Upload
others
View
5
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 1
Freight Transportation and Logistics - Railroads
CE 453/553Winter 2008
Dr. Chris Monsere
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 2
Freight Railroads Outline
• Modal profile• Major commodities• Market structure• Oregon railroads and profile• Car types and loadings• Car ownership• Locomotives• Types of trains• Terminal operations• Moving freight from here to there• Bills of Lading• Waybills and tariffs• A little regulatory history
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 3
Common Carrier
• English common law– Judicial precedent
• A transportation company that provides freight service to all who seek it
• Duties – must serve, deliver, charge reasonable rates, and not discriminate
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 4
Excellent Reference
• The Railroad: What It Is, What It Does /4th EditionAuthor: John H. Armstrong, Judy ShepherdPublisher: Simmons Boardman Pub Co; 4th edition (September 1998)Description: Paperback: 270 pages ; ISBN: 0911382046
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 5
Modal profile
• Railroads ideal for transporting high volume, low value commodities– Coal– Farm products– Petroleum– Chemicals
• Growing use of intermodal movements– Containers, TOFC, COFC
• Efficient per ton-mile in terms of fuel
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 6
Major commodities
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 7
Market Structure
• Class I carrier has >$250 M in revenue
• Regional (Class II): operating revenues between $250M and $20M
• Local Short-line (Class III): Carrier operating revenues <$20M
• Terminal and switching railroads also Class III
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 8
Rail Track Mileage and Number of Class I Rail Carriers, United States, 1833-2005
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
1830 1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990
Mile
s of
trac
ks
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Rai
l Car
riers
Rail Track MileageClass I Rail Carriers
Copyright © 1999-2006, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA. Used for educational purposes only as per copyright
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 9
Major North American Railroads
• United States– Union Pacific– Burlington Northern Santa Fe– CSX– Norfolk Southern– Kansas City Southern
• Canada (US)– Canadian Pacific (Soo Line)– Canadian National (Grand Trunk)
• Mexico– Transportacion Ferroviaria Mexicana– Ferrocarril Mexicano
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 10
Major North American Railroads
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 11
Union Pacific
• Operating Revenue $11 billion
• Operating Expense $8.8 billion
• 27,692 miles of road
• Carloads 7.6 million
• 2006-capital expenditures - $2.1 billions
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 12
Burlington Northern Santa Fe
• Operating Revenue $9.2 billion
• Operating Expense $7.5 billion
• 25,355 miles of road
• Carloads 6.9 million
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 13
CSX
• Operating Revenue $6.4 billion
• Operating Expense $5.8 billion
• 19,503 miles of road
• Carloads 6.3 million
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 14
Norfolk Southern
• Operating Revenue $6.3 billion
• Operating Expense $5.3 billion
• 17,065 miles of road
• Carloads 5.1 million
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 15
Kansas City Southern
• Operating Revenue $0.56 billion
• Operating Expense $0.50 billion
• 2,888 miles of road• Carloads 495,000
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 16
Canadian Pacific
• Operating Revenue $2.3 billion
• Operating Expense $1.8 billion
• 9,600 miles of road
• Carloads 2.0 million
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 17
Canadian National
• Operating Revenue $3.8 billion
• Operating Expense $2.9 billion
• 19,559 miles of road
• Carloads 3.3 million
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 18
Car types and loadings
• In 1995, railroads raised gross rail loading to 286,000 lbs from previous 268,000 lbs– Problems for short-lines and regional – can
receive government funding to improve infrastructure
• Typical maximum cargo of 100 tons (200,000 lbs)
• Typical car– Length – 50-70 feet– Width – 10 feet– Height – 15 feet (Double stack containers
max)
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 19
Boxcars
• Covered, enclosed environment• Also can be refrigerated
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 20
High capacity boxcars
• Overheight boxcar• Specialized design• Newsprint rolls
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 21
Open Hopper
• Many privately owned• Some couplers are rotary – entire car
turned upside down for unloading• Coal, stone, gravel, coke
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 22
Covered Hopper
• Grains, corn, soybeans, fertilizers• Gravity feeds for unloading
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 23
Gondola
• Scrap metal, steel rolls, logs
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 24
Centerbeam flatcar
• Lumber or steel products
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 25
Tank Cars
• Chemicals, Petroleum, Food Products
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 26
Flatcar
• Equipment, rails, etc
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 27
Autorack
• Automobiles• Tri-level or bi-level• Fully enclosed for cargo protection• Capacity bi-10 autos, tri- 15-18 autos
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 28
TOFC
• Trailer of Flatcar• Articulated cars
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 29
COFC
Articulated Well Car -Shared trucks
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 30
Car ownership
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 31
Locomotives
• Modern locomotives are diesel-electric– Diesel motors run alternators– AC traction motors for driving wheels
• Typical weight of 380,000 lbs– 60-70,000 lbs per drive axle
• Horsepower from 3,000 – 6,000 hp• Two variables in choosing power
– Tractive force needed to start – Horsepower
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 32
Locomotives
• Grade has an effect on locomotive performance– A train powered to make 60 mph on level
track will slow to about 22 mph on 1% grade and 10 mph on a 2% grade
• Locomotives can be connected in multiple units and run remotely– In series, in front– Extra locomotive in middle of train– “Helper” locomotives at end
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 33
Locomotives
Source: Armstrong
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 34
Types of trains
• “Average” freight train (1994)– 65 cars (37 unloaded)– 2,750 revenue tons of lading– 22.4 average speed– 800 mile haul length
• General types of trains– Unit– Manifest– Intermodal
• Priority set by business importance and schedule needs– “Hot freight” or “Hot-shot”
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 35
Unit Train
• Single commodity trains, sometimes with specialized cars and assigned locomotives
• Point-to-point service• Create efficiencies in assembling,
loading, and unloading• Maybe as long as 100-120 cars and be
assigned more power for speed• Examples:
– Coal, chemicals, grain
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 36
Grain Unit
Grain elevator “loadout”
Grain train / ship transfer
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 37
Coal Unit
Coal car being “flooded”
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 38
Intermodal
• Similar to unit train in that all shipments are intermodal
• Maybe TOFC or COFC• Scheduled runs, usually high priority• Typically shorter than grain or coal units,
50-60 cars
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 39
Intermodal
Crane unloading containers
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 40
Intermodal growth
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 41
Manifest
• Advertised or scheduled freight service
• Mixed freight traffic train
• Shippers can reliably know time for shipment to reach direction
Picture: Pat Huemmer
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 42
Moving freight
• Customer orders cars• Railroad delivers cars to siding “set-out”• Customer loads car or unit trains
– Time specified or demurrage charges
• Customer given bill of lading• Railroad creates waybill• Cars picked up, assembled into trains,
routed through system• Cars delivered to customer
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 43
Moving freight
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 44
Bills of Lading
• Contract between customer and railroad• Receipt for shipper that railroad has
taken possession of carload• Shipper usually pays freight unless
stated as “collect”• Standard documents
– Open or straight– Order
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 45
Waybills and tariffs
• Rail makes a waybill for the carload shipment
• Shipment class, tariffs, contracts, to determine freight charges– Rates depend on commodity
• Contains:– Car number, waybill number, shipper,
consignee, STCC, weight, freight rate, route, other details
• Contract between railroads moving shipment
• Electronically filed with AAR and other RR
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 46
Classification and blocking
• Cars enter terminal yard to be assembled into other trains
• Manual or gravity classification• Manual
– Train crews with a switching locomotive move and assemble cars
– Source of worker injuries– Railroads experimenting with remote control
locomotives
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 47
Gravity classification
• “Hump yards”• Strategically located• Decline in number since intermodal
container traffic growth• Automatic control• Cars made into trains based on
destination, priority
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 48
Hump Yard Schematic
Source: Armstrong
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 49
Bailey Yards, North Platte, NE
Every 24 hours, Bailey Yard handles 10,000 railroad cars. Of those, 3,000 are sorted daily in the yard's eastward and westward yards, these two hump yards allow four cars a minute to roll gently into any of 114 "bowl" tracks Together, these two yards have 18 receiving and 16 departure tracks.
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 50
Railroad Performance
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 51
Performance Measures
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 52
Performance Measures
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 53
Signals and Communications
• Blocks– Two types:
• Manual– Train orders or warrants, radio control
• Automatic
– Blocks can be varying lengths
• Train Signals– Proceed– Approach– Permissive– Absolute stop
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 54
Signals and Communications
Source: Armstrong
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 55
Signals and Communications
• Automatic Train Stop (ATS) / Automatic Train Control (ATC)– Controls “absolute stop” point which sets
brakes of any train passing a specified point– Can limit speed
• In-cab signaling– Communicate with engineer
• Automatic Train Control Systems (ATCS) or Positive Train Control (PTC) – Uses GPS and other information systems to
improve train control
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 56
Dispatch centers
• Centralized control of most mainlines switches and signals
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 57
Balancing Power and Cars
• Locomotive power needs vary along grade, train priority, and speed
• Need to know where cars are
• Seasonal demands• For power and
cars:– Imbalance in freight
density and backhauls
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 58
Labor
• Unions for each craft (+-28 total unions)• Own pension system• Hours of service requirements
– Federal (fatigue)
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 59
Capacity Issues
• Type of train control– PTS– ABS– Manual
• Number of tracks– Passing tracks (length)
• Tunnel and bridge height restrictions– ISO containers and domestic
• Interchange points– Other railroads and internal between
divisions• Grade and route
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 60
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008
Capital improvements
61
Capital improvements –completed in 1929 the longest railway tunnel in the US shortened the mainline by 7.66 miles and 500 ft of elevation
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008
Grades of the Northern TCs
62
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 63
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 64
Oregon railroads and profile
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 65
Oregon railroads and profile
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 66
Capacity Issues - Oregon
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008
PNW Railroad Network
Spokane
Pasco
HinklePortland
Auburn
Everett
Stevens
Stampede
Vancouver
Columbia Gorge
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008
Columbia Gorge Network
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008
OpenTrack Worksheet
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008
BNSF Train Diagram, Existing
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008
BNSF Train Diagram, No Build
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008
2020 Volumes, Directional Strategies
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 73
Economic Regulation
• Defined as –– "control of an industrial activity by
government, in the sense of actions, such as restrictions on firms entering the industry, constraints on firms actually in the industry, or both”
– M. Waterson Regulation of the Firm and Natural Monopoly. Basil Blackwell. Oxford. 1988. pg 2
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 74
Economic Regulation
• In an perfect market no regulation needed– A perfect market -- allocation of resources
and goods, prices, level of service all set by competition
• To correct imperfections in the market some type of government intervention is often necessary (i.e. regulation)
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 75
Eras of Regulation
• Initiation– 1860-1920– Protection of shippers
• Positive– 1920-1946– Protection of shippers and carriers
• Strict – 1960-1978
• Deregulation– 1979-present– Return to mostly market regulation
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 76
Initiation
• Commerce between states (intrastate) relatively small. Commerce mostly water-based
• First railroad to begin operation in the United States – Baltimore and Ohio railroad (1830)
• Railroads are natural monopolies – Require large capital investment, large
infrastructure requirements, and are fundamental to the economy of a nation
– Other examples - utilities such as gas, water, sewer and electrical, telecommunications
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 77
Initiation
• “Robber barons” of late 1800’s• Extremely competitive
environment and overbuilding of the system
• Captive shippers could be charged monopoly prices which led to– agricultural “granges”– state laws attempt to regulate RRs
• Public demand for government intervention in railroading practice
NYSE Archives
“Let the public be damned”
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 78
Act to Regulate Commerce, 1887
• Required rates be just and reasonable• Rate-making rules
– Outlawed personal discrimination• Different rates for different shippers with same
service and commodity
– Banned preference and prejudice• Different rates based on places, shippers or
commodities
– Banned long and short haul discrimination• Charging more for the shorter haul on the same
route, in the same direction, for the same commodity
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 79
Act to Regulate Commerce, 1887
• Eliminated pooling– traffic and revenues shared to prevent
competition• Formed the Interstate Commerce
Commission (ICC)• Required rates be published in a tariff
and filed with the ICC– Known as the “filed rate doctrine”
• However, the ICC was largely ineffective until the passage of the – Elkins Act of 1903 , Hepburn Act in 1906,
Mann-Elkins Act of 1910
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 80
Rail Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act (4-R), 1976
• Provided funds to rehab CONRAIL• Increased flexibility in rate-making• No rate could be too high unless carrier
had “market dominance”• Set the stage for deregulation
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 81
Staggers Act, 1980
• Deregulation of railroads• Allowed railroads to negotiate contract
rates (previously not allowed)• Made it easier to abandon low density
lines • Much more flexibility in rate making to
respond to competition• More commodities exempted
– Limited liability rates the norm, full Carmack liability rates available at a premium
Civ
il &
Env
ironm
enta
l Eng
inee
ring
–Fr
eigh
t Tra
nspo
rtat
ion
Winter 2008 82
Surface Transportation Board
• The STB serves as both an adjudicatory and a regulatory body.
• The agency has jurisdiction over – railroad rate and service issues and – rail restructuring transactions (mergers, line sales, line
construction, and line abandonments); – certain trucking company, moving van, and non-
contiguous ocean shipping company rate matters; – certain intercity passenger bus company structure,
financial, and operational matters; and – rates and services of certain pipelines not regulated by
the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.