Free Solaris eBook

8/10/2019 Free Solaris eBook

1/687


2/687

What did it take to produce this computer book?

The original text took me about six months of full time work to complete. Afterthe original text was completed, I spent and additional month checking the lessons andperforming the initial grammar cleanup. I then hired a very good technical/copy editor to

work on the books format and layout for another two months. Once the technical editingand copy editing was completed it took me an additional two weeks to setup the margins,page numbering, picture/table labels, table of contents and the index.

After the books internal contents were created, I setup a print run of four testproofs. The bindery (process of putting a cover on the book) took an additional twoweeks before the final book layout looked really nice.

If you ever pickup a computer book, look at all the staff involved with producinga modern computer book. I had to do almost all of these functions by myself. In the end, Idid hire some other people to take care of some things that I did not have experience

with.

As for the pure raw economic cost, I would estimate I have spent $3,500 so far.Lets not even go into the wages I lost if I was not trying to produce a computer book fora living : (

Some people have asked me, if you put that much time, money and effort into thebook, why are you giving away the e-book for free? Are you completely nuts?

Initially I did charge people for the e-book out of Content Reserve. Then onenight I had this crazy idea of just giving away the e-book to anyone that needed it and

could not pay. If someone lost their job or is low on cash, I will let them use the bookscontents for free. I am eventually hoping that other people that can pay for a paperbackbook will purchase the book to keep the funding alive.

I am human, I understand that there are also a lot of people the have lost their jobsand are struggling to pay the bills. Most college students (especially students in India andAfrica) have a hard time paying for American computer books. Maybe my idea of givingaway the book and depending on donations is crazy! who knows?

If you would like to receive a paperback book or send a donation please send mean email message :

[email protected]


3/687

One obvious question:

How do I know I am not sending my money to some con-man on the internet thatjust copied the file from someone else? Understand that a PDF file is basically anelectronic picture of a document. This PDF file should have a background diagonal ghost

image

Only Buy From --- http://www.teachmesun.com

This should appear on the first page of chapters 1 through 7 ( and some otherpages ) chosen randomly. I control the domain name teachmesun.com. I believe it wouldbe rather difficult to remove the slanted ghost text from a PDF file. Imagine trying toremove the background image of clouds from a Picasso without anyone noticing? I amunder the belief that this can not be done? This whole Solaris book thing has beencomplete and absolute financial disaster for me.. What con-man would be dumb enoughto risk a felony conviction for the trickle of money that this financially God forsaken idea

has given me already?

Copyright Restrictions Explained

1. You are free to copy and redistribute this e-book with the following copyrightprovisions :

a. You may distribute this e-book for free to the general public.

b. You may not alter the files electronic contents or format.

c. You may not change the files name Free-Solaris-Ebook.zip If you wantto post or distribute the file, you must distribute the file under the nameFree-Solaris-Ebook.zip to be legal. Do not post the file in PDF format oranother format. Keep in mind on thing, if you post the file as a PDF on theinternet, people will bookmark the file like a webpage. Each time theyvisit the file, your internet server will have to download a seven MB fileeach time. Keep the file as a ZIP file so visitors will be more inclined todownload the file instead of book marking the file.

2. You may print page(s) from the files contents onto 8.5 x 11 paper for yourpersonal use.

3. If you want to reference the text, concepts or images from this e-book pleasecontact the author ( Steven A. Beebe, Avontra Technical Press) for [email protected]. Express written permission from Steven A. Beebe isrequired to uses this books contents.


4/687

i

Publisher

Avontra Technical Press http://www.teachmesun.com

12690 Falcon DriveColorado Springs, CO [email protected]

For information on book distributions outside the U.S.A. or to arrange bulk purchase discounts, salescontracts or other promotional/distribution ideas, please contact Avontra Technical Press via [email protected] or postal letter. Please visit this books official website http://www.teachmesun.com foradditional information.

Copyright Notice Copyright @ 2003 Avontra Technical press, All rights Reserved.

Avontra Technical Press eBooks are copyrighted works and may not be converted to any other format, electronic orotherwise, nor sold or distributed without the prior written permission from Avontra Technical Press. This eBookLearn Solaris 9 Through Step by Step Lessons (including but not limited to the text, images, audio, and/or video)may be electronically copied and reproduced, uploaded, posted, transmitted, or electronically distributed in any way

so long as the files original name Free-Solaris-Ebook.zip and contents remain in tact. The eBook copy may bedownloaded for your personal, non-commercial use on to a single computer. In connection with such use, you maynot modify or obscure any copyright or other proprietary notice. This eBook contains trademarks, services marksand logos that are the property of third parties. You are not permitted to use these trademarks, services marks orlogos without prior written consent of such third parties. Obtaining this eBook, whether it be in print orelectronically, does not give the end user any of the rights granted to the copyright holder. The copyright owner hasthe exclusive right to: To prepare derivative works based upon the work; To distribute copies of the work to thepublic by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. Avontra Technical Press conductsthorough digital investigations (through internet sniffing programs) for any suspicious web activity, sales, orauctions that may infringe on the copyrights of Avontra Technical Press. Once a copyright violation is established,Avontra Technical Press will take legal action against any offending individual or business entity. This actionincludes, but is not limited to hosting companies, payment gateways, and other companies that may be involved, Nopatent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. The publisher and authorassume no responsibility for errors and omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the

use of the information contained herein.

Trademarks

All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriatelycapitalized. Avontra Technical Press can not guarantee that every trademark or service mark is perfect. Use of aterm in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Solaris is atrademark of Sun Solaris. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. MS-DOS is a registeredtrademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Warranty of Fitness and Disclaimer

Every effort has been taken to make this book complete and accurate, but no warranty of fitness is implied.The information is provided is on an as is basis. The author and the publisher shall have neither liability norresponsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained inthis book or from the use of any program or CD-ROM(s) shipped with this book or downloaded from the book'sofficial webpage(s).


5/687

ii

Intended Audience

This book is intended for junior to mid-level system administrators. Ideally, readers should have access toSolaris 9 and a SPARC-based system. Most lessons can also be performed with Solaris 7 and 8. This book can alsobe used with HCL compatible Intel-based systems.

Readers who have the Intel or SPARC version of Solaris 7 or Solaris 8 can still perform many of thelessons in this book. However, there are some lessons that specifically deal with new features of Solaris 9 that thereader can not perform with previous versions of Solaris. Please read the next section, "Recommended SolarisVersions and Hardware."

The reader needs to have root access on the test workstation. This workstation should not be used formission-critical applications or for live production traffic. Try to use a SPARC 5 workstation or a SunBlade 100workstation. Other higher performance SPARC systems can also be used for the lessons.

Recommended Solaris Versions and Hardware

To perform all the lessons in this book, the reader needs to have access to a SPARC-based system andSolaris 9. Sun Microsystems is planning on releasing an Intel version of Solaris 9 sometime in the year 2003. Pleasenote that the lessons that deal directly with SPARC hardware cannot be performed on an Intel-based system. Most ofthe lessons in this book can be performed on the SPARC- and Intel-based versions of Solaris 7 and Solaris 8. Somelessons that deal specifically with Solaris 9 features obviously can not be performed with Solaris 7 or Solaris 8.

Solaris 9 can be purchased from http://sunstore.sun.com. New SPARC-based systems can be purchased directlyfrom Sun Microsystems, or used SPARC-based systems can be purchased from online auction sites likehttp://www.ebay.com or http://auctions.shopping.yahoo.com.

Please Visit Our Website

http://www.teachmesun.com

This website has additional material used in some of the lessons. This website also has additionalinformation about other books and training material in progress. It also has file uploads, promotions, and a calendarof trade shows and professional evens that we are involved with.

Interested in a book proposal?

Want to become a reseller of this book?

Have comments and information about this book? Please report any errors that you may find.

Are you an expert in Solaris or Cisco? Would you like to freelance as a reviewer or technical writer?

Do you have a proposal that might produce a good partnership on a project?


6/687

iii

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 WORKING WITH SPARC SYSTEMS .........................1-1How to Purchase an Ultra 5 Workstation....................................................................................1-2How to Purchase a SunBlade 100 Workstation.........................................................................1-4

Solaris 9 Media Kits.....................................................................................................................1-4Solaris 9 Slim Kit..........................................................................................................................1-6Solaris 9 System Administrators Kit...........................................................................................1-7Early Access Solaris 9 ..................................................................................................................1-8Licensing Solaris 9.......................................................................................................................1-8How to Use a SPARC System.................................................................................................... 1-10OpenBoot Acts Different Than a BIOS...................................................................................... 1-10Sun Keyboards..........................................................................................................................1-11

The OpenBoot Prompt...............................................................................................................1-12Using a Null Modem Cable........................................................................................................1-13

The PROM Chip..........................................................................................................................1-16The NVRAM Chip........................................................................................................................1-16Working with Sun SPARC Equipment....................................................................................... 1-17Some Other Useful PROM Command.......................................................................................1-19NVRAM Variables.......................................................................................................................1-21Creating Devices Using the nvalias Command........................................................................ 1-22Using thenvedit Command..................................................................................................1-23

Theeeprom Command............................................................................................................1-24Using the Obdiag Utility.............................................................................................................1-24

CHAPTER 2 INSTALLING SOLARIS 9..........................................2-1Solaris 9 Installation Methods.....................................................................................................2-2Solaris 9 Media Kits.....................................................................................................................2-3Pre-installation Information.........................................................................................................2-3Displaying the OK Prompt............................................................................................................2-5Shutting Down Solaris 9 Gracefully.......................................................................................... 2-38An Additional Note.....................................................................................................................2-40Key Points to Remember..........................................................................................................2-40

CHAPTER 3 THE COMMON DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT...............3-1The Login Manager.......................................................................................................................3-2The CDE Desktop..........................................................................................................................3-3Using the Front Panel...................................................................................................................3-3Workspace Buttons......................................................................................................................3-6Renaming Workspace Buttons....................................................................................................3-7Locking the Workstation..............................................................................................................3-8Starting a Command Line Session..............................................................................................3-9

The Workspace Menu..................................................................................................................3-9Shut Down Solaris 9 Gracefully................................................................................................3-10

Theinit command.................................................................................................................3-10The shutdown Command..........................................................................................................3-11The halt, reboot and poweroff Commands..............................................................................3-12How to Suspend the System.....................................................................................................3-13CDE Applications.......................................................................................................................3-13Help Manager............................................................................................................................3-14Solaris Documentation..............................................................................................................3-16Obtaining Adobe Acrobat Reader For Solaris .......................................................................... 3-17File Manager..............................................................................................................................3-18Basic Navigation within the File Manager................................................................................ 3-18Creating a New Folder...............................................................................................................3-19


7/687

iv

Deleting a Folder.......................................................................................................................3-19Using File Manager on CDROMs and DVDs.............................................................................3-19Using File Manager with Floppies............................................................................................. 3-19How to Format a Floppy Disk with File Manager..................................................................... 3-20Command Line Tools for Floppy Disks..................................................................................... 3-21Using the Find File Utility...........................................................................................................3-22Using the File Properties Utility................................................................................................. 3-24Using the Calculator Utility........................................................................................................ 3-26

The Netscape Navigator Browser Version 4.87.......................................................................3-27Using the Text Editor.................................................................................................................3-27

The Style Manager.....................................................................................................................3-29Understanding the System_Admin Folder Utilities..................................................................3-31Creating a Custom Made Icon..................................................................................................3-33Administration of the CDE.........................................................................................................3-35Administration of the Login Manager.......................................................................................3-35Administration of the Session Manager...................................................................................3-35Understanding the CDE File structure......................................................................................3-36

CHAPTER 4 WORKING WITH FILES AND DIRECTORIES ............4-1Working with Directories..............................................................................................................4-2Using the vi text editor .................................................................................................................4-4Examining Text Files.................................................................................................................. 4-16

CHAPTER 5 GETTING HELP........................................................5-1Online Documentation.................................................................................................................5-2

The http:/ /docs.sun.com Webpage............................................................................................5-2The http://sunsolve.sun.com Webpage .....................................................................................5-3The http:/ /www.sun.com/bigadmin Webpage...........................................................................5-3Using Man Pages..........................................................................................................................5-4Adding Man Pages to a System...................................................................................................5-7

CHAPTER 6 SOLARIS BOOTUP AND SHUTDOWN ......................6-1The Four Phases of the Boot Process.........................................................................................6-1Phase 1 The Boot PROM Phase..................................................................................................6-1Phase 2 Boot Program Phase......................................................................................................6-3

Phase 3 Kernel Phase..................................................................................................................6-3Phase 4 The Init Phase................................................................................................................6-4Solaris Run Levels........................................................................................................................6-4Run Control Scripts ......................................................................................................................6-5Understanding Run Levels...........................................................................................................6-5Examples of the /etc/inittab File and Run Levels......................................................................6-6Example Scripts from the /etc/rc0.d directory...........................................................................6-7

CHAPTER 7 WORKING WITH USERS AND GROUPS...................7-1Files Related to Users..................................................................................................................7-2

The/etc/passwd file ...............................................................................................................7-2The/etc/group file..................................................................................................................7-3The/etc/shadow file ...............................................................................................................7-4A Closer Look at Solaris Users.....................................................................................................7-4

The Login Shell.............................................................................................................................7-5The Initialization File....................................................................................................................7-5Creating User Accounts................................................................................................................7-5A Closer Look at the /etc/passwd, /etc/group and /etc/shadow Files....................................7-6

The/etc/passwd file ...............................................................................................................7-6The/etc/group File.................................................................................................................7-7The/etc/shadow File ..............................................................................................................7-8Permissions on Files and Directories with Users........................................................................7-9


8/687


9/687

vi

CHAPTER 11 JOB CONTROL.....................................................11-1Using thecrontab command.................................................................................................11-1Format Rules and Examples of the Crontab Command.......................................................... 11-2

Thecron.allowandcron.denyfiles...............................................................................11-3Theat command......................................................................................................................11-4Process Control .........................................................................................................................11-6

Theprstat Command............................................................................................................11-7CHAPTER 12 WORKING WITH SHELL SCRIPTS .......................12-1

Bourne Shell..............................................................................................................................12-3Command..................................................................................................................................12-6Permissions Set By the Command........................................................................................... 12-6Display of Permissions..............................................................................................................12-6Using Variables..........................................................................................................................12-6Reading Values into a Script...................................................................................................12-10Command Line Arguments.....................................................................................................12-11Mathematical Expressions in the Bourne Shell Script..........................................................12-14Using Functions in a Bourne Script........................................................................................12-15Control Statements.................................................................................................................12-18

The if control statement..........................................................................................................12-18

Using the else option with the if Command...........................................................................12-20Creating an if/else if Tree.......................................................................................................12-20Other Useful if Test Conditions...............................................................................................12-21

The case Command................................................................................................................12-22Creating a Selection Menu with the Case Command............................................................12-25

The for Command....................................................................................................................12-25Using the while Command for Numerical Loops...................................................................12-29

TheUntil Command............................................................................................................12-30Thebreak command.............................................................................................................12-31Thecontinue command......................................................................................................12-31Debugging Bourne Shell Scripts.............................................................................................12-32Bourne Run Control Scripts....................................................................................................12-34Users.profile File.............................................................................................................12-35

CHAPTER 13 WORKING WITH HARD DRIVES...........................13-1Hard Drive Slices.......................................................................................................................13-1

The Swap Partition Slice 1 and Disk Image Slice 2.................................................................13-2What Makes Up a Hard Drive and How That Relates to Solaris 9.......................................... 13-3Figure 13.6 Multiple Platters and a Spindle............................................................................13-6Figure 13.7 Track and Cylinder................................................................................................13-6Solaris Disk Naming Conventions............................................................................................13-9Logical and Physical Device Names.......................................................................................13-10

Themount Command............................................................................................................13-11OPTIONAL.................................................................................................................................13-13

CHAPTER 14 USING THE MOUNT AND SHARE COMMANDS ...14-1Understanding Mounting..........................................................................................................14-1How to Unmount a Busy or Jammed File System.................................................................... 14-4

Accessing Removable Media.................................................................................................... 14-5Special Mount Options..............................................................................................................14-6

The/etc/vfstabFile ...........................................................................................................14-7The/usr/sbin/umountall Command.............................................................................14-9Mounting Different Media.........................................................................................................14-9Sharing a Directory on a Network...........................................................................................14-10Common Terms.......................................................................................................................14-10Using theshare Command...................................................................................................14-10


10/687

vii

Using Share Access Lists ........................................................................................................14-11Using theunshare Command..............................................................................................14-13

Theshareallandunshareallcommands....................................................................14-13Figure 14.3 The/etc/dfs/dfstab File............................................................................14-14

Thedfshares Command.....................................................................................................14-14Special Network Mounting Options........................................................................................14-14

CHAPTER 15 SOLARIS FILE SYSTEMS.....................................15-1Local File Systems.....................................................................................................................15-1Distributed File Systems...........................................................................................................15-1Networked File Systems............................................................................................................ 15-1Pseudo File Systems.................................................................................................................15-2UFS Disk Structure and the File System Structure..................................................................15-2File System Components in Detail ........................................................................................... 15-5

The SuperBlock .........................................................................................................................15-5Cylinder Group Block.................................................................................................................15-6

The Inode Table.........................................................................................................................15-6Data Blocks and Fragment Blocks........................................................................................... 15-7Monitoring a File System..........................................................................................................15-8

Thedu Command......................................................................................................................15-9

Thequot Command...............................................................................................................15-10Thefsck Command...............................................................................................................15-11Thenewfs Command............................................................................................................15-12

CHAPTER 16 TCP/IP ON SOLARIS ............................................16-1Common Terms.........................................................................................................................16-1

The OSI Model and TCP/IP Model............................................................................................16-3The OSI model ...........................................................................................................................16-3Application Layer Programs...................................................................................................... 16-7Other Network Concepts...........................................................................................................16-7

The TCP/IP Model......................................................................................................................16-9OSI MODEL TCP/IP Model..................................................................................................16-9Networking Files on Solaris 9...................................................................................................16-9Understanding theifconfig Command............................................................................16-10

Thebanner Command..........................................................................................................16-12Theping Command...............................................................................................................16-13TCP Ports..................................................................................................................................16-14Theinetd daemon................................................................................................................16-14RPC (Remote Procedure Calls)...............................................................................................16-15

Thesnoop Command............................................................................................................16-16

CHAPTER 17 PRINTING IN SOLARIS........................................17-1Printing Concepts......................................................................................................................17-2Some Common Terms Used with Printing in Solaris 9............................................................ 17-2Important Directories, Files, and Commands for Solaris 9 Printing.......................................17-3Other important files and directories are:................................................................................ 17-3Understanding the/usr/share/lib/terminfoDirectory.............................................17-4Solaris GUI Printing Tools..........................................................................................................17-5Command Line Print Management Tools...............................................................................17-11Alternate Command Line Print Commands...........................................................................17-11How Solaris Finds the Default Printer....................................................................................17-12

CHAPTER 18 BACKUP AND RESTORE......................................18-1Theufsdumpandufsrestore Commands........................................................................18-2Tape Drive Locations.................................................................................................................18-5Theufsdump Command..........................................................................................................18-5


11/687

viii

Examples of theufsdump Command.....................................................................................18-6Types of Tapes...........................................................................................................................18-6Theufsrestore command...................................................................................................18-6DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Tue 10 Sep 2002 09:27:08 PM MDT.............................. 18-8DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: the epoch........................................................................... 18-8DUMP: Dumping (Pass IV) [regular files].................................................................................. 18-8

Thetar command..................................................................................................................18-10Compressing, Viewing and Uncompressing Files ..................................................................18-12Thezipandunzip Utilities..................................................................................................18-13Thecompressanduncompressutilities..........................................................................18-15Thezcat utility.......................................................................................................................18-15Thedd Command....................................................................................................................18-16

CHAPTER 19 THE SOLARIS MANAGEMENT CONSOLE............19-1Starting the SMC.......................................................................................................................19-1SMC Components......................................................................................................................19-3Using the SMC...........................................................................................................................19-4

The Tool Bar...............................................................................................................................19-6The Location Bar .......................................................................................................................19-7The Navigation Pane.................................................................................................................19-7

The View Pane...........................................................................................................................19-8The Help Pane...........................................................................................................................19-8Using the SMC...........................................................................................................................19-9Solaris System Status...............................................................................................................19-9Solaris Process Manager 1.1..................................................................................................19-10Log Viewer 4.1.........................................................................................................................19-12

The Solaris Performance Manager 1.0..................................................................................19-13Solaris Project Database Manager 1.0..................................................................................19-16

CHAPTER 20 WHATS NEW IN SOLARIS 9................................20-1Security Improvements.............................................................................................................20-1Solaris Secure Shell (SSH)........................................................................................................20-1Internet Key Exchange (IKE) ..................................................................................................... 20-2Improved LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) Security.......................................... 20-2

128-bit Encryption.....................................................................................................................20-2Kerbose Key Distribution Center (KDC)................................................................................... 20-2Improved Process Controls.......................................................................................................20-2Fixed-Priority Scheduling........................................................................................................... 20-3Solaris Resource Manager........................................................................................................20-3Network Compatibility:..............................................................................................................20-3Linux Support.............................................................................................................................20-3Sendmail 8.12...........................................................................................................................20-3Mobile Internet Protocol............................................................................................................20-4BIND 8.2.4.................................................................................................................................20-4Solaris PPP 4.0..........................................................................................................................20-4Windows 2000 Support............................................................................................................20-4What Happened to the GNOME 2.0 Desktop? ........................................................................ 20-4Disk Management.....................................................................................................................20-5Ability to Burn CDROMs.............................................................................................................20-5Solaris Volume Manager...........................................................................................................20-5New Install Methods..................................................................................................................20-5Solaris Live Upgrade..................................................................................................................20-5Web Start Flash.........................................................................................................................20-6Other Interesting Improvements .............................................................................................. 20-6Netscape Navigator...................................................................................................................20-6iPlanet LDAP Directory Server Integration ............................................................................... 20-6


12/687

ix

SunScreen 3.2...........................................................................................................................20-7Solaris Freeware........................................................................................................................20-7End of NIS+................................................................................................................................20-7DVD Installation Disk.................................................................................................................20-7Solaris Web Start Wizards SDK 3.0.1 ......................................................................................20-7Graphical Workspace Manager Upgrade................................................................................. 20-7Software Development Libraries.............................................................................................. 20-8WBEM.........................................................................................................................................20-8Improved Solaris Management Console..................................................................................20-8Human Readable Output.......................................................................................................... 20-9Improved Software Support......................................................................................................20-9Extra Value Software.................................................................................................................20-9Freeware....................................................................................................................................20-9

CHAPTER 21 JUMPSTART INSTALL METHODS .......................21-1There-prinstall Script.....................................................................................................21-2Using the Factory JumpStart Install Method............................................................................ 21-4Using the Custom Jumpstart Installation Method...................................................................21-4Common Custom Jumpstart Terms.......................................................................................... 21-4Custom JumpStart Scripts and Files........................................................................................21-5Understanding Jumpstart Installations....................................................................................21-5Performing a Local JumpStart..................................................................................................21-7Local JumpStart Steps..............................................................................................................21-7Understanding therules file..................................................................................................21-8Understanding a Profile Text File............................................................................................21-10Profile File Keywords...............................................................................................................21-11Using thepfinstallUtility to Check a Profile...................................................................21-17Understanding thesysidcfg File........................................................................................21-18Performing a Network JumpStart...........................................................................................21-22

Thesetup_install_serverscript with the-b Option.................................................21-25Creating a JumpStart Directory...............................................................................................21-26

Theadd_install_clientscript.....................................................................................21-27Thesysidcfg file .................................................................................................................21-27Files Used with a Network JumpStart Installation.................................................................21-28

The/etc/dfs/dfstab File................................................................................................21-28The/etc/inetd.conf file.................................................................................................21-29The/etc/nsswitch.conf File .......................................................................................21-29The/etc/hosts File............................................................................................................21-30The/etc/ethers file ..........................................................................................................21-30Some Final Comments on the Networked JumpStart Installation........................................21-32Networked JumpStart.............................................................................................................21-32

CHAPTER 22 ROLE BASED ACCESS CONTROL........................22-1Key RBAC Concepts................................................................................................................... 22-1Understanding Rights................................................................................................................22-2Understanding Roles.................................................................................................................22-4Understanding Authorization.................................................................................................... 22-4

Understanding Profiles..............................................................................................................22-4Understanding Execution Attributes......................................................................................... 22-5Commands Used with Roles..................................................................................................... 22-5Databases Associated with RBAC............................................................................................ 22-6/etc/security/exec_attr .............................................................................................22-6/etc/security/auth_attr .............................................................................................22-6/etc/user_attr ..................................................................................................................22-6/etc/security/prof_attr .............................................................................................22-6


13/687

x

Theuser_attr database file............................................................................................22-6Theauth_attr database file............................................................................................22-7Theprof_attrdatabase file ................................................................................................22-7Theexec_attrdatabase file ................................................................................................22-8

CHAPTER 23 NIS AND NIS+ ......................................................23-1Common NIS Terms ..................................................................................................................23-2

NIS Maps....................................................................................................................................23-3How NIS Map Files Are Named.................................................................................................23-3Common NIS Commands.......................................................................................................... 23-5

The NIS Client............................................................................................................................23-9How to Remove NIS.................................................................................................................23-11NIS+.........................................................................................................................................23-13NIS+Tables..............................................................................................................................23-14NIS+Name Space...................................................................................................................23-14NIS+Table Updates ................................................................................................................23-16Overview of the NIS+Commands...........................................................................................23-17

Thenismaster Command...................................................................................................23-17Working with NIS+Tables.......................................................................................................23-20

Theniscat command..........................................................................................................23-20

CHAPTER 24 WORKING WITH SYSLOGD..................................24-1Syslog Error Messages..............................................................................................................24-1

The /etc/syslog.conf File in Detail............................................................................................24-1Where the Message Goes......................................................................................................... 24-2Full Line in /etc/syslog.conf ...........................................................................................24-2

The M4 Macro Processor..........................................................................................................24-4Logging TCP connections.......................................................................................................... 24-5

CHAPTER 25 SYSTEM CRASH ANALYSIS ................................25-1Theswap Command.................................................................................................................25-1Thecoreadm Command..........................................................................................................25-4Examining the /etc/coreadm.conf File in Detail...................................................................... 25-4Patterns Used with thecoreadm Command..........................................................................25-5

Theadb Command...................................................................................................................25-6Thedumpadm Command..........................................................................................................25-8

CHAPTER 26 VOLUME MANAGEMENT .....................................26-1Sun Volume Manager................................................................................................................ 26-1Volumes.....................................................................................................................................26-2Disk Set......................................................................................................................................26-3Local Disk Set............................................................................................................................26-3Hot Spare...................................................................................................................................26-3Hot Spare Pool...........................................................................................................................26-4Soft Partition..............................................................................................................................26-4

Transactional Volumes..............................................................................................................26-4RAID Levels................................................................................................................................26-4State Databases........................................................................................................................26-5

Icons Associated with Volume Management........................................................................... 26-7Creating State Databases......................................................................................................... 26-8Using Command Line Tools with State Databases................................................................26-12Understanding themetadb command..................................................................................26-13Monitoring and Deleting Metadevice State Databases from the SMC................................26-16Working with RAID 0 Volumes ................................................................................................26-17State Database Best Practices...............................................................................................26-34

CHAPTER 27 IPV6 .....................................................................27-1


14/687

xi

What Does IPv6 Look Like?......................................................................................................27-2Understanding IPv6 Within the OSI Model............................................................................... 27-2IPv6 Addressing.........................................................................................................................27-3Solaris 9 and IPv6.....................................................................................................................27-3Interface Auto-Configuration..................................................................................................... 27-3Configure Solaris for an IPv6 Network.....................................................................................27-5Key files used by Solaris when connecting to an IPv6 network.............................................. 27-6Using IPv6 with DNS..................................................................................................................27-6Using thepingCommand with IPv6.......................................................................................27-6Using thenetstatCommand with IPv6................................................................................ 27-7Converting Between Hexadecimal, Binary, and Decimal Numbers........................................27-8Hexadecimal Numbers.............................................................................................................. 27-8Understanding Binary Numbering..........................................................................................27-10Converting Binary Numbers into Decimal Numbers..............................................................27-10Converting between Binary and Hexadecimal.......................................................................27-12Understanding IPv6 Numerically............................................................................................27-12Key Points to Remember........................................................................................................27-14

CHAPTER 28 SYSTEM ACCOUNTING .......................................28-1Setting up System Accounting.................................................................................................. 28-2Starting process accounting.....................................................................................................28-4Understanding System Accounting Commands...................................................................... 28-4

The System Accounting Reports...............................................................................................28-9The Daily Report........................................................................................................................28-9The Daily Command Summary...............................................................................................28-14The Monthly Command Summary..........................................................................................28-15The Last Login Report.............................................................................................................28-15Therunacct command........................................................................................................28-16Troubleshooting System Accounting Problems.....................................................................28-17How to Repair thetacct file.................................................................................................28-18How to Repair thewtmpx File................................................................................................28-19

CHAPTER 29 DNS......................................................................29-1DNS Terms.................................................................................................................................29-1

The DNS Client...........................................................................................................................29-2The /etc/resolv.conf file............................................................................................................29-2The /etc/nsswitch.conf file.......................................................................................................29-2UnderstandingnsswichTemplate Files................................................................................29-5Files Used with a DNS Server...................................................................................................29-7DNS Configuration Files............................................................................................................29-9

Types of DNS Resource Records............................................................................................29-10Using the Apache Web Server with a DNS server..................................................................29-19Key Points to Remember........................................................................................................29-20

CHAPTER 30 LDAP....................................................................30-1Why Switch to LDAP ..................................................................................................................30-2Sun LDAP Features ...................................................................................................................30-2Where Did LDAP Come From?..................................................................................................30-3

The Directory Server..................................................................................................................30-3Where to Download the LDAP Server.......................................................................................30-4Required DNS Server Setup.....................................................................................................30-5

The Directory Console.............................................................................................................30-15The Servers and Applications Tab..........................................................................................30-16The Users and Groups Tab......................................................................................................30-17Working with Users and the Administration Account............................................................30-21

ThestartconsoleCommand............................................................................................30-22Working with the Administration Server.................................................................................30-26


15/687

xii

The Configuration Tab.............................................................................................................30-28Files Related to the Administration Server............................................................................30-28Key Files Related to the Administration Server.....................................................................30-28

The Sun ONE Directory Server................................................................................................30-32Directory Basics.......................................................................................................................30-33

Types of LDAP Directory Servers ............................................................................................30-33LDAP Terms .............................................................................................................................30-34LDAP v3....................................................................................................................................30-35Directory Server HTML Documentation..................................................................................30-35Introduction to the Directory Server.......................................................................................30-36

The Tasks Tab..........................................................................................................................30-36The Configuration Tab.............................................................................................................30-37The Directory Tab....................................................................................................................30-40The Status Tab.........................................................................................................................30-40Commands in the /usr/iplanet/ds5/slapd-Directory.....................................30-50LDAP Run Control Scripts........................................................................................................30-54

The LDAP Client.......................................................................................................................30-58Other Client-Related LDAP Information..................................................................................30-59LDAP Client Access..................................................................................................................30-59Understanding the ldapclient Utility.......................................................................................30-60

LDAP Security..........................................................................................................................30-60Understanding theldapaddent Utility................................................................................30-61LDAP Command Line Utilities .................................................................................................30-62

CHAPTER 31 DHCP ...................................................................31-1How DHCP Works......................................................................................................................31-2DHCP Files.................................................................................................................................31-4

The DHCP Manager...................................................................................................................31-5Configuring a DHCP Client ......................................................................................................31-23Understanding Macros and Options.......................................................................................31-24Importing and Exporting DHCP Configuration Information...................................................31-28Command Line Tools to Manage a DHCP Server..................................................................31-32

Thedhcpconfig Command.................................................................................................31-33Thedhtadm command..........................................................................................................31-33

Thepntadm Command..........................................................................................................31-34Clearing a DHCP Server ..........................................................................................................31-36Client Side DHCP Files ............................................................................................................31-38Client and Server Side DHCP Commands and Daemons......................................................31-38

The /etc/ init.d/dhcp Script.....................................................................................................31-39


16/687

xiii

Other Services We Offer

Solaris Consulting

At Avontra Technical Press, we offer a full range of Solaris consulting, including initial system setup,

security monitoring and troubleshooting. We can provide on-site or remote secure connections to your servers. Oneof our most popular programs is the second pair of eyes program. In this program, one of our technicians can visityour site to review your current server configuration and security setup. Please contact us [email protected] for further information.

Solaris Training

Currently, we offer Solaris Certification classes, as well as custom-tailored classes. The author of this bookcan come to your location . We plan to have scheduled Solaris classes in Denver Colorado; Colorado Springs,Colorado; and Salt Lake City, Utah. Other cities may be included in the future, depending on the demand. We canprovide SPARC workstations or can use your facilities. Please contact us at [email protected] for furtherinformation.


17/687

xiv

Acknowledgments

Ed Winograd served as Technical Editor and Copy Editor for this book. He has twenty-two years ofexperience in computers and technology, including seven years writing and editing technical manuals, five yearsteaching Technical Writing at the University level, and many years of writing and delivering computer training. As a

Technical Writer, Ed received the award for Best Technical Training Manual in the Rocky Mountain Regionalcompetition of the Society for Technical Communication.

In the past few years, Ed has edited dozens of manuals and many online help files for clients in thenetworked storage and telecommunications industries. His most recent book edits include a best-selling book oncomputer game programming, as well as a book on selling and buying antiques and collectibles in flea markets,antique malls, and eBay. His literary edits include a book of multicultural short stories, Pinch a Lotta Enchiladas, forwhich he also wrote one of the stories.

As a Technical Editor, Ed has served on the Style Guide committee for the Storage Products Division of amajor worldwide supplier of networked storage systems. He has also edited three newsletters in the computing andhigh tech fields and has written many articles on computing topics.

Ed received his B.A. in English from Colorado College and a graduate degree in English from theUniversity of California, Berkeley. He is a Senior Member of the Society for Technical Communication, aSongwriter Member of ASCAP, and a Member of the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators.

In his spare time, Ed enjoys storytelling and is webmaster and chief content writer for the website of theRocky Mountain Storytellers' Conference. He lives in Colorado Springs with his wife Gaynelle and their children,Michael and Julie.

Contact Information:

Email: [email protected]: 220 Silver Spring Drive

Colorado Springs, CO 80919

Phone: 719-528-5448

Royce Williams participated as a contributing author on this book, he did an excellent job writing theLDAP chapter (Chapter 30) Royce Williams is (among other things) a directory administrator for a medium-sizedISP in Anchorage, Alaska. He's wrangled sendmailand LDAP and battled spammers and on behalf of a 50K user

base for over three years on systems ranging from Solaris 2.5.1 to Solaris 9 and FreeBSD. He also has a B.A. in CSfrom the University of Alaska Anchorage on the ten-year plan. In his "spare" time, he collects Alaskan license platesand is an avid movie buff. He occasionally used to wonder why he wasn't an English major until he started readingthe writing of Larry Wall.Most things Royce can be found at http://www.tycho.org.


18/687

xv

Conventions Used in This Book

Commands: In the text, the commands that you type are displayed in a monospace bold font. For example:The formatcommand is used to partition a disk. All file and directory names are also displayed in a

monospace bold font. For example: the /etc/passwdfile is used to store user information.

Arguments and Options: Some commands require arguments and options to pass information to thecommand itself. Command arguments and options are enclosed in angle brackets < >. When you see anargument or option inside the < > brackets, type the appropriate value for that argument or option, but notthe the brackets themselves. For example: lpr d .

Comments: Comments are shown in italics. For example:Always back up this file before editing it.


19/687

xvi

Foreword

The Basic Skills section is geared toward novice users. Before using Solaris 9, the reader is introduced toSPARC-based systems. The reader is then guided through a basic installation of Solaris 9, so that the readersworkstation is set up to follow the books examples. The next couple of chapters cover the Common Desktop

Environment, basic file and directory skills, the vi editor, and how to use the different help options available fromSun Microsystems.

The Intermediate Skills section covers typical day-to-day system administration functions. These chaptersdescribe skills such as creating users, performing tape backups and working with software programs. All of thesetasks can be performed using only the original Solaris 9 CDROMs and a workstation that is not attached tosecondary devices, such as tape drives and modems.

The Advanced Skills section covers how to set up and use the following advanced servers:

DNS (Domain Name Service):Provides hostname to IP address resolutionNIS (Network Information System): Replicates systemwide configuration filesNIS+: An advanced version of NIS

DHCP (Domain Handling Control Protocol): Gives network settings to clientsLDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol): Provides company-wide directory information

Other advanced topics include the Solaris Store Edge Volumes (RAID 0, RAID 1 and RAID 5 volumes)and troubleshooting topics such as analyzing core files and dump files .

One highlight of this book is the LDAP chapter. It features over fifty pages of material and over a dozenexamples that illustrate how to set up and use the Sun One Directory Server. Topics in this chapter include how toset up the LDAP server, basic LDAP tree configuration, using LDIF files and Directory Management skills.

Steven Beebe


20/687

Chapter 1 Working with SPARC Systems 1-1

Chapter 1 Working with SPARC Systems

Lesson 1.1 Using the OpenBoot Prompt ................................................................................................... 1-15Lesson 1.2 Using OpenBoot Commands...................................................................................................1-18Lesson 1. 3 Using the probe- i de command .........................................................................................1-20Lesson 1.4 Using the deval i as command............................................................................................. 1-22Lesson 1. 5 Using the obdi ag Command................................................................................................1-25

Introduction

Solaris 9 is a UNIX operating system produced by Sun Microsystems Incorporated. This operating systemwill on both SPARC(Scalable Processor ARCitecture) hardware produced by Sun and Intelbased systems

produced by the IntelCorporation. According to Sun Microsystems press releases, Sun has decided to release theIntel versions of Solaris late in 2003. There was a lot of end user protest and concern about not having an Intelversion of Solaris 9 that forced Sun into creating an Intel version of Solaris 9. There is also some unofficial chit-chaton the Internet Internetabout having a Linux or Open Source version of Solaris 9, but thats not official news. Thesefacts may change after this books publication date, because Solaris 9 on Intel is a fluid issue.

Solaris 8 is also a version of Solaris that is produced for both the Intel and the SPARC architectures. Withan ever-increasing market share of Linux as a free version of UNIX for Intel-based system, Sun decided to scaleback its development of any type of UNIX operating system that runs on Intel based computers. If a reader wishesto study the Solaris 9 operating system, he or she has one of two possible choices:

The first choice is to use the Intel version of Solaris 8 or Solaris 9 (when it comes out) . Over 80% of thehands-on lessons can be performed with the Intel version of Solaris 8 or Solaris 9. Unfortunately, some of the moreadvanced features of Solaris 9 can not be performed with the Intel versions of Solaris 8 and Solaris 9.

The last Intel version of Solaris 8 the 02/02 version (February, 2002). The Solaris 8 Media Kit for Intel canbe purchased from the online Sun Store located at http://store.sun.com for $45.00 USD. The official Solaris 8 forIntel HCL (Hardware Compatibility List) can be found at:

http://soldc.sun.com/support/drivers/hcl/index.html

Make sure to check the Solaris 8 HCL against the system that will be used for learning Solaris. The authorof this book was rather surprised to find out that Solaris 8 does not support the Vodoo video card in one of hisworkstations. The HCL lists vary with the date on Solaris 8 media kit. If you have an older version of Solaris 8 forIntel, make sure to mach the hardware with the HCL of your version of the Solaris 8 Media Kit.

Sun Microsystems tries to keep each version of Solaris backward compatible with the previous generations.The Solaris operating system and UNIX as a whole tend not to change too drastically between versions. Because ofthis, the Intel version of Solaris 8 should work with most of the lessons. Companies have too much money investedin software to allow for major changes in UNIX.

The other choice the reader has is to pick up a used SPARC workstation and load Solaris 9 on theworkstation. The most affordable way to obtain Solaris 9 is to download the Solaris 9 CDROM images off the

Lessons in This Chapter


21/687


Internet (this option might be discontinued in the future). If the reader can not download the Solaris 9 CDROMimages from the Internet, he or she can purchase the Solaris 9 Slim Kit from Sun. The Solaris 9 Slim Kit has afunctional but limited selection of CDROMs and a DVD disk. It also comes with a minimum set of paperdocumentation and manuals that are helpful to have when installing Solaris 9. This kit can be purchased from SunMicrosystems website http://store.sun.com. It will be discussed in greater detail later in the chapter.

A SPARC workstation can be purchased from online auction sites like http://www.ebay.com, orhttp://www.amazon.com. The best used SPARC workstation to consider is the Ultra 5 workstation. The best newworkstation to consider is the SunBlade 100. The Ultra 5 can be purchased from an online auction site likehttp://www.ebay.com or http://auctions.yahoo.com. After Sun Microsystems produced the SunBlade 100, prices onthe Ultra 5 workstations dropped like a rock. The SunBlade 100 is a nice workstation because it uses a lot of regularPC. components (such as Seagate hard drives, DIMM chips, and standard IDE CDROMs). Most savvy Solaris userswill purchase the minimum number of components for the SunBlade 100 from Sun Microsystems and will thenpurchase additional hardware from third-party vendors.

How to Purchase an Ultra 5 Workstation

The Ultra 5 workstation is compatible with Solaris 9. Figure 1.1 is a photograph of an Ultra 5 workstation.

Real World Experience My advice when purchasing a SunBlade 100 is to purchase the smallest

configuration possible. Purchase additional hard drives, memory, and DVDdrives directly from the manufacturer. Just lift the cover of the SunBlade 100and see who makes the components. If that does not work, search the Internetmessage groups and find out what components work on a SunBlade 100.

Once the one-year hardware warranty from Sun runs out, there really is no needto purchase replacement components from Sun, except for the CPU,motherboard, and a riser board. The following components can be purchaseddirectly from the vendors.

o ATX power supply (if it becomes damaged : use a standard ATXpower supply. The pins are standardized. Check the power supply's

dimensions so that it will fit in the case.)o Seagate hard drives or Western Digital hard drives will work.o Standard 3- floppy drive.o LiteOn DVD drive (dont purchase a CDROM drive, CDROMs are

on their way out.o DIMM chips with ECC (Internet purchases are the only place to find

these. The best supplier is http://www.crucial.com.)

Steven BeebeAuthor


22/687


Figure 1.1 Ultra 5 Workstation

For readers on a budget, purchase the Ultra 5 on the Internet, use it for studying Solaris 9, and then resell itfor the same amount of money as the original purchase. Think of this more as a rental than a real purchase. Try tofind an Ultra 5 with the following components:

96 MBRAM as a minimum, 256 MB are needed for the LDAP server.

A minimum 4 GB system disk. The system only needs one hard drive. However, the lessons in Chapter

27 (Volume Management) and Chapter 13 (Hard Drives) require the use of a second hard drive. Justpurchase a really cheap 500 MB hard drive for these lessons. The second drive just needs to befunctional the size does not matter.

A Sun keyboard and mouse. Some lessons in this book use the STOP button that is found only on SunKeyboards.

There are two versions of the Ultra 5. One version has an SVGA video card, and the other has a 13W3video card. The SVGA version is more popular and more expensive. The 13W3 version is less popularbut cheaper.

Try to find a system that has a rather slow CPU. None of these lessons really puts a strain on the CPU.When it comes to memory, try to purchase a system with 256 MB of memory. buying anything more than 256 MBwill just be wasted money. The Ultra 5 workstations take a proprietary version of memory, which is ratherexpensive. The minimum amount of memory needed by Solaris 9 is only 96 MB. This setup should cost about

$250.00.

Some Ultra 5 workstations come with a 13W3 video port and others come with a standard SVGA videoport. If the reader purchases an Ultra 5 with a 13W3 video port, either a Sun monitor or a 13W3 to SVGA adapter isalso required. The Sun monitor is a great quality monitor, but it tends to be rather expensive. Also, understand thatthe monitor does not have a standard SVGA adapter, so it can only be used with the Ultra 5. The other choice thereader has is to purchase a 13W3 to SVGA (13W3 Female to HD-15 Male) adapter. This adapter will let the readeruse a standard SVGA monitor with the 13W3 version of the Ultra 5. Figure 1.2 shows this adapter.


23/687


Figure 1.2 13W3 to SVGA Adapter

This adapter should only cost about $7.00, in addition to a $5.00 shipping fee. With this adapter, a standardSVGA monitor can be used to view the output of the Ultra 5. A standard SVGA monitor is a lot cheaper than a Sun

monitor. This adapter should deliver at least 800x600 24-bit color, according to the official specifications. The bestplace to find this is on http://www.ebay.com. Type in a keyword search as 13W3 SVGA. Remember, it is a 13W3MALE to SVGA FEMALE. There are different types of 13W3 adapters, so check the adapter very carefully beforepurchasing.

Try to avoid purchasing small items from what are known as Sun VARs (Value Added Resellers). A SunVAR is a company that has formed a partnership with Sun to sell Sun equipment. Sun VARs are valuable for smallbusinesses that need to purchase entire systems and need a qualified system integrator to set up the equipment.Unfortunately, Sun VAR prices for small items are almost always higher than a direct purchase from Sun.

How to Purchase a SunBlade 100 Workstation

For readers that want a new workstation with a one-year warranty, the SunBlade 100 is the best system toconsider. The Solaris 9 O.S. has a minimum system requirement of 96 MB of RAM and 2.9 GB of hard disk space.The SunBlade 100 is a Sun workstation that currently sells for less than $1000 new. The cheapest place to purchasea SunBlade 100 is from the online Sun Store at http://store.sun.com. The SunBlade 100 is a very good workstationto learn Solaris 9 because it has a standard SVGA video card and IDE disk drives. This workstation can be attachedto a standard SVGA monitor and delivers 1024 x 768 24-bit color. Because this is a new workstation, upgrade partscan still be purchased directly from Sun or from third-party manufacturers. The SunBlade 100 uses IDE disk drives,so an extra hard drive can be added to the system at a cheap price, which helps keep down costs. The SunBlade 100is SPARC compatible, so it can be used with Solaris 8 (SPARC edition.) but not with earlier versions of Solaris.Solaris 7 and previous versions of Solaris do not have the drivers to work with the SunBlade 100. On the bright side,Sun will support the SunBlade 100 through several new generations of Solaris.

Solaris 9 Media Kits

Sun Microsystems distributes the Solaris 9 operating system through media kits and through the Internet.Remember, Solaris 9 has been developed for the SPARC architecture only. There are no Intel CDROMs or Solaris 9Intel media kits available.

The Solaris 9 Media Kit includes the Solaris 9 CDROMs, a DVD disk, and some paper documentation(electronic versions of the documents are online). The best place to buy these media kits is directly from Sun. Themedia kits have a 4-digit release date in the format Month/Year. For example, a Solaris 9 05/02 Media Kit wasproduced in May, 2002. This indicates the last month that Sun burned the CDROMs for that media kit.


24/687


It is important to check the date when the media kit was produced because new media kits include extrasoftware and patches that older media kits might not have.For example, the Solaris 8 01/00 (January, 2000) MediaKit would not have the same software as the Solaris 8 02/02 (February, 2002)Media Kit. The same rules will applyto Solaris 9 Media Kits when new versions are created.

The media kit comes in a cardboard box that contains CDROMs, DVDs, and some documentation booklets.This box is shipped via FedEX within twelve days of the purchase order (rush orders are available). There are twodifferent versions of the media kit, the System Administrators Kit (w/English Hardcopy Documentation) or theSlim Kit. Figure 1.3 is a picture of the Slim Kit.

Documents

Free Solaris eBook