Fresh Water Notes

Chapter 12

Water Cycle

• Water Cycle is a continuous moving of water from Earth’s surface to the atmosphereand back.

Water Cycle Parts

• There are 3 Major Parts

–Evaporation: liquid water changes to a gas water vapor

Water Cycle Parts

–Condensation: water vapor cools and “clumps” around dust particles forms a cloud

Water Cycle Parts

–Precipitation: Water vapor condenses and droplets get heavier

•Examples

–Rain

–Snow

–Sleet

–Hail

Precipitation•Returns to earth and…

–Soaks into the soilgroundwater

–Runs off the land back to the ocean Run Off

Distribution of Earth’s Water

• 97% salt water

Salt Water Locations

• Location of Salt Water

–Oceans

Saltwater: Oceans

•Pacific

–Largest

–Deepest

Saltwater: Oceans

•Atlantic

–2nd largest

Saltwater: Oceans

•Indian

–Smallest liquid ocean

–Deeper than Atlantic

Saltwater: Oceans

• Arctic

–Smallest

–mostly frozen

Freshwater Location

• 3% fresh water

– about ¾ of fresh water is frozen

– about ¼ of fresh water is underground

– A tiny portion is in lakes and rivers

– A tiny portion is in water vapor in atmosphere

Freshwater Location

• Location of Fresh water

–Ice

•Locked in sheets at the poles

Freshwater Location

–Rivers and Lakes

•Important source of fresh water for communities

•Very small amount of the worlds water

Freshwater Location

–Groundwater

• More water is stored underground than in all of Earth’s rivers and lakes.

Surface Water

• Fresh water is found here

River Systems

• Rivers start in the mountainsas run off from melting snow

Parts of A River System

–Tributaries: streams & smaller rivers that feed into main river

Parts of A River System

–Water Shed: land & area that supplies water to a river system

We live in the Mississippi River water shed

Parts of A River System

–Divide: Land ridge that separates one water shed from another•The continental divide is the longestdivide in North America

Ponds

• Characteristics of Ponds

–Contain standing water (not moving)

–Shallow

•Sunlight reaches the bottom

Pond Formation

• Ponds form in different ways

–Rainfall

–Melting snow and ice

–Run off

–Rivers

–Ground water

Ponds are Habitats

• Ponds are habitats for many animals

–Habitat: the place an organism lives and gets what it needs to survive

Lakes

• Characteristics of a lake

–Deeper and bigger than ponds

–Sunlight does not reach the bottom

•No plants live on the bottom

–Bottom is sand, pebble or rock

Formation of Lakes

• Formed in several ways

–Ice sheets melting (Glaciers)

•Ex. Great Lakes

Formation of Lakes

–Movement of Earth’s crust

•Ex. Lake Victoria in Africa

Formation of Lakes

–Volcanoes

•From lava flow

•Empty volcano craters

Formation of Lakes

–Reservoir- a lake that stores water for human use

Wetlands

• A land area that is coveredwith water during part or all of the year

Types of Wetlands

• Three common types

–Marshes- grassy areas covered by shallow wateror a stream

Types of Wetlands

–Swamp- look like flooded forests

Type of Wetlands

–Bogs- in cool areas

Wetlands

• Everglades: Marshes in Florida

Importance of Wetlands

• Importance of wetlands

–Habitats to many species

–Natural water filters

–Flood controls

Water Underground

• How water movesunderground

• Trickles down between particles of soil and through cracks and spaces

in layers of rock

Groundwater Movement

• Different types of rock and soil effects how water moves–Large pore size water moves easilydownward•Permeable: water can passthrough

Groundwater Movement

–Small pores- or no connected pores

•Impermeable: water cannotpass

through

Water Zones

–Saturated Zone

•Totally filled

–water table: top of the saturated zone

Water Zones

–Unsaturated Zone

•Pores have some moisture but also some air

•Not Filled

Bringing Up Ground Water

• Springs: groundwater bubbles or flows out cracksin the rocks

–Can be hot or cold

Bringing up Groundwater

• Aquifers: any underground layer of rock or sediment that holds H2O

Bringing Up Groundwater

• Wells

–Location: below the water table

•can be effected by drought (no rain)

Bringing Up Groundwater

–Pumps

•Mechanical

•Overuse

–Pump can become

dry

Bringing Up Groundwater

• Artesian Well: water rises because of the pressurewithin the aquifer

–No pump necessary

–Water spurts out

Bringing Up Groundwater

• Geyser: fountain of boiling water and white steam bursts into air

–Periodically erupts (on a regular schedule)

•Heated by magma

–Ex. Old Faithful