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Freight Distribution Freight Distribution Safety and Security:Safety and Security:
Research That MattersResearch That Matters
Rebecca M. BrewsterRebecca M. Brewster
President and COOPresident and COO
ATRI ATRI
Industry’s NFP research organizationIndustry’s NFP research organization Safety and Human FactorsSafety and Human Factors TechnologyTechnology Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors Economic AnalysisEconomic Analysis Transportation SecurityTransportation Security
www.atri-online.orgwww.atri-online.org
Board of DirectorsBoard of Directors
Trucking Moves OhioTrucking Moves Ohio
One out of every 14 jobs in the One out of every 14 jobs in the statestate
$13.6B in wages paid in 2005$13.6B in wages paid in 2005 Move nearly 90% of Move nearly 90% of
manufactured freight in the statemanufactured freight in the state In 2005 paid $1.5B in federal and In 2005 paid $1.5B in federal and
state taxes and feesstate taxes and fees
Top Industry IssuesTop Industry Issues
Based on 2006 survey:Based on 2006 survey:
1.1. Driver ShortageDriver Shortage
2.2. Fuel IssuesFuel Issues
3.3. Driver RetentionDriver Retention
4.4. Hours-of-ServiceHours-of-Service
5.5. CongestionCongestion
Driver ShortageDriver Shortage
Based on 2005, industry will need Based on 2005, industry will need over 219,000 long-haul drivers to over 219,000 long-haul drivers to replace those that retire or leave replace those that retire or leave the industry over next 10 years the industry over next 10 years
Economic growth projections Economic growth projections create need for an additional create need for an additional 320,000320,000
Combined, over 539,000 or 54,000 Combined, over 539,000 or 54,000 drivers per yeardrivers per year
The Cost of CongestionThe Cost of Congestion
Idled trucks cost industry $7.8 Idled trucks cost industry $7.8 billion/243 million hours in 2004 billion/243 million hours in 2004
In 2005 industry spent $87.7B on In 2005 industry spent $87.7B on diesel fueldiesel fuel 22ndnd highest operating expense highest operating expense As much as 25% of total operating As much as 25% of total operating
costscosts No “congestion credit” in HOSNo “congestion credit” in HOS
Hours-of-ServiceHours-of-ServiceSafety Impacts of New Safety Impacts of New
Hours-of-Service Hours-of-Service released March 2006released March 2006
23 fleets contributed 23 fleets contributed datadata
Found safety Found safety improvements across improvements across metrics from 2003 to metrics from 2003 to 2004 (old rules to 2004 (old rules to January 2004 rules)January 2004 rules)
Predicting Truck Crash Predicting Truck Crash InvolvementInvolvement
Predicting CrashesPredicting CrashesDriver-related factors critical Driver-related factors critical
reason for crashesreason for crashes
Focusing on driver behaviors Focusing on driver behaviors will reduce crashes will reduce crashes
Develop predictive modelDevelop predictive model
Enforcement that mattersEnforcement that matters
Convictions/Violations and Convictions/Violations and Increased Likelihood of Increased Likelihood of
CrashCrash
If a Driver has:If a Driver has:The Crash The Crash Likelihood Likelihood Increases:Increases:
A Reckless Driving violationA Reckless Driving violation 325%325%
An Improper Turn violationAn Improper Turn violation 105%105%
An Improper or Erratic Lane Change An Improper or Erratic Lane Change conviction conviction
100%100%
A Failure to Yield Right of Way convictionA Failure to Yield Right of Way conviction 97%97%
An Improper Turn convictionAn Improper Turn conviction 94%94%
A Failure to Maintain Proper Lane A Failure to Maintain Proper Lane convictionconviction
91%91%
A Past CrashA Past Crash 87%87%
An Improper Lane Change violationAn Improper Lane Change violation 78%78%
A Failure to Yield Right of Way violationA Failure to Yield Right of Way violation 70%70%
A Driving Too Fast for Conditions violationA Driving Too Fast for Conditions violation 62%62%
EOBR AnalysisEOBR Analysis
Identify primary Identify primary barriers to industry barriers to industry utilization utilization CostCost FunctionalitiesFunctionalities Motor carrier Motor carrier
willingness and ability willingness and ability to payto pay
Role of non-technical Role of non-technical factorsfactors
Document Document countermeasurescountermeasures
EOBR Findings EOBR Findings
Typically seen as compliance tool – NOT safety Typically seen as compliance tool – NOT safety management systemmanagement system
Lack of scientific relationship between EOBRs Lack of scientific relationship between EOBRs and safetyand safety
Users report little impact on driver retentionUsers report little impact on driver retention
Cost is primary driverCost is primary driver
Other ConcernsOther Concerns Lack of technical standards, uniform practicesLack of technical standards, uniform practices Data access for other purposes (non-HOS)Data access for other purposes (non-HOS)
Specific Impacts Identified by EOBR Users
19%
62%
19%
76%
16%
4% 4%
78%
9%13%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Improved No impact Worsened Did not know
Per
cen
tag
e o
f R
esp
on
den
ts
Driver retention
Driver morale
Company productivity
FMCSA Canadian Issues FMCSA Canadian Issues StudyStudy
Ensure access to operating requirements in Ensure access to operating requirements in both countries including safety regulatory both countries including safety regulatory variancesvariances
Identify significant issues that impact FMCSA’s Identify significant issues that impact FMCSA’s ability to work toward harmonization and ability to work toward harmonization and reciprocal recognition of programs, policies, reciprocal recognition of programs, policies, regulations and standardsregulations and standards
Evaluate the effect of FMCSA regulatory Evaluate the effect of FMCSA regulatory proposals and policy initiatives on Canadian proposals and policy initiatives on Canadian motor carriers and drivers operating in the U.S.motor carriers and drivers operating in the U.S.
FMCSA Canadian Issues FMCSA Canadian Issues StudyStudy
Safety Rating ReciprocitySafety Rating Reciprocity Hours-of-Service Hours-of-Service Trip Inspection RequirementsTrip Inspection Requirements MedicalsMedicals Cargo Securement Cargo Securement Electronic On-Board Recording Electronic On-Board Recording
DevicesDevices Speed Governors/LimitersSpeed Governors/Limiters Variations between U.S. federal and Variations between U.S. federal and
state requirementsstate requirements
Speed Impacts on Safety Speed Impacts on Safety and Operationsand Operations
Research to investigate the impact of Research to investigate the impact of speed and speed differentials on speed and speed differentials on carrier safety and operationscarrier safety and operations
Speed governor use surveySpeed governor use survey Impact of posted speed differentials Impact of posted speed differentials
and those occurring from governor and those occurring from governor useuse
Modeling of “ideal” speeds for Modeling of “ideal” speeds for maximizing safety and operationsmaximizing safety and operations
Speed Governor SurveySpeed Governor Survey
Initiated February 2007Initiated February 2007 240 carrier responses240 carrier responses
30.9% operate 10 or fewer trucks30.9% operate 10 or fewer trucks 13% single truck operators13% single truck operators
33.5% 11-100 trucks33.5% 11-100 trucks 35.7% >100 trucks35.7% >100 trucks
Carrier truck totals = 178,000 Carrier truck totals = 178,000 truckstrucks
Speed Governor Speed Governor PrevalencePrevalence
63% carriers utilize speed 63% carriers utilize speed governorsgovernors
79% private79% private 64% TL64% TL 58% specialized58% specialized 54% LTL54% LTL
71% govern 100% of fleet71% govern 100% of fleet
Fleet Size and Governor Fleet Size and Governor UseUse
Larger fleets more likely to Larger fleets more likely to utilize speed governorsutilize speed governors
Used by 80% of carriers Used by 80% of carriers operating 100+ trucks operating 100+ trucks
Just 37% of fleets operating 10 Just 37% of fleets operating 10 or fewer trucks report use of or fewer trucks report use of speed governorsspeed governors
Not Using Speed Not Using Speed GovernorsGovernors
Reasons cited for not using:Reasons cited for not using: 52% cite safety concerns ( e.g. 52% cite safety concerns ( e.g.
car-truck speed differentials)car-truck speed differentials) 16.7% cite strain on 16.7% cite strain on
company/driver relationscompany/driver relations 12.5% cite refusal of owner-12.5% cite refusal of owner-
operators to use governorsoperators to use governors
Speed SettingsSpeed Settings
Mean Speed: 69 mphMean Speed: 69 mph
Governor Speed Settings (Per Carrier)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
60 - 65 66 - 70 71 - 75 76 and up
Speed (MPH)
Underlying FactorsUnderlying FactorsPrimary Factor Determining Speed Settings
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Safe
ty
Concern
s
Poste
d L
egal
Lim
it
Fuel M
ileage
Insura
nce
Requirem
ents
Pre
serv
ation
of
Fle
et
Uniform
ity
Driver
Rela
tions
57% use posted 57% use posted speedspeed
Training Impacts on SafetyTraining Impacts on Safety
Statistical comparison of driver safety Statistical comparison of driver safety outcomes with prescribed training elementsoutcomes with prescribed training elements
Research outcomes expected to answer:Research outcomes expected to answer: Which training strategies and exercises are most effective at Which training strategies and exercises are most effective at
improving safety?improving safety? What is the optimal means of administering these exercises?What is the optimal means of administering these exercises? What duration is necessary for an exercise to have its What duration is necessary for an exercise to have its
desired effect on safety?desired effect on safety? What combination of exercises produces the highest overall What combination of exercises produces the highest overall
safety outcomes?safety outcomes?
Training Impacts on Training Impacts on SafetySafety
Technical Advisory Committee being Technical Advisory Committee being formed to provide guidance to formed to provide guidance to research design, review draft findingsresearch design, review draft findings
Members represent carriers, drivers, Members represent carriers, drivers, driver training institutionsdriver training institutions
Methodology focusing on carrier level Methodology focusing on carrier level analysisanalysis
Carriers will be recruited to provide Carriers will be recruited to provide data on training program/curriculum data on training program/curriculum utilized; driver safety datautilized; driver safety data
Disease and DisasterDisease and Disaster
Research focused on trucking’s role in Research focused on trucking’s role in keeping supply chain moving in face of keeping supply chain moving in face of events of regional/national significanceevents of regional/national significance
Goal of integrating trucking into public Goal of integrating trucking into public sector emergency response planssector emergency response plans
Also looking to include trucking as Also looking to include trucking as “first responder”“first responder”
Industry input needed – submit real-life Industry input needed – submit real-life stories via ATRI websitestories via ATRI website www.atri-online.orgwww.atri-online.org
Employer Notification Employer Notification SystemSystem
Earlier study supported safety Earlier study supported safety ROIsROIs
1,000 drivers in system1,000 drivers in system 4,500+ drivers’ data analyzed 25 4,500+ drivers’ data analyzed 25
statesstates Well accepted by industryWell accepted by industry FMCSA regulatory changes FMCSA regulatory changes
possiblepossible
On-Board Safety Systems: On-Board Safety Systems: Economic Analysis and Economic Analysis and Deployment Activities Deployment Activities
Quantify and document tangible industry Quantify and document tangible industry benefitsbenefits
Design industry deployment & testing plansDesign industry deployment & testing plans Naturalistic field test of systems, including Naturalistic field test of systems, including
potential for test of integrated after-market potential for test of integrated after-market system system
Develop & co-host national industry webinarsDevelop & co-host national industry webinars Lane Departure Warning SystemsLane Departure Warning Systems Roll Stability ControlRoll Stability Control Collision Warning SystemsCollision Warning Systems
What’s Up with ULSD?What’s Up with ULSD?
Assessing potential energy loss from Assessing potential energy loss from transition to ULSD (effective October 2006)transition to ULSD (effective October 2006)
The Way We Were…The Way We Were… Sulfur levels averaged 276 ppm; ranged Sulfur levels averaged 276 ppm; ranged
from a high of 415 ppm to a low of 48 ppmfrom a high of 415 ppm to a low of 48 ppm Lowest sulfur levels found in California (required Lowest sulfur levels found in California (required
15 ppm effective 9/1/06)15 ppm effective 9/1/06) The per gallon energy content varied by as The per gallon energy content varied by as
much as 2.3%much as 2.3% Samples pulled from same 15 locations in Samples pulled from same 15 locations in
May – analysis underway; results to be May – analysis underway; results to be released later this monthreleased later this month
ATRI Research ATRI Research
Safety and Human FactorsSafety and Human FactorsRoad Speed Impacts on Road Speed Impacts on
Safety and OperationsSafety and OperationsTraining Impacts on SafetyTraining Impacts on SafetyENS Pilot Test (FMCSA) ENS Pilot Test (FMCSA) Safety Impacts of New HOSSafety Impacts of New HOSSafety Culture Synthesis Safety Culture Synthesis
(TRB)(TRB)Driver Health and Wellness Driver Health and Wellness
Synthesis (TRB)Synthesis (TRB)Safety Certification Safety Certification
Synthesis (TRB)Synthesis (TRB)
Safety and Human FactorsSafety and Human FactorsNorth American FMP North American FMP
(FMCSA/TC)(FMCSA/TC)TIM Performance Measures TIM Performance Measures
(FHWA)(FHWA)TIM Self-Assessment TIM Self-Assessment
(FHWA)(FHWA)Driving Simulator EvaluationDriving Simulator EvaluationTruck Driver Injury and Truck Driver Injury and
Health Survey (NIOSH)Health Survey (NIOSH)National Traffic Incident National Traffic Incident
Management Coalition Management Coalition Business Model Business Model Development (AASHTO)Development (AASHTO)
ATRI ResearchATRI Research
Economic AnalysisEconomic AnalysisOn-Board Safety On-Board Safety
Technologies Technologies Economic Analysis and Economic Analysis and Deployment (FMCSA) Deployment (FMCSA)
Border Efficiency Border Efficiency Assessment (CBP)Assessment (CBP)
Canadian Issues Study Canadian Issues Study (FMCSA)(FMCSA)
Highway Funding AnalysisHighway Funding AnalysisFreight Capacity ModelFreight Capacity ModelState Economic Data and State Economic Data and
AnalysisAnalysis
Economic Analysis Economic Analysis Annual Top Industry Annual Top Industry
Issues SurveyIssues SurveyCalculating the Calculating the
Operational Costs of Operational Costs of TruckingTrucking
Savannah Roadway Savannah Roadway Survey (Georgia State Survey (Georgia State Road and Tollway Road and Tollway Authority)Authority)
ATRI ResearchATRI Research
TechnologyTechnologyFreight Performance Freight Performance
Measures (FHWA)Measures (FHWA)CVISN Motor Carrier CVISN Motor Carrier
Business Case Business Case (FMCSA)(FMCSA)
Columbus Electronic Columbus Electronic Freight Manifest Freight Manifest (FHWA)(FHWA)
National Trucking National Trucking Industry Data Industry Data ClearinghouseClearinghouse
Transportation Transportation SecuritySecurity
Delivering Goods in Delivering Goods in the Face of Disease the Face of Disease and Disasterand Disaster
ATRI ResearchATRI Research
Environmental FactorsEnvironmental FactorsIdle Reduction Technologies Idle Reduction Technologies
Demonstration Project (EPA)Demonstration Project (EPA)Idling Regulations CompendiumIdling Regulations CompendiumMeasuring the Impacts of ULSDMeasuring the Impacts of ULSDSmartway Technology Survey Smartway Technology Survey
(Baltimore Metropolitan Council)(Baltimore Metropolitan Council)Alternative Fuels FeasibilityAlternative Fuels Feasibility
Recently ReleasedRecently Released
Highway Funding AnalysisHighway Funding Analysis Assessing the Impact of ACE Trucking Assessing the Impact of ACE Trucking
e-Manifest on Trucking Operationse-Manifest on Trucking Operations Health and Wellness Programs for Health and Wellness Programs for
Commercial DriversCommercial Drivers The Role of Safety Culture in The Role of Safety Culture in
Preventing Commercial Motor Vehicle Preventing Commercial Motor Vehicle CrashesCrashes
Coming Soon…Coming Soon…
Operational Costs of TruckingOperational Costs of Trucking Freight Capacity ModelFreight Capacity Model Training Impacts on SafetyTraining Impacts on Safety ULSD Energy AnalysisULSD Energy Analysis 2007 Top Industry Issues Survey2007 Top Industry Issues Survey
www.truckline.com/TopIndustryIssueswww.truckline.com/TopIndustryIssues
ATRI on XMATRI on XM
Dave Nemo Show on XM Channel Dave Nemo Show on XM Channel 171171
Thursdays, 8:00 a.m. CTThursdays, 8:00 a.m. CT
September 20 – Women in TruckingSeptember 20 – Women in Trucking
October 4 – Have You Locked Your October 4 – Have You Locked Your Doors?Doors?
Questions?Questions?
Rebecca BrewsterRebecca Brewster
770-432-0628770-432-0628
[email protected]@trucking.org
www.atri-online.orgwww.atri-online.org