French French RevolutionRevolution

by Anastasija Dudnykovaby Anastasija Dudnykova

QuotationQuotation"Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive"Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive

But to be young was very heaven!"But to be young was very heaven!"

William Wordsworth William Wordsworth

Table of content Table of content Causes of the French RevolutionCauses of the French Revolution The Old Regime & 3 EstatesThe Old Regime & 3 Estates TensionTension Financial crisisFinancial crisis Session of the Estate GeneralSession of the Estate General Oath of the Tennis CourtOath of the Tennis Court King’s responseKing’s response Fall of the BastilleFall of the Bastille ConsequencesConsequences Rise of the French peasantsRise of the French peasants The Great FearThe Great Fear The National AssemblyThe National Assembly Declaration of Rights of MenDeclaration of Rights of Men Women in the revolutionWomen in the revolution Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette The ConstitutionThe Constitution Church and the National AssemblyChurch and the National Assembly Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly Declaration of PillnitzDeclaration of Pillnitz End of the monarchyEnd of the monarchy

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Causes I.Causes I. Widespread famine and starvation (little Ice Age)Widespread famine and starvation (little Ice Age) Social division in 3 classesSocial division in 3 classes Louis XV. fought for many yearsLouis XV. fought for many years verge of bankruptcy verge of bankruptcy Louis XVI. supported troops in American Revolution Louis XVI. supported troops in American Revolution

sending resources from France sending resources from France deprivation of food for deprivation of food for poor people in Francepoor people in France

also appealing new revolutionary ideasalso appealing new revolutionary ideas high unemploymenthigh unemployment

a decline in the 1780s in France's textile industry. a decline in the 1780s in France's textile industry. The importation of British textiles, cheaper and of better The importation of British textiles, cheaper and of better

quality than French textilesquality than French textiles --, created unemployment among France's spinners and , created unemployment among France's spinners and

weavers. weavers.

Causes II.Causes II. high bread priceshigh bread prices Maria Antoinette’s spendingMaria Antoinette’s spending Increase of taxes for the Roman Catholic Increase of taxes for the Roman Catholic

ChurchChurch Population growth Population growth The population of The population of

France had grown to between 24 and 26 France had grown to between 24 and 26 million - up from 19 million in 1700, without million - up from 19 million in 1700, without a concomitant growth in food production a concomitant growth in food production

Farmers around Paris consumed over 80 Farmers around Paris consumed over 80 percent of what they grew, so if a harvest percent of what they grew, so if a harvest fell by around 10 percent, which was fell by around 10 percent, which was common, people went hungrycommon, people went hungry

The Old RegimeThe Old Regime

It basically consisted of the 3 EstatesIt basically consisted of the 3 Estates

3 Estates3 Estates The clergyThe clergy The nobilityThe nobility

……and everyone elseand everyone else

MerchantsMerchants Poor peasantsPoor peasants Bourgeoisie Bourgeoisie

The clergyThe clergy about 100 000 pplabout 100 000 ppl had important had important

privilegesprivileges exemption from exemption from

regular taxesregular taxes ability to tax ability to tax

landownerslandowners

The nobilityThe nobility About 400 000 pplAbout 400 000 ppl They owned about 25 They owned about 25

percent of the French landpercent of the French land They also had some They also had some

special privileges:special privileges: Exalted social positionExalted social position Lighter taxesLighter taxes Exclusive fishing and Exclusive fishing and

hunting rightshunting rights A lot of monopolies like A lot of monopolies like

bread baking and wine bread baking and wine pressing equipment pressing equipment

and also the right to wear and also the right to wear swordsswords

Everyone elseEveryone else Contained a lot of Contained a lot of

different social different social groupsgroups

Rich merchantsRich merchants LawyersLawyers Poor peasantsPoor peasants ArtistsArtists Day laborersDay laborers

TensionTension Tension between the nobility and rich Tension between the nobility and rich

members of the third estatemembers of the third estate the the bourgeoisie bourgeoisie (upper middle (upper middle

class)class) They rose upThey rose up To begin a great social revolutionTo begin a great social revolution

Financial crisisFinancial crisis French revolution had its origins in the king’s French revolution had its origins in the king’s

financial difficultiesfinancial difficulties Government was forced to finance the support Government was forced to finance the support

of american revolution with borrowed moneyof american revolution with borrowed money huuuuuge national debthuuuuuge national debt Less than 20% of the national budget was Less than 20% of the national budget was

available for the productive functions of the available for the productive functions of the statestate

Like general administration and transportationLike general administration and transportation This had fatal impact on the french financial This had fatal impact on the french financial

situationsituation

Session of the Estate Session of the Estate GeneralGeneral

Was held in July 1788Was held in July 1788 they had three separate housesthey had three separate houses Each house held one vote,Each house held one vote,

despite the fact that the third estate consisted of despite the fact that the third estate consisted of majority of the population of France majority of the population of France

All estates agreed that financial regulations All estates agreed that financial regulations should be loosenedshould be loosened

Royal absolutism should give a way to a Royal absolutism should give a way to a constitutional monarchyconstitutional monarchy

Individuals rights will be guaranteed by lawIndividuals rights will be guaranteed by law Nobility and clergy controlled all decisions Nobility and clergy controlled all decisions

because of their close ties among themselvesbecause of their close ties among themselves

Estates GeneralEstates General

May 1789 May 1789 1200 delegates paraded 1200 delegates paraded

through the streets of through the streets of Versailles to an opening Versailles to an opening sessionsession

Delegates of the third Delegates of the third estate refused to negotiate estate refused to negotiate about anything until they about anything until they were incluced into sessions were incluced into sessions with other 2 estateswith other 2 estates

Six week later, few parish Six week later, few parish priests began to go over to priests began to go over to the 3the 3rdrd estate estate

On June 17On June 17thth

They started to call They started to call themselves the themselves the National National AssemblyAssembly

Oath of the Tennis Oath of the Tennis CourtCourt

June 20June 20thth Delegates of the 3Delegates of the 3rdrd

estateestate Moved to the large Moved to the large

indoor tennis courtindoor tennis court Because of ‘repair’ Because of ‘repair’

going on in their hallgoing on in their hall Here they swore the Here they swore the

famous Oath of the famous Oath of the Tennis CourtTennis Court

Pledging not to Pledging not to disband until they had disband until they had written a new written a new constitutionconstitution

What was the Oath of What was the Oath of the Tennis Court?the Tennis Court?

Members of the National Members of the National Assembly took oath not to Assembly took oath not to separate under any separate under any circumstances,circumstances,

to reassemble wherever to reassemble wherever circumstances require circumstances require

until the constitution of the until the constitution of the kingdom is established and kingdom is established and consolidated upon firm consolidated upon firm foundations foundations

all members and each one all members and each one of them individually shall of them individually shall ratify this steadfast ratify this steadfast resolution by signature. resolution by signature.

King’s responseKing’s response

On June 23, Louis XVIOn June 23, Louis XVIordered the 3 Estates to ordered the 3 Estates to meet together.meet together.

At the same time he took At the same time he took on advice of court nobles on advice of court nobles and his relativesand his relatives

To dismiss the Estates To dismiss the Estates General using forceGeneral using force

He called army of 18000 He called army of 18000 troops toward Versaillestroops toward Versailles

And on July 11And on July 11thth dismissed dismissed his finance minister Jaques his finance minister Jaques NeckerNecker

He also dismissed his other He also dismissed his other liberal ministersliberal ministers

Fall of the BastilleFall of the Bastille perceived to be a symbol of perceived to be a symbol of

monarchist tyranny monarchist tyranny In Paris people were blaming rich In Paris people were blaming rich

and the old regime for their and the old regime for their troublestroubles

The king had replaced his former The king had replaced his former finance minister Necker with a finance minister Necker with a baron named Breteuil baron named Breteuil

People didn’t like it, and went in People didn’t like it, and went in the streetsthe streets

Demonstrators attacked the Demonstrators attacked the cavalry and debriscavalry and debris

Crowds emptied gunshops. Crowds emptied gunshops. Soldiers joined the crowds and Soldiers joined the crowds and

joined in the looting. joined in the looting. Those storming the Bastille killed a Those storming the Bastille killed a

few of the 30 or so garrison few of the 30 or so garrison soldiers defending it, and the soldiers defending it, and the attackers suffered 98 killed and 78 attackers suffered 98 killed and 78 wounded. wounded.

The crowd released the seven who The crowd released the seven who had been prisoners in the Bastille had been prisoners in the Bastille

ConsequencesConsequences Fighting continued until the prison Fighting continued until the prison

was surroundedwas surrounded King was forced to recall the King was forced to recall the

ministersministers And disperse his troopsAnd disperse his troops The uprising had broken the power of The uprising had broken the power of

monopoly of the royal armymonopoly of the royal army Thus saving the National AssemblyThus saving the National Assembly

Rise of French peasantsRise of French peasants While the delegates continued debatingWhile the delegates continued debating Peasants at the countryside were Peasants at the countryside were

extremely hungry and poorextremely hungry and poor They started to burn the feudal documents They started to burn the feudal documents Attacking the houses of their landlordsAttacking the houses of their landlords In some areas they started to reocuppy In some areas they started to reocuppy

their old common landstheir old common lands They stopped to pay taxesThey stopped to pay taxes And started to seize the forestsAnd started to seize the forests ppl grew into fear of them ppl grew into fear of them the the Great Great

FearFear

The Great FearThe Great Fear The vagabonds and The vagabonds and

peasants seized the peasants seized the countriside as wellcountriside as well

And began to rebellAnd began to rebell They simply tried to They simply tried to

free themselves from free themselves from the ….the ….

They succeedThey succeed On August 14On August 14thth, 1789 , 1789 The delegates of The delegates of

VersaillesVersailles Agreed to get rid of the Agreed to get rid of the

old noble privileges old noble privileges

The National AssemblyThe National Assembly On August 4, the National Assembly made the abolition of feudal privileges On August 4, the National Assembly made the abolition of feudal privileges

official. official. Nobles were prohibited from charging dues, from making people work on Nobles were prohibited from charging dues, from making people work on

roads or from holding exclusive hunting rights. roads or from holding exclusive hunting rights. And the National Assembly ended obligations to pay tithes to the Church. And the National Assembly ended obligations to pay tithes to the Church. Declaration of the Rights of Man and CitizenDeclaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen declaration spoke of man's natural right to liberty and right to resist declaration spoke of man's natural right to liberty and right to resist

oppression oppression The main issue was how powers would be divided between the king and The main issue was how powers would be divided between the king and

elected representatives of the people - including the question of the king elected representatives of the people - including the question of the king having veto powers over legislationhaving veto powers over legislation

The National Assembly had declared itself sovereign but was seeking the The National Assembly had declared itself sovereign but was seeking the king's cooperation. king's cooperation.

Deputies to the National Convention and the many who supported the Deputies to the National Convention and the many who supported the revolution looked upon Louis with greater suspicion. The French Revolution revolution looked upon Louis with greater suspicion. The French Revolution was beginning to suffer from exaggeration, fear and an inability to work was beginning to suffer from exaggeration, fear and an inability to work around disagreements. around disagreements.

Declaration of the Rights Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizenof Men and Citizen

Declaration of the Rights of Man and CitizenDeclaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Issued on August 27Issued on August 27 By the National AssemblyBy the National Assembly the draft of which had been discussed with Thomas the draft of which had been discussed with Thomas

Jefferson, then the U.S. ambassador to France Jefferson, then the U.S. ambassador to France This was a statement of principlesThis was a statement of principles

to educate and enhance love of liberty to educate and enhance love of liberty Every man has a natural right for liberty Every man has a natural right for liberty

and a right to ressist opressionand a right to ressist opression and a right of propertyand a right of property Virtue and talent, it stated, should be the only requirements Virtue and talent, it stated, should be the only requirements

for public office. It claimed that all "men" should be equal for public office. It claimed that all "men" should be equal before the law, that arbitrary arrests should be illegal, that before the law, that arbitrary arrests should be illegal, that people should be presumed innocent until proven otherwise people should be presumed innocent until proven otherwise in a court of law, and that there should be freedom of in a court of law, and that there should be freedom of opinion concerning religion. opinion concerning religion.

Women's March on Women's March on Versailles Versailles

women of Paris played a large role women of Paris played a large role in the unfolding of the Revolutionin the unfolding of the Revolution

Since they have a lot of hungry Since they have a lot of hungry children at home to feed, any children at home to feed, any fluctuation in bread price affected fluctuation in bread price affected them very deeplythem very deeply

They were ready to riot about thatThey were ready to riot about that They invaded the Assembly armed They invaded the Assembly armed

with sticks and pikeswith sticks and pikes They invaded the royal apartments They invaded the royal apartments

searching for the queen, searching for the queen, Marie Marie AntoinetteAntoinette

they hated her for her behaviour they hated her for her behaviour and her uncontrolled spending of and her uncontrolled spending of the French budgetthe French budget

only the intervention of Lafayette only the intervention of Lafayette and the National Guard saved the and the National Guard saved the royal familyroyal family

Women's March on Women's March on Versailles II.Versailles II.

a mob of fishwives, led by the ex-courtesan Anne a mob of fishwives, led by the ex-courtesan Anne Theroigne de Mericourt, Theroigne de Mericourt,

who brought the royal family to Paris on October who brought the royal family to Paris on October 5th, 5th,

marched to Versailles en masse the day before, marched to Versailles en masse the day before, demanding that "the Baker" bring bread to the demanding that "the Baker" bring bread to the starving Parisian population starving Parisian population

Women were active in the galleries of the National Women were active in the galleries of the National Assembly, always ready to plead their hunger and Assembly, always ready to plead their hunger and demand action. demand action.

However, regardless of all of their achievements, However, regardless of all of their achievements, they were not rewarded for any of thosethey were not rewarded for any of those

Women fighting in the Women fighting in the name of Francename of France

In response to "Rights of Man and Citizen", prominent woman of In response to "Rights of Man and Citizen", prominent woman of letters and abolitionist Olympe de Gouges letters and abolitionist Olympe de Gouges

wrote "Rights of Woman and Citizen" in 1791—wrote "Rights of Woman and Citizen" in 1791— a document that called for the same suffrage, property and civil a document that called for the same suffrage, property and civil

rights to pertain to women as to men. rights to pertain to women as to men. At the same time, Mary Wollstonecraft, At the same time, Mary Wollstonecraft, an English radical who would be the mother of Mary Shelley, an English radical who would be the mother of Mary Shelley,

author of Frankenstein, author of Frankenstein, wrote the Vindication of the Rights of Women wrote the Vindication of the Rights of Women even though, women did not succeed with these documents, they even though, women did not succeed with these documents, they

did achieve some succesdid achieve some succes In 1790, the Dutch baroness Etta d'Palme won the right for women In 1790, the Dutch baroness Etta d'Palme won the right for women

to file divorces. to file divorces. Also The Paris Commune declared spousal abuse as a crime. Also The Paris Commune declared spousal abuse as a crime.

Women in the French Women in the French armyarmy

When the war broke outWhen the war broke out many patriotic women wanted to take up arms to many patriotic women wanted to take up arms to

fight for their countryfight for their country The "Amazons", a Parisian militia, begged the The "Amazons", a Parisian militia, begged the

National Assembly National Assembly that they could "fight with weapons other than a that they could "fight with weapons other than a

needle and spindle." needle and spindle." Some women did join armySome women did join army However in late 1792, women were officially However in late 1792, women were officially

banned from joining the army, banned from joining the army, Even though France was in desperate need of Even though France was in desperate need of

soldiers. soldiers.

Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy Some royalties fled to Russia, Austria Some royalties fled to Russia, Austria

and Englandand England These were people who had bought These were people who had bought

lace, dresses and other goods, and, lace, dresses and other goods, and, with orders down, unemployment with orders down, unemployment began to rise among the women who began to rise among the women who made these goods made these goods

International trade went downInternational trade went down Common people in France suffered Common people in France suffered

from hunger and hardshipfrom hunger and hardship People of Paris lost their temperPeople of Paris lost their temper Another mob formed, 7000 strong, Another mob formed, 7000 strong,

mostly women, armed with sticks, mostly women, armed with sticks, scythes and pikes. The mob marched scythes and pikes. The mob marched the twelve miles to Versailles and they the twelve miles to Versailles and they invaded the National Assembly, invaded the National Assembly, believing they could cajole the believing they could cajole the assembly into making bread available. assembly into making bread available. They invaded the apartments of They invaded the apartments of royalty, overwhelming and killing royalty, overwhelming and killing bodyguards. They shouted that they bodyguards. They shouted that they were going to cut off the queen's head were going to cut off the queen's head and fry her liver. and fry her liver.

However she fled through a secret However she fled through a secret passageway passageway

Marie AntoinetteMarie AntoinetteQueen of France, 1755 - 1793 Queen of France, 1755 - 1793 was born on November 2nd, was born on November 2nd,

1755 in Vienna, Austria 1755 in Vienna, Austria The youngest daughter of The youngest daughter of

Francis Stephen I and Maria Francis Stephen I and Maria Theresa, who were Emperor Theresa, who were Emperor and Empress of the Holy and Empress of the Holy Roman Empire Roman Empire

She married the crown prince She married the crown prince of France in 1770. of France in 1770.

Four years later she became Four years later she became queen when her husband was queen when her husband was crowned King Louis XVI crowned King Louis XVI (House of Bourbon) (House of Bourbon)

The ideology in the 18th and The ideology in the 18th and 19th centuries was changing, 19th centuries was changing, and in fact she was also at and in fact she was also at wrong time at the wrong wrong time at the wrong placeplace

The last queen of FranceThe last queen of France

Her people didn’t like herHer people didn’t like her After a failed attempt to flee Paris in After a failed attempt to flee Paris in

1791 Antoinette continued to seek aid 1791 Antoinette continued to seek aid from abroad from abroad

When Austria and Prussia declared war When Austria and Prussia declared war on France, she was accused of passing on France, she was accused of passing military secrets to the enemy military secrets to the enemy

On August 10, 1792 the royal family On August 10, 1792 the royal family was arrested on suspicion of treason was arrested on suspicion of treason and imprisoned. and imprisoned.

On January 21, 1793 King Louis XVI On January 21, 1793 King Louis XVI was convicted and executed on the was convicted and executed on the guillotine.guillotine.

Marie Antoinette was cruely treated Marie Antoinette was cruely treated during her final days of captivity. during her final days of captivity.

Her best friend, the Princess de Her best friend, the Princess de Lambelle, was killed and her severed Lambelle, was killed and her severed head was put on a pike and paraded in head was put on a pike and paraded in front of the Queen.front of the Queen.

Her end…Her end… Her children (Marie Therese and Louis XVII) were Her children (Marie Therese and Louis XVII) were

taken from her. taken from her. Louis XVII was subjected to abuse by the family's Louis XVII was subjected to abuse by the family's

jailers and later died, supposedly of Tuberculosis jailers and later died, supposedly of Tuberculosis and malnutritionand malnutrition

Marie Therese, her firstborn daughter was the Marie Therese, her firstborn daughter was the only family member to survive only family member to survive

Antoinette followed her husband to the guillotine Antoinette followed her husband to the guillotine on October 16, 1793. on October 16, 1793.

She was executed without proof of the crimes for She was executed without proof of the crimes for which she was accused. which she was accused.

She was only 37 years old.She was only 37 years old.

Monarchy continued…Monarchy continued… The Bourbon monarchy The Bourbon monarchy

was restored in 1814 after was restored in 1814 after the fall of the fall of Napoleon Napoleon

succession went to the succession went to the closest living relative of closest living relative of Louis XVI who became Louis XVI who became Louis XVIII Louis XVIII

He had escaped to Britain He had escaped to Britain where he sat out the where he sat out the Revolution and the Revolution and the Napoleonic wars Napoleonic wars

After Napoleon abdicated After Napoleon abdicated in 1871, France became a in 1871, France became a republic. republic.

The ConstitutionThe Constitution In Paris, the National Assembly continued to In Paris, the National Assembly continued to

struggle to create a constitution, and it tried to struggle to create a constitution, and it tried to create economic relief create economic relief

it nationalized Church lands in Novemberit nationalized Church lands in November Claiming it belongs to the nationClaiming it belongs to the nation Not to the churchNot to the church In April 1790 the National Assembly issued paper In April 1790 the National Assembly issued paper

money, the money, the assignatassignat, backed by the value of , backed by the value of these lands these lands

In 1790 was better weather conditionIn 1790 was better weather condition bringing more harvest to the countrybringing more harvest to the country Bringing more food Bringing more food more relief more relief

The constitution and The constitution and National AssemblyNational Assembly

National Assembly abolished tariff barriers National Assembly abolished tariff barriers within France within France

that has been a money-making tool for that has been a money-making tool for the nobilitythe nobility

They also abolished trade guilds and They also abolished trade guilds and corporations, corporations,

local authorities were forbidden to accept local authorities were forbidden to accept representations from any worker group or representations from any worker group or to offer employment to a member of any to offer employment to a member of any such group such group

Religion and the National Religion and the National AssemblyAssembly

In their opinion the revolution they were making In their opinion the revolution they were making was according to Christian principles was according to Christian principles

They believed that:They believed that: French citizens needed religionFrench citizens needed religion That religion is a force to civilize peopleThat religion is a force to civilize people and that the Gospels had humanistic and moral and that the Gospels had humanistic and moral

valuesvalues

They also liked to put religion under the control of They also liked to put religion under the control of the Revolutionthe Revolution

They wanted a more liberal religion than the They wanted a more liberal religion than the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Louis XVI and National Louis XVI and National AssemblyAssembly

he was accused of sheltering priests he was accused of sheltering priests who had refused to take the oath of who had refused to take the oath of loyalty to the state loyalty to the state

In June 1791 he fled from France with In June 1791 he fled from France with his family his family

However he was caught in Belgium However he was caught in Belgium and returned to Tuileries and returned to Tuileries

He was more as a prisonerHe was more as a prisoner The National Assembly also suspended The National Assembly also suspended

his powershis powers Some members of the National Some members of the National

Assembly wanted to get rid of him but Assembly wanted to get rid of him but some were afraid to do sosome were afraid to do so

They did not kill him, however they They did not kill him, however they restricted him by the certain orders:restricted him by the certain orders:

He couldn’t have any control over the He couldn’t have any control over the armyarmy

No authority over local governmentNo authority over local government And he couldn’t have any of his And he couldn’t have any of his

representatives in the parlamentrepresentatives in the parlament

The constitution repeated some of The constitution repeated some of what was said in the Declaration of the what was said in the Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizens: all men Rights of Men and Citizens: all men were said to be born with equal rights, were said to be born with equal rights, and everyone was said to be free to and everyone was said to be free to speak, write or print his opinions speak, write or print his opinions provided he did not abuse this provided he did not abuse this privilege privilege

Also the amount of taxes person had Also the amount of taxes person had to pay was based on one’s possesionto pay was based on one’s possesion

The king gave his acceptance on The king gave his acceptance on September 13 September 13

revolution appeared complete revolution appeared complete

Public opinion was on the revolution’s Public opinion was on the revolution’s sideside

However, aggravations had been However, aggravations had been created by government trying to created by government trying to exercise authority over religion exercise authority over religion

This was the beginning when the This was the beginning when the revolution started to damage itselfrevolution started to damage itself

Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly Male voter elected new members to the Male voter elected new members to the

new legislative constitutionnew legislative constitution Legislative AssemblyLegislative Assembly the National Assembly had been the National Assembly had been

dissolveddissolved Members from the National Assembly Members from the National Assembly

could not enter the Legislative could not enter the Legislative AssemblyAssembly

However, rich people continued to have However, rich people continued to have most of the political powermost of the political power

but…but…

Not all the French people supported Not all the French people supported the revolutionthe revolution

Catholic priests and nobles opposed Catholic priests and nobles opposed the new orderthe new order

Division of the Legislative Division of the Legislative AssemblyAssembly

Legislative Assembly became divided into three groupsLegislative Assembly became divided into three groups The conservatives:The conservatives: Wanted to end the revolutionWanted to end the revolution They wanted kind but with restricted powerThey wanted kind but with restricted power The radicals:The radicals: Wanted more powerful changes than those by the National Wanted more powerful changes than those by the National

AssemblyAssembly They wanted a republic They wanted a republic and to get rid of the kingand to get rid of the king The moderates:The moderates: They didn’t have any extreme opinions or viewsThey didn’t have any extreme opinions or views They agreed with either side depending on what was more They agreed with either side depending on what was more

convenient for themconvenient for them

Declaration of PillnitzDeclaration of Pillnitz Leopold II. of AustriaLeopold II. of Austria And king Frederick William II of PrussiaAnd king Frederick William II of Prussia Issued the Declaration of PillnitzIssued the Declaration of Pillnitz In it, they invited other European emperors In it, they invited other European emperors

to help to return the monarchy in Franceto help to return the monarchy in France Legislative Assembly reactedLegislative Assembly reacted by declaring the war with Austriaby declaring the war with Austria That happened in April, 1792That happened in April, 1792 A lot of other european monarchs like A lot of other european monarchs like

Sardinia and Prussia decided to support Sardinia and Prussia decided to support AustriaAustria

End of the monarchyEnd of the monarchy There were many failures of french in the war with AustriaThere were many failures of french in the war with Austria The discontent grew among the people of FranceThe discontent grew among the people of France Commune, the government of city of ParisCommune, the government of city of Paris Demanded that Legislative Assembly should abolish the Demanded that Legislative Assembly should abolish the

monarchymonarchy The king was accused of plotting against the Constitution The king was accused of plotting against the Constitution

by helping the other countries to overthrow the Constitutionby helping the other countries to overthrow the Constitution Troops arrived from city Marseilles, singing La Marseillaise Troops arrived from city Marseilles, singing La Marseillaise

later became french national anthem later became french national anthem On August 10, 1792 got rid of the office of kingOn August 10, 1792 got rid of the office of king Later the Legislative Assembly tried to rule FranceLater the Legislative Assembly tried to rule France It didn’t work out wellIt didn’t work out well They didmissed themselvesThey didmissed themselves Created the National Convetion Created the National Convetion that would create a new that would create a new

constitutionconstitution

Robespierre’s Robespierre’s predictionprediction

Louis accepted the Louis accepted the Constitution in September Constitution in September 17911791

Young lawyer and delegateYoung lawyer and delegate Maximilien Robespierre Maximilien Robespierre

(1791-1794)(1791-1794) Said ‘the revolution is over’Said ‘the revolution is over’ He was both right and He was both right and

wrongwrong Right- most constructive Right- most constructive

and lasting reforms were in and lasting reforms were in placeplace

Wrong- much more radical Wrong- much more radical stage lay aheadstage lay ahead

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http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture13a.htmllecture13a.html

http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture11a.htmllecture11a.html

http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-herhttp://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/revolution.htmitage/background/revolution.htm