classmates, my relied trans

(Annisa, Hanan, Hesti), thanks a lot for becoming friends that I deserve to

have. For my fine fellow (Doni, Adi, Odi, Apri, Fathon, Viona, Yudi, and Zay),

having a full of jokes and laughter day with you will always be the best

moment. Then, I would like to say thanks a bunch for my special one, Tedy

Bahtiar Kurniawan, for providing me with unfailing support throughout these

three years. The last, I also thank for those whom I cannot mention one by one for

the support and prayer for me in accomplishing this thesis.

Malang, January 25, 2016

The writer

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL ........................................................................................................... i

MOTTO AND DEDICATION ............................................................................. ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .................................................. iii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ....................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................... 4

1.3 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................. 5

1.4 Significance of the Study ...................................................................... 5

1.5 Scope and Limitation ............................................................................ 6

1.6 Definition of the Key Terms ................................................................. 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Speaking ................................................................................................ 7

2.2 Speech Error ........................................................................................ 10

2.2.1 Types of Common Speech Error ........................................... 11

2.2.1.1 Silent Pause.................................................................. 11

2.2.1.2 Filled Pause.................................................................. 11

2.2.1.3 Repeat .......................................................................... 12

2.2.1.4 False Start (Unretraced) ............................................... 12

2.2.1.5 False Start (Retraced) .................................................. 13

2.2.1.6 Correction .................................................................... 13

2.2.1.7 Stutter........................................................................... 14

2.2.1.8 Interjection ................................................................... 14

2.2.1.9 Slips of the Tongue ...................................................... 15

2.3 Slip of the Tongue ............................................................................... 15

2.3.1 Types of Slips of the Tongue ..................................................... 16

2.3.1.1 Blend ............................................................................ 16

2.3.1.2 Shift ............................................................................. 17

2.3.1.3 Reversal ....................................................................... 17

2.3.1.4 Deletion ....................................................................... 17

2.3.1.5 Anticipation ................................................................. 18

2.3.1.6 Perseveration ............................................................... 18

2.3.1.7 Substitution .................................................................. 19

2.3.1.8 Addition ....................................................................... 19

2.3.2 Factors of Slips of the Tongue ................................................... 20

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design .................................................................................. 22

3.2 Research Subject ................................................................................. 23

3.3 Research Instrument ............................................................................ 25

3.3.1 Observation Checklist ................................................................ 25

3.3.2 Interview Guide ......................................................................... 26

3.4 Data Collection .................................................................................... 26

3.5 Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 27

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Findings ............................................................................................... 30

4.1.1 Types of Slips of the Tongue ..................................................... 30

4.1.1.1 Deletion ....................................................................... 32

4.1.1.2 Substitution .................................................................. 32

4.1.1.3 Addition ....................................................................... 33

4.1.1.4 Anticipation ................................................................. 34

4.1.1.5 Reversal ....................................................................... 34

4.1.1.6 Perseveration ............................................................... 34

4.1.2 Factors of Slips of the Tongue ................................................... 35

4.2 Discussion ............................................................................................ 39

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 47

5. 2 Suggestions .......................................................................................... 48

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Observation Checklist

Appendix 2 Interview Guide

REFERENCES

Ali, Z.A. 2007. “The Relationship Between Tongue Slips and the Field of

Linguistics. “Tikrit University Journal for Humanities. VOL 14, No. 7;

August 2007.

Altiparmak, Ayse. And Kuruoglu, Gulmira. 2014. Slips of The Tongue: A

Psycholinguistic Study in Turkish Language. Humanities and Social

Sciences Review. Vol.3, No.2, pp. 41–254; 2014.

Ary, Donald et al. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education. USA:Wadsworth,

Cengage Learning.

Atmoko. 2008. A Descriptive Study on the Teaching English Method for the First

Year Student in SMU N 1 Sukoharjo in 2007/2008 Academic Year.

Unpublished Research Paper. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of

Surakarta.

Barreiro, P.L. And Albandoz, J.P. 2001. Management Mathematics for European

Schools. Spain: University of Seville.

Bleser, Ria. And Ziegler, W. 2009. Speech Imitation in Verbal Repetition.

Munchen: Universitat Postdam.

Brown, H.D. 2007. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching Fifth Edition.

New York: Pearson Education, Inc.

Bygate, Martin. 1997. Language Teaching: A Scheme for Teacher Education;

Speaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Carroll, D.W. 2008. Psychology of Language. Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth.

Chung, Sandra. 2000. “On reference to kinds in Indonesian”. Natural Language

Semantics 8. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Clark, H.H. & E.V. Clark. 1977. Psychology and Language: An Instruction to

Psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

Clark, H.H And Fox, Jean E. 2002. Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking.

United States of America: University of California

Creswell, John W. 2009. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed

methods approaches. United States of America: SAGE Publication, Inc.

Dardjowidjojo, S. 2003. Psycholinguitics: Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa

Manusia. Unika Atma Jaya: Yayasan Obor Indonesia,

https://books.google.co.id/ (accessed on October 2015)

Dell, Gary S. 1986. A Spreading-Activation Theory of Retrieval in Sentence

Production. University of Rochester: American Psychological

Association, Inc.

Donovan, P. (2006). Slips Mark Language Development.

http://www.buffalo.edu/reporter/vol 36/articles/jaegar.html (accessed on

October 2015)

Fay, David and Cutler, Anne. 1977. “Malapropisms and the Structure of the

Mental Lexicon”. Linguistic Inquiry. Vol. 8, No. 3; Summer, 1977, pp.

505-520

Fraser, Malcolm. 2010. Self-therapy for the Stutter. United States of America:

Stuttering Foundation of America.

Fromkin, V. A. (ed.) 1973. Speech errors as linguistic evidence. The Hague:

Mouton Publishers.

Fromkin, et al. 2011. An Introduction to Language. Canada: Wadsworth Cengage

Learning.

Fusari, 2004. The Technique of Teaching Speaking For the First Year Students at

SMAN in Malang. Malang: Unpublished Thesis.

Gleason, J. and Ratner, N. 1998. Psycholinguistics, Second Edition London:

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers.

Goldstein et all. 2007. Dynamic action units slip in speech production errors. UK:

University of Edinburgh.

Hancock, B. (2002). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Nottingham, UK:

Trent Focus Group.

Harmer, Jeremy. 2007. How to teach English. England: Pearson Longman.

Heffner, Christopher L. Research Method. Dr. Christopher L. Heffner at AllPsych

Online, Heffner Media Group Inc. http://allpsych.com/ (accessed on

October 2015)

Honal, Matthias. 2009. Correction of Disuencies in Spontaneous Speech using a

Noisy-Channel Approach. Germany: University of Karlsruhe.

Irianti, Sari. 2011. Using Role Play in Improving Students’ Speaking Ability.

Unpublished Sarjana’s Thesis. Jakarta: Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic

University Jakarta.

Jaeger, J. 2005. KIDS' SLIPS: What Young Children's Slips of the Tongue Reveal

About Language Development. Department of Linguistics and Center for

Cognitive Science University at Buffalo The State University of New

York: Mahwah, NJ. Publication.

Kathy, Magalia. 2010. The difference between "error" and "mistake”. Retrieved

from http://www.enotes.com on October 2015. Kess, Joseph F. 1992. Psycholinguistics: Psychology, Linguistics and the Study of

Natural Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Karisman. 2008. A Psycholinguistic Research on Slips of the Tongue Occurred in

the Speaking Class of English Letters and Language Department

Students of UIN Malang. Unpublished Sarjana’s Thesis. Malang: State

Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.

Lika. 2009. A Psycholinguistic Analysis on Slips of the Tongue in the Speaking

Class at Fantastic English for Better Malang. Unpublished Sarjana’s

Thesis. Malang: State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim

Malang.

Liu, M. & Jackson, J. (2008). “An Exploration of Chinese EFL Learners’

Unwillingness to Communicate and Foreign Language Anxiety.” The

Modern Language Journal. 92, 71-86

Moser, David. 1991. Slips of the Tongue and Pen in Chinese. Philadelphia : Sino-

Platonic Papers.

Naiyf, Shatha. 2010. Malapropism as a Slip of the Tongue. Baghdad: Baghdad

University

Ogata et al. 2009. The Use of Accoustically Detected Filled and Silent Pauses in

Spontaneous Speech Recognition. Japan: Hosei University.

Paulisse, N. 1999. Slips of the Tongue. Speech Errors in First and Language

Production. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Rahman, Anwar. And Devianty, Rafista. 2012. “The Correlation between

Students’ Motivation and Their English Speaking Ability.” Jurnal Ilmiah

ESAI. Vol 6, No.1; January 2012.

Rimawati. 2009. A psycholinguistics analysis on kids’ and adults’s slip of the

tongue found in EF (English First) Malang. Unpublished Sarjana’s

Thesis. Malang: State Islamic University of Maulana Malik Ibrahim

Malang.

Siahaan, Sanggam. 2008. Issues in Linguistics. Yogyakarta : Graha Ilmu.

Smith, Linda.B. And Sethuraman, N. 2010. Journal of Pragmatics.USA: Elsevier

B.V.

Sue et al. 2006. Understanding Abnormal Behaviour Eight Edition. USA:

Houghton Mifflin Company.

Syakur. 2007. Language Testing & Evaluation. Surakarta : Sebelas Maret

University Press.

Tissi, Beneditta. 2000. Silent pauses and disfluencies in simultaneous

interpretation: A descriptive analysis. The Interpreters’ Newsletter 10:

103-127.

Trask, R.L. 2007. Language and Linguistics: The key Concepts. USA: Routledge.

Umar, A and Napitupulu, D. 1998. Psikolinguistik and Sosiolinguistik. Medan:

Suatu Pengantar Pustaka Widyasarana.

Yingjie, Yang. 2014. “The Implementation of Speaking Fluency in

Communicative Language Teaching.” International Journal of English

Language Education. Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2014.

Widiati, Utami. And Cahyono, B. Y. 2006. The Teaching of EFL Speaking in

Indonesian Context: The State of Art. Bahasa dan Seni. No.2; Agustus

2006

Wright, R. And Frish C.H. 2002. “The phonetics of phonological speech errors:

An acoustic analysis of slips of the tongue.” Journal of Phonetic. No.30;

February 2002.