8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

1/37

FREQUENCYAND LOADCONTROL IN

POWER GENERATION BY

ENGR . E. A.ABHULIMENMNSE, MNIMechE, Regd. Engr. COREN

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

2/37

OBJECTIES B! "he end #$ "h%& 're&en"("%#n, '(r"%c%'(n"&

&h#)*d+

Re(*%e "he need "# -(%n"(%n %n"erc#nnec"ed

&"e(d!&"("e $re/)enc! 0%"h%n de$%ned *%-%"& 1!

1(*(nc%ng re(* '#0er de-(nd (nd &)''*!C#-e "# 1e*%e2e "h(" I$ e$$ec"%2e $re/)enc! (nd

*#(d c#n"r#* %& (ch%e2ed, &!&"e- 1*(c3 #)"& #r

gr%d c#**('&e 0%** 1e (2er"ed (nd4n#0 "h(" 0%"h &"e(d! $re/)enc!, e/)%'-en"

d(-(ge 0%** 1e -%n%-%ed.

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

3/37

INTRODUCTIONA 1(&%c d%$$%c)*"! 0%"h e*ec"r%c energ! 'r#d)c"%#n (nd

)&(ge %& "h(", ('(r" $r#- &h#r" 'er%#d& #$ "%-e (nd &-(**

/)(n"%"%e&, e*ec"r%c energ! c(nn#" 1e &"#red.

S%nce e*ec"r%c(* energ! %& ( $#r- #$ energ! "h(" c(nn#"

1e e$$ec"%2e*! &"#red %n 1)*3, %" -)&" 1e gener("ed,

d%&"r%1)"ed, (nd c#n&)-ed %--ed%("e*!.I" -)&" 1e 'r#d)ced (" "he &(-e "%-e (& %" %& )&ed.

T# -(%n"(%n "he 1(*(nce 1e"0een '#0er 'r#d)c"%#n (nd

c#n&)-'"%#n, "he '#0er '*(n"& "h(" 'r#d)ce "he energ!-)&" 1e c#n"%n)#)&*! reg)*("ed.

P#0er &!&"e- c#n"r#* %& 1(&ed #n "he 'hen#-en#n "h("

%n c(&e #$ (n %-1(*(nce, "he A*"ern("%ng C)rren" 5AC6

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

4/37

In"r#d)c"%#n C#n"7d8When "he *#(d #n ( &!&"e- (''r#(che& "he -(9%-)-

gener("%ng c('(c%"!, ne"0#r3 #'er("#r& -)&" e%"her $%nd

(dd%"%#n(* &)''*%e& #$ energ! #r $%nd 0(!& "# c)r"(%* "he

*#(d, hence *#(d -(n(ge-en".

I$ "he! (re )n&)cce&&$)*, "he &!&"e- 0%** 1ec#-e

)n&"(1*e (nd 1*(c3#)"& c(n #cc)r.M(%n"(%n%ng de-(nd&)''*! 1(*(nce (nd reg)*("%ng

$re/)enc! (re 3e! %&&)e& %n '#0er &!&"e- c#n"r#*.

E*ec"r%c(* '#0er de-(nd (nd '#0er &)''*! -)&" 1ec#n"%n)#)&*! 1(*(nced. I$ "he de-(nd (nd &)''*! (re n#"

1(*(nced, #r %$ "here %& n#" en#)gh &"#red energ! %n "he

&!&"e- "# "e-'#r(r%*! &)''*! "he %-1(*(nce, gener("%#n

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

5/37

T:E GRID SYSTEM

o An electrical grid5(* 3n#0n (& (n e*ec"r%c%"! gr%d

#r e*ec"r%c gr%d6 %& (n %n"erc#nnec"ed ne"0#r3 $#r

de*%2er%ng e*ec"r%c%"! $r#- &)''*%er& "# c#n&)-er&.

o I" c#n&%&"& #$ gener("%ng &"("%#n& "h(" 'r#d)ce e*ec"r%c(*

'#0er, h%gh2#*"(ge "r(n&-%&&%#n *%ne& "h(" c(rr! '#0er$r#- d%&"(n" )rce& "# de-(nd cen"er&, (nd d%&"r%1)"%#n

*%ne& "h(" c#nnec" %nd%2%d)(* c)&"#-er&

o

The National Grid%& "he h%gh2#*"(ge e*ec"r%c '#0er"r(n&-%&&%#n ne"0#r3 c#nnec"%ng '#0er &"("%#n& (nd

-(;#r &)1&"("%#n& (nd en&)r%ng "h(" e*ec"r%c%"! gener("ed

(n!0here c(n 1e )&ed "# &("%&$! de-(nd e*&e0here

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

6/37

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

7/37

Ad2(n"(ge& #$ In"erc#nnec"ed P#0er S!&"e-

The e*ec"r%c(* gr%d ne"0#r3 h(& $#**#0%ng (d2(n"(ge& #r

-er%"& c#-'(red "# (n %*("ed '#0er &!&"e-.

Tr(n&$er #$ '#0er (-#ng d%$$eren" #ne& he*'& "#

'r#2%de '#0er &)''*!

I" h(& %-'r#2ed c#-'en&("%#n $#r *#(d $*)c")("%#n&M)*"%(&&%&"(nce %& (ch%e2ed %n "he e2en" #$ $()*".

E*ec"r%c )"%*%"%e& 1ene$%"& $r#- %"& n(")re #$ 1e%ng *(rge

(nd %n"erc#nnec"%ng )"%*%"%e& (**#0& $#r ec#n#-%e& #$&c(*e.

U"%*%"%e& c(n dr(0 '#0er $r#- gener("#r re&er2e& $r#-

( d%$$eren" reg%#n %n #rder "# en&)re c#n"%n)%ng, re*%(1*e#0er (nd d%2er&%$ "he%r *#(d&

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

8/37

Ad2(n"(ge& C#n"7d8

In"erc#nnec"%#n (* (**#0& reg%#n& "# h(2e (cce&& "#

che(' 1)*3 energ! 1! rece%2%ng '#0er $r#- d%$$eren")rce&. F#r e9(-'*e, #ne reg%#n -(! 1e 'r#d)c%ng

che(' h!dr# '#0er d)r%ng h%gh 0("er &e(n&, 1)" %n *#0

0("er &e(n&, (n#"her (re( -(! 1e 'r#d)c%ng che('er'#0er "hr#)gh 0%nd, (**#0%ng 1#"h reg%#n& "# (cce&&

che('er energ! )rce& $r#- #ne (n#"her d)r%ng d%$$eren"

"%-e& #$ "he !e(rNe%gh1#r%ng )"%*%"%e& (* he*' #"her& "# -(%n"(%n "he

#2er(** &!&"e- $re/)enc!.

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

9/37

FrequencyS!&"e- $re/)enc! %& "he n)-1er #$ c!c*e& 5#&c%**("%#n&6

-(de 1! (n (*"ern("%ng c)rren" 'er &ec#nd.

The )"%*%"! $re/)enc! 5'#0er6, *%ne $re/)enc! 5A-er%c(

Eng*%&h6 #r -(%n& $re/)enc! 5Br%"%&h Eng*%&h6 %&

"he $re/)enc! #$ "he #&c%**("%#n& #$ (*"ern("%ng

c)rren" 5AC6 %n (n e*ec"r%c '#0er gr%d "r(n&-%""ed $r#-

( '#0er '*(n" "# "he end)&er&.

In *(rge '(r"& #$ "he 0#r*d "h%& %& = :.

F#r #'er("%#n #$ "he e*ec"r%c(* c#-'#nen"& %n '#0er

S!&"e-, cer"(%n $re/)enc! *%-%"& e9%&". U&)(**!, ? @.< (nd

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

10/37

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

11/37

LOAD

On "he #"her h(nd, *#(d& 0%"h energ! &"#r(ge e*e-en"&

(re $re/)enc! de'enden". L#(d& c(n 1e gr#)'ed %n"#

"hree -(;#r c("eg#r%e&

Ind)&"r%(*,

Re&%den"%(*, (ndC#--erc%(*.

E(ch *#(d c("eg#r! h(& %"& #0n ch(r(c"er%&"%c&. F#r

e9(-'*e, %nd)&"r%(* *#(d& "end "# 1e he(2! r#"("%ng-(ch%ne& 0%"h h%gh %ner"%( (nd g##d $re/)enc!

re&'#n&e&.

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

12/37

LOAD CONT7D8

On "he #''#&%"e &%de #$ "he *#(d &'ec"r)- (rec#--erc%(* (nd re&%den"%(* *#(d&, 0h%ch )&)(**!

%nc*)de e*ec"r#n%c(**! c#n"r#**ed de2%ce& 0%"h (

0e(3er $re/)enc! re&'#n&e.The e$$ec" #$ *#(d "!'e #n "he $re/)enc!

re&'#n&e %& %-'#r"(n" "# "he e9"en" "h(" %" h(&

1een &)gge&"ed (& ( &e'(r("e %n')" "# "he$re/)enc! re&'#n&e -#de*&

Ind)c"%2e *#(d&, &)ch (& r#"("%#n(* e*ec"r%c(*

-(ch%ne&, (re n(")r(* $re/)enc! &"(1%*%er&.

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

13/37

S!nchr#n%("%#nThe -(;#r%"! #$ &!nchr#n#)& gener("#r& (re c#nnec"ed

"# e(ch #"her 2%( "he e*ec"r%c(* '#0er &)''*! gr%d. Th%&gr%d %& re$erred "# (& ( &"%$$ #r c#n&"(n" 2#*"(ge, c#n&"(n"

$re/)enc! &!&"e- 1ec()&e cer"(%n c#nd%"%#n& de"er-%ned

$#r %" -(! n#" 1e ch(nged.The -(%n& 2#*"(ge @%& c#n&"(n".

The $re/)enc! $@%& c#n&"(n".

I$ gener("#r& (re c#nnec"ed "# "he &!&"e-, "hen "he&e&!nchr#n%("%#n c#nd%"%#n& (& 0e** (& "he $#**#0%ng -)&"

1e $)*$%**ed

G

@

+ G

gener("#r 2#*"(ge

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

14/37

S!nchr#n%("%#n C#n"7d8

The $)*$%**-en" #$ "he&e &!nchr#n%("%#n c#nd%"%#n&

c#n&"%")"e& &!nchr#n%("%#n.

The re&)*" %& "h(" "he gener("#r %& r)n )' "# "he

&!nchr#n%("%#n '#%n", "he 2#*"(ge %& (d;)&"ed

(cc#rd%ng*! 2%( "he e9c%"er c)rren" 0h%*e "he $re/)enc!

(nd 'h(&e (ng*e (re c#n"r#**ed 2%( "he &'eed #r "#r/)e

#$ "he ")r1%ne.

The "er- &!nchr#n#)& &%-'*! -e(n& %" %& %n &"e' 0%"h

"he gr%d $re/)enc!,

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

15/37

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

16/37

S!nchr#n%("%#n C#n"7d8

When ( gener("#r %& #'er("%ng %n %*("%#n, e.g $eed%ng%"& #0n %nd)&"r%(* '#0er ne"0#r3, %" &)''*%e& 2#*"(ge ("

( $re/)enc! "h(" de'end& #n %"& r#"("%#n &'eed.

Th%& %& de"er-%ned 1! "he -ech(n%c(* "#r/)e #$ "he

dr%2e -(ch%ne (nd "he (c"%2e '#0er #)"')" #$ "he

gener("#r (& de"er-%ned 1! "he *#(d&.

F#r c#n&"(n" &'eed&, "he dr%2e "#r/)e (nd "he *#(d

"#r/)e h(2e "# 1e e/)(*.

L#(d $*)c")("%#n& *e(d "# &'eed 2(r%("%#n&, 0h%ch "hen

need "# 1e c#-'en&("ed $#r 1! "he &'eed c#n"r#**er #$

"he dr%2e -#d)*e.

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

17/37

S!nchr#n%("%#n C#n"7d8When ( gener("#r %& #'er("ed %n '(r(**e* 0%"h ( *(rge

"hree'h(&e -(%n& ne"0#r3, "he &'eed 5$re/)enc!6 %&'rede"er-%ned 1! "he -(%n& &)''*!.

The gener("#r need& "# 1e &!nchr#n%ed %n (d2(nce, %.e.

"he "er-%n(* 2#*"(ge #$ "he gener("#r #'er("%ng )nder n#*#(d -)&" -("ch "he -(%n& 2#*"(ge %n "er-& #$ (-'*%")de,

$re/)enc!, 'h(&e &e/)ence (nd 'h(&e (ng*e.

The (c"%2e '#0er #)"')" %& de"er-%ned 1! "he (ng)*(rd%&'*(ce-en", %.e. "he re*("%2e 'h(&e #$$&e" #$ "he

gener("#r #)"')" 0%"h re&'ec" "# "he -(%n&.

The 'h(&e &h%$" 1e"0een "he &!nchr#n#)& gener("ed

2#*"(ge (nd "he -(%n& 2#*"(ge %& de$%ned (& "he (ng)*(r

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

18/37

The C#n"r#*A &!nchr#n#)& -(ch%ne c(n 1e c#-'(red "# ( "r#**e!

1e"0een "0# *#c#-#"%2e&, 0h%ch -)&" g# (" "he &(-e'(ce (& "he re&" #$ "he &!&"e-, #"her0%&e %" 0%** 1e

cr)&hed.

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

19/37

The Control Contd

The $re/)enc! #$ ( &!nchr#n#)& gener("#r %& g%2en 1!

FNP@=Where,

$ $re/)enc! 5%n :6,

N re2#*)"%#n 'er -%n)"e& 5RPM6,P n)-1er #$ '#*e&

The $re/)enc! 5F6 #$ ( &!nchr#n#)& gener("#r %&

d%rec"*! 'r#'#r"%#n(* "# %"& &'eed 5N6. When -)*"%'*e&!nchr#n#)& gener("#r& (re c#nnec"ed %n '(r(**e* "#

e*ec"r%c(* gr%d, "he $re/)enc! %& $%9ed 1! "he gr%d, &%nce

%nd%2%d)(* '#0er #)"')" #$ e(ch gener("#r 0%** 1e &-(**

c#-'(red "# "he *#(d #n ( *(rge gr%d, (nd "h)& (** "he

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

20/37

The Control Contd

In "he c(&e #$ $re/)enc! c#n"r#*, "he #1;ec"%2e %& "#

-(%n"(%n "he n#-%n(* $re/)enc! (& c*#&e*! (& '#&&%1*e. I$ "here %& ( d%&")r1(nce, %" %& de&%r(1*e "# re&"#re "he

n#-%n(* $re/)enc! /)%c3*!.

Fre/)enc! de2%("%#n& (re (n %nd%c("%#n #$ '#0er-%&-("ch %n "he '#0er ne"0#r3.

I$ '#0er gener("%#n (nd de-(nd (re n#" 1(*(nced, "he

$re/)enc! c#n"%n)e& "# %ncre(&e 5%$ gener("%#n e9ceed&

de-(nd 6#r decre(&e 5%$ de-(nd e9ceed& gener("%#n6.

E2en")(**! c#nnec"ed e/)%'-en" &"(r"& $(%*%ng (nd ($"er

-e "%-e "he '#0er &!&"e- c#**('&e& 5%.e, '#0er %& n#"

de*%2ered (" "he /)(*%"! (nd /)(n"%"! de-(nded6. F#r "h%&

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

21/37

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

22/37

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

23/37

primary frequency control

The c#n"r#* #$ $re/)enc! 1! "he (c"%#n #$ g#2ern#r&

(&c%("ed 0%"h ")r1%negener("#r& %& c(**ed primary

frequency control

The g#2ern#r %& ( &'eed &en&%"%2e de2%ce, de&%gned "#

-(%n"(%n ( c#n&"(n" eng%ne &'eed reg(rd*e&& #$ *#(d

2(r%("%#n #n "he eng%ne.

I" c#n"r#*& "he $*#0 r("e #$ "he 0#r3%ng $*)%d %n"# "he

eng%ne 5'r%-e -#2er6 %n #rder "#3ee' "he &'eed c#n&"(n". I" %& de&%gned %n &)ch ( 0(!

"h(" %" c(n -#n%"#r (nd -e(&)re "he -(ch%ne7& &'eed,

c#-'(re& %" 0%"h ( de&%red &'eed 5&e" 2(*)e6 (nd -(3e&

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

24/37

G#2ern#r C#n"r#*

S%nce "he g#2ern#r c#n"r#*& "he 'r%-e -#2er7& &'eed, %"

-)&" h(2e -e -e(n& #$ de"ec"%ng &'eed, -e

re$erence 0%"h 0h%ch "# c#-'(re "he &'eed (" (n! %n&"(n"

(nd -e -e(n& "# c#rrec" "he &'eed err#r #$ "he 'r%-e

-#2er. Th)&+ g#2ern#r&, reg)*("%ng &'eed h(& "hree

e&&en"%(* c#-'#nen"&

S'eed de"ec"%#n e*e-en"&

S'eed re$erence e*e-en"&S'eed c#rrec"%#n #r reg)*("%ng e*e-en"&

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

25/37

The Goernor in relation to tur!ine control

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

26/37

G#2ern#r C#n"r#* C#n"7d8

The c#-'*e"e &'eed g#2ern#r, -e(&)re& "he &'eed #$ "he

'r%-e -#2er, c#-'(re& %" 0%"h "he &e" #r re$erence

&'eed (nd %n%"%("e& ( reg)*("%ng (c"%#n "# re")rn "he

(c")(* &'eed "# "he &e" &'eed, 1! ch(ng%ng "he r("e #$

&)''*! #$ energ! "# "he 'r%-e -#2er.

When "he (c")(* &'eed e/)(*& "he &e", "he &'eed err#r %&

er# (nd n# $)r"her c#rrec"%2e (c"%#n #cc)r&.

A &'eed de"ec"#r #'er("e& "he eng%ne &'eed c#n"r#*0h%ch %& *%3e "he "hr#""*e, reg)*("%ng "he &'eed #$ "he

eng%ne")r1%ne.

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

27/37

G#2ern#r C#n"r#* C#n"7d8

The &'eed de"ec"#r c#)*d 1e ( r#"("%ng -ech(n%c(*

0e%gh"& "h(" -#2e )' (nd d#0n "# 'r#2%de (n #)"')"

&%gn(* "hr#)gh ( -ech(n%c(* *%n3(ge "# "he "hr#""*e .

I" c#)*d (* 1e (n e*ec"r#n%c RPM &enr "h(" h(& (n

#)"')" &%gn(* 'r#'#r"%#n(* "# RPM. The #)"')" &%gn(* %&

'r#ce&&ed "# c#n"r#* ( -#"#r #r *%n3(ge "# #'er("e "he

"hr#""*e, reg)*("e "he $)e* $*#0, "he 0("er #r &"e(- $*#0,

0h("e2er %& re/)%re "# 2(r! "he '#0er #$ "he 'r%-e-#2er 5eng%ne6 %"& &'eed re-(%n& c#n&"(n" 0%"h

ch(nge& %n *#(d. The g#2ern#r %& "here$#re ( $eed1(c3

c#n"r#* &!&"e-.

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

28/37

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

29/37

FREQUENCY AND LOAD CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GOVERNOR

Whene2er "here %& 2(r%("%#n %n *#(d de-(nd #n ( gener("%ng )n%",

"here 0%** 1e ( -#-en"(r! #$ c)rren" #$ %-1(*(nce 1e"0een re(*'#0er #)"')" #$ "he 'r%-e -#2er (nd '#0er #n "he gr%d. In #rder "#

-(%n"(%n gr%d &!&"e- &"(1%*%"! (nd re*%(1%*%"!, 1(*(nce -)&" 1e

-(%n"(%n 1e"0een de-(nd (nd &)''*! #$ e*ec"r%c '#0er #n "he

gr%d.

When "here %& ( *#(d %ncre(&e #n ( -(ch%ne, %"& &'eed 0%** "end

"#

red)ce. The g#2ern#r 0%** de"ec" "h%& &'eed ch(nge, (nd (c" "#

%ncre(&e $)e* %n"(3e "# "he eng%ne, *e(d%ng "# 'r#'#r"%#n(* %ncre(&e

%n &'eed 1(c3 "# &e" 2(*)e.

C#n2er&e*!, 0hen "here %& ( *#(d red)c"%#n, "he g#2ern#r 0%**

de"ec" &'eed r%&e (nd "(3e (c"%#n "# red)ce $)e* $*#0 r("e "# "he

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

30/37

Secondary frequency control

In &ec#nd(r! $re/)enc! c#n"r#*H "he *#(d%ng #n

d%$$eren" '*(n"& %& ch(nged (cc#rd%ng "# "he %n&"r)c"%#n&g%2en 1! "he *#(d d%&'("cher.

In "h%& "!'e #$ c#n"r#*, "he $re/)enc! #$ "he gener("%ng

&"("%#n& %& 1r#)gh" 1(c3 "# "he re/)%red 2(*)e 5=

:6 1! (''r#'r%("e "r(n&$er #$ *#(d 1e"0een d%$$eren"

(re(& #r #ne&

The &ec#nd(r! *#(d $re/)enc! c#n"r#* "(3e& %n"#

(cc#)n" #$ ec#n#-%c(* #'er("%#n& #$ "he c#-'*e"e &!&"e-

h(2%ng &e2er(* %n"erc#nnec"ed gener("%ng &"("%#n&.

S d f t l C td

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

31/37

Secondary frequency control ContdE9ch(nge #$ '#0er 1e"0een "he d%$$eren" #ne& %n "he

'#0er &!&"e- %& )&)(**! g#2erned 1! cer"(%n $%9ed &e" #$

'r#gr(-& "h(" $#r ( g%2en 'er%#d #$ "%-e, ( c#n&"(n"

(-#)n" #$ '#0er %& e9ch(nged 1e"0een "he "0#

%n"erc#nnec"ed &!&"e-&.

I$ "here %& ( $re/)enc! 2(r%("%#n %n '(r"%c)*(r #ned)r%ng #'er("%#n "h%& -(! 1e d)e "# "r%''%ng #$ #ne #$

"he

gener("%ng &"("%#n& %n "he #ne #r "r%''%ng #$ "%e *%ne.Th(" #ne %& %n&"r)c"ed "# %ncre(&e "he (-#)n" #$

'#0er

%-'#r" #r red)ce "he (-#)n" #$ '#0er e9'#r" . S)ch (

c#n"r#* %& 1(&ed #n L#(d $re/)enc! 1%(&.

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

32/37

Dr##' &'eed c#n"r#*

Dr##' re$er& "# (n err#r &%gn(* de*%1er("e*! %n"r#d)ced

%n &!&"e- c#n"r#*.

In e*ec"r%c(* '#0er gener("%#n, Dr##' S'eed C#n"r#* %&

( &'eed c#n"r#* -#de #$ ( 'r%-e -#2er dr%2%ng

( &!nchr#n#)& gener("#r c#nnec"ed "# (n e*ec"r%c(* gr%d.Th%& -#de (**#0& &!nchr#n#)& gener("#r& "# r)n %n

'(r(**e*, "h(" *#(d& (re &h(red (-#ng gener("#r& %n

'r#'#r"%#n "# "he%r '#0er r("%ng.In "h%& -#de, ( &'eed re$erence (& 'ercen"(ge #$ (c")(*

&'eed %& &e". A& "he gener("#r %& *#(ded $r#- n# *#(d "#

1(&e *#(d, "he (c")(* &'eed #$ "he 'r%-e -#2er "end "#

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

33/37

Dr##' &'eed c#n"r#* C#n"7d8

In #rder "# %ncre(&e "he '#0er #)"')", "he 'r%-e

-#2er7& &'eed re$erence %& %ncre(&ed.Bec()&e "he (c")(* 'r%-e -#2er &'eed %& $%9ed 1! "he

gr%d, "h%& d%$$erence %n &'eed re$erence (nd (c")(* &'eed

#$ "he 'r%-e -#2er %& )&ed "# %ncre(&e "he $*#0 #$0#r3%ng $*)%d 5$)e*, &"e(-, e"c6 "# "he 'r%-e -#2er, (nd

hence '#0er #)"')" %& %ncre(&ed.

The re2er&e 0%** 1e "r)e $#r decre(&%ng '#0er #)"')".

The 'r%-e -#2er &'eed re$erence %& (*0(!& gre("er "h(n

(c")(* &'eed #$ "he 'r%-e -#2er.

The (c")(* &'eed #$ "he 'r%-e -#2er %& (**#0ed "#

dr##' #r decre(&e 0%"h re&'ec" "# "he re$erence, (nd

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

34/37

Dr##' &e""%ng

I$ ( ")r1%ne %& r("ed (" === r'- $#r %n&"(nce, (nd "he

M(ch%ne7& &'eed red)ce& $r#- === r'- "# = r'-

0hen %" %& *#(ded $r#- n# *#(d "# 1(&e *#(d, "hen "hedr##' &e""%ng %& g%2en 1!+

K dr##' 5=== =6 ===

K.In "h%& c(&e, &'eed re$erence 0%** 1e @=K (nd (c")(*

&'eed 0%** 1e @==K.

F#r e2er! @K ch(nge %n "he ")r1%ne &'eed re$erence, "he

#0er #)" )" #$ "he ")r1%ne 0%** ch(n e 1

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

35/37

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

36/37

C#nc*)&%#n

E2en")(**!, c#nnec"ed e/)%'-en" &"(r"& $(%*%ng

(nd ($"er -e "%-e "he '#0er &!&"e- c#**('&e&.

F#r "h%& re(n, /)%c3 $re/)enc! re&"#r("%#n %&

-(nd("#r!. The g#2ern#r &!&"e- %& "here$#re 2er! cr)c%(*

(& %" 0#r3& 0%"h dr##' &e""%ng "# (ch%e2e ( &"(1*e

$re/)enc! %rre&'ec"%2e #$ *#(d 2(r%("%#n.

8/9/2019 Frequency and Load Control

37/37

Than"s for your Time and

participation.