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French Instituteof Science and Technology for Transport, Developmentand Networks
BioRePavation: Innovation in bio-recycling of old asphalt pavements
Emmanuel CHAILLEUX
Consortium
• IFSTTAR (France - coordination – will evaluate durability at full scale)
• EIFFAGE Infrastructures (EI - France – will produce an alternative binder & carry mix design test )
• Iowa State university (ISU-USA – will produce a bioasphalt & carry mix design test)
• KRATON chemical (former Arizona Chemical )(AZCHEM-Netherlands – will produce a bio-based performance additive)
• Western Research Institute (WRI-USA – will carry non-destructive in-situ evaluation and binder test)
• University of Nottingham (UNOTT-UK - will conduct life cycle and risk assessment and binder test)
Main objectives
• Towards safe cost effective renewable pavement– Aims to evaluate innovations in pavement recycling
techniques using alternative binders from renewable biomass.
– From a societal point of view, the target is to save natural resources by reducing consumption of virgin materials
• virgin petroleum bitumen• virgin aggregate from quarries
– In line with international movement towards less hydrocarbon consumption
• 3 alternative materials used to reuse asphaltic pavement :
• bio-based rejuvenator designed to increase RA content up to 100%• bioasphalt designed to increase RA compatibility with virgin materials• bio-binder designed for total replacement of bitumen in recycling
technique
• An innovative non destructive method, based onphysico/chemical analysis from in-situ micro samples
ScopeTo promote innovations
Experimental demonstrator built on the IFSTTAR APT (Accelerated pavement testing) facility:
• Macroscopic evaluation of distress mechanism• Non destructive ageing evaluation• Analysed in terms of life cycle and risk assessment
ScopeTo validate innovations
Today presentationFocus on:
• Lab assessment of innovative pavement materials with high reclaim asphalt content using three alternative binders
• Full scale experiment on the IFSTTAR facility
• Non destructive method
• Life cycle and risk assessment
Experimental plan - Materials
• BM-1: SylvaroadTM (rejuvenator), Arizona Chemical/Kraton Polymers
• BM-2: Biophalt® (vegetable binder), Eiffage
• BM-3: Epoxidized methyl soyate, Adventus & ADM/ISU
• FB: Fresh binder, 50/70 Pen grade• AB: Aged binder, extracted from
RAP• RAP: RAP 8/12mm, RAP 0/8mm,
Eiffage plant• Aggregates: 10/14mm, 0/2mm,
filler, Eiffage plant
Experimental plan - MaterialsBM-1: SYLVAROAD™ RP1000
• Patented by Kraton/Arizona Chemical • Bio-based additive from Pine chemistry• Developed for the reuse of Reclaimed Asphalt
– Increase RA content to 70%, even 100% in theory– Reverse RA quality (very hard aged binder)– Facilitate asphalt mix manufacturing
Experimental plan - MaterialsBM-2: Biophalt®• Patented 3rd generation of Eiffage Bio-binder • Designed for HMA and WMA• Composed by pitch, rosin and elastomers• Made with >90% of bio raw materials
• Pitch is composed by fatty acids that help for the rejuvenation of the old binder
• Elastomers improve ductility and resistance to ageing
• Lowers the high & low temperature stiffness of bitumen.• Lower energy consumption due to lower viscosity & lower mixing/compaction
temperatures.• No concern with mass loss compared to other bio-renewable additives.• Moisture content < 0.15%.• Highly competitive in terms of cost relative to petroleum-based additives.
Soybean oilEsterificationMethyl soyate
Determine optimal additive dosage
EpoxidationEpoxidized
methyl soyate
Binder grading and rheology
Blend with virgin binder
and recovered RAP binder
Experimental plan - MaterialsBM-3: Epoxidized Methyl Soyate
• Patented by Adventus & ADM/ISU
Experimental plan - Mix designGB5® type mixes
• A new type of base course mix has been designed : GB5 type mix (50 % RAP and 70% RAP) using aggregate packing concept (by maximizing their interlock)
– Designed according to:» Aggregate availability on the plant» Lab studies of blends with virgin binder and recovered RAP binder
in order to determine optimal dosage
0102030405060708090
100
0 0 1 10 100
Pass
ing
( % )
Sieve
50% RAP
70% RAP
• Main mix properties:• Very dense mix• High modulus with a
relatively equivalent « soft binder »
• Low binder content 4.5%
Experimental plan - Tests
– Comparison between US and EU mix performance evaluation systems
– Structural design using both EU and US methodologies
EU - CEN US - Superpave
Binders:(AB, FB)Blends:(AB+FB)(BM-1+AB+FB)(BM-2+AB)(BM-3+AB+FB)
Pen/R&B/Fraass PG grading system
Mixes (50% RAP):MIX1= (BM-1+FB+AB)MIX2= (BM-2+AB)MIX3= (BM-3+FB+AB)
Gyratory / Water sensitivity / Rutting / Stiffness / Fatigue
Volumetric / Stiffness / Rutting / Low Temp. Perf. / Fatigue
ResultsBinder properties following EU specification system and US one
EU binder specification US binder specification
Binders and blends
Penetration at 25°C (dm
m)
Softening point (⁰C)
Softening point after RTFOT (⁰C)
Fraass breaking point (⁰C)
DSR failure temperature (°C)
BBR failure temperature (°C)
PGOriginal (25mm)
RTFOT aged
(25mm)
Low pass temp
(m-value)
Low pass temp (S)
AB 7 81.0 +14 99.4 > 0° 94 >-16
FB 55 49.0 -7 68.1 67.3 -12.6 -15.6 64-22
FB+AB 25 61.8 +1 80.6 81.9 -7.5 -11.4 76-16
BM1+FB+AB 33 57.2 61 -4 77.2 76.9 -12.1 -14.2 76-22
BM2+AB 80 68.8 54.6 -7 79.6 61.5 -15.9 -15.3 58-22
BM3+FB+AB 71.9 73.8 -12.3 -14.5 70-22
FB: Fresh binder
AB: Aged binder, extracted from RAP
ResultsMix Performances using the European/French specification system
Mixes
Volumetric data
Water sensitivity
%
(NF EN 12697-12)
Rut depth at 30000 cycles
(NF EN 12697-22+A1)
Complex modulus
at 15°C, 10 Hz
(NF EN 12697-26 -A)
Fatigue performance at 10°C, 25 Hz
Strain at half of the initial
modulus at 106
cycles
(NF EN 12697-24 -A)
Richness modulus
Void content after 100 gyrations
(gyratory compactor)
(NF EN 12697-31)
Requirements for a EM2 (AC14
base)> 3.5 <6% >0.75 < 7.5 % >14000 MPa > 130 µdef
Requirements for a GB4 (AC14
base)< 9% >0.70 < 10% >11000 MPa >100 µdef
MIX1(BM1+FB+AB) 3.0 4.2% 85% 5.6%
(void = 4.4%)12860 MPa(void = 3.2%) ε6=113 µdef
MIX2(BM2+AB) 3.0 3.0% 86% 4.3%
(void = 3.5%)14620 MPa(void = 3.0%) ε6=84 µdef
MIX3(BM3+FB+AB) 3.0 4.2% 90% 3.7%
(Void = 5.5%)12100 MPa(Void = 4.3%) ε6=107 µdef
ResultsMix Performances using the US specification system
Mixes
Volumetric dataStiffness
(MPa)
at 15°C, 10 Hz
AASHTO TP-79
Rutting resistance
(flow number)
At 7% air void
T=54°CAASHTO TP-79
(Cycles)
DCT (N/m)
Low temp.
cracking resistanceAt 7% air void
At -12°CASTM D7313
Fatigue life(4-point bending mode)
Fatigue line
N=K1*ε-K2
AASHTO T-321
VMA VFA DP %Va%Gmm@ Nini
Requirementmedium
traffic level> 13.0 [65 – 78] [0.6 –
1.2] 4 < 90.5 >190 >400
MIX1(BM1+FB+AB) 13.9 71.0 0.6 4 88.8 13002 609 625 ε5=338 µdef
MIX2(BM2+AB) 14.2 71.6 0.6 4 90.1 12213 578 581 ε5=339 µdef
MIX3 (EMS+FB+AB) 14.2 71.8 0.6 4 87.9 11321 668 639 ε5=393 µdef
Main findings from lab study
• Measurements on the blends:– Biomaterials restore most physical properties of the
aged bitumen: • Penetration value increased, softening point
temperature, DSR high temperature criteria decreased while Fraass and BBR critical temperature decreased
– EU and US systems give the same overall behavior in the high and low temperature domains
• Levels of regeneration measured by both methods are not strictly comparable.
Main findings from lab study
• Measurements on the mixes:– All alternative mixes ensured excellent rutting
resistance at high temperatures while providing superior fracture resistance at low temperatures and good fatigue life at intermediate temperatures.
• Rejuvenating effect of the biomaterials (as demonstrated at the binder level)
– High amount of RA can be incorporated in hot mix asphalt
• Appropriately selected additives/binders to reactivate the aged RA binder
Progress of the projectFull scale test
• Summer 2017 → Winter 2018: full scale evaluation (rutting + fatigue)
• April 2018: end of the project
Next steps
Construction of the demonstration test strip was done in May 2017
Main outcomes
Proof of concept done:
It is possible to manufacture (in a conventional plant) and to lay (at full scale) a mix with 50%RA while reducing the part of petroleum bitumen (up to full replacement)
Prior to definitive conclusion we need the results from full scale accelerated loading and LCA
EU and US design methodologies in lab have been applied as well as physico-chemical studies useful for implementation under other climates and/or local technical regulations
• Emmanuel Chailleux, Erik Bessmann, Pierre Hornych, Gaudefroy Vincent, & Juliette Blanc - IFSTTAR (FR)
• Zahra Sotoodeh-Nia, Nick Manke, Chris Williams, Eric Cochran - ISU (US)
• Davide Lo Presti and Ana Jimenez - University of Nottingham (UK)
• Laurent Porot - Kraton Chemicals (NL)• Jean-Pascal Planche and Ryan Boysen - Western Research
Institute (US)• Simon Pouget and François Oland - EIFFAGE Infrastructures
(FR)
Thank you for your attention
http://biorepavation.ifsttar.fr/