Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Author:
Date:
PFOS, PFOA and Other Fluorinated Compounds: Overcoming Sampling and Analy<cal Challenges
Terry Obal, Ph.D., C.Chem.
RPIC Federal Contaminated Sites Na?onal Workshop April 14-‐16, 2014
3 maxxam.ca
• Overview – Physical/Chemical Proper?es – Nomenclature – Environmental Significance
• Sampling, Analy?cal and Repor?ng Considera?ons – Sampling Challenges – Analy?cal Methods – “Understanding” the results
Outline
4 maxxam.ca
What are they?
Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)
Teflon®
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)
Scotchguard®
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
5 maxxam.ca
• Very stable and persistent – do not degrade • Low vola?lity • Soluble in water
• Readily bind (sorb) to variety of materials (hard to predict par??oning)
• Bioaccumula?on
• Ubiquitous (“they’re everywhere”)
Chemical and Physical Proper?es
6 maxxam.ca
Fluoropolymers vs. Fluorinated Telomers
Fluoropolymers § Long chain molecules § Fire resistant § Repel oil, grease, stains and water § Used to provide non-‐s?ck surface
in cookware and waterproof breathable membranes for clothing
§ Hundreds of other uses in virtually all industry segments (e.g. aerospace, automo?ve, chemical, electronics, tex?le, etc.)
Fluorinated Telomers § Surfactants and surface
treatment chemicals in many products (e.g. repellent coa?ngs on tex?les, leather and paper)
§ High performance surfactants in products that need to flow evenly (e.g. paints, coa?ngs, fire figh?ng foams, engineering coa?ngs in the manufacture of semi-‐conductor coa?ngs)
7 maxxam.ca
PFC Naming Conven?ons
Perfluorobutanoic Acid aka
Perfluorobutyric Acid
Perfluorobutanoate
8 maxxam.ca
Naming Conven?ons
Abbrevia<on Acid Conjugate
PFBA Perfluorobutanoic Acid Perfluorobutanoate
PFBS Perfluorobutanesulfonic Acid Perfluorobutanesulfonate
PFPA Perfluoropentanoic Acid Perfluoropentanoate
PFHxA Perfluorohexanoic Acid Perfluorohexanoate
PFHxS Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid Perfluorohexanesulfonate
PFHpA Perfluoroheptanoic Acid Perfluoroheptanoate
PFOA Perfluorooctanoic Acid Perfluorooctanoate
PFOS Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid Perfluorooctanesulfonate
PFNA Perfluorononanoic Acid Perfluorononanoate
PFDA Perfluorodecanoic Acid Perfluorodecanoate
PFDS Perfluorodecanesulfonic Acid Perfluorodecanesulfonate
PFUdA Perfluoroundecanoic Acid Perfluoroundecanoate
PFDoA Perfluorododecanoic Acid Perfluorododecanoate
PFTrDA Perfluorotridecanoic Acid Perfluorotridecanoate
PFTeDA Perfluorotetradecanoic Acid Perfluorotetradecanoate
PFOSA Perfluorooctanesulfonamide Perfluorooctanesulfonamide
9 maxxam.ca
Environmental Pathways for PFC Exposure
§ Commercially used perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely detected in humans, but the sources of human exposure are not fully characterized
§ Suggested sources of exposure – Drinking Water – Dust/Ambient Air – Food
10 maxxam.ca
Where are they being found?
• Although PFOS, PFOA and other PFCs are likely to be found anywhere, at differing concentra?ons
• Typical areas where these may be compounds of concern, at elevated concentra?ons, are: – AFFFs:
§ Airports § Run-‐off from incidents of fire
– Landfill leachate – WWTP Effluent
12 maxxam.ca
• S?ll being evaluated -‐ a range of toxicological effects have been reported in a variety of species
• Readily absorbed and accumulates in all ?ssues, especially target organs (e.g. liver)
• Not metabolized and eliminated slowly
• Studies suggest high poten?al human toxicity
• Not yet confirmed as human carcinogen
• PFOS exposure has been associated with many health problems including some cancers
Toxicology
13 maxxam.ca
• Risk management strategies should maintain environmental PFOS concentra?ons as low as possible by: • Preven?ng re-‐introduc?on to market; and • Addressing remaining uses through restric?ons/exemp?on
• May 30, 2012: AFFFs with PFOS >0.5 ppm are prohibited (certain military opera?ons may be excluded)
• January 2013: Environment Canada consulta?on document issued describing current risk management ac?ons in Canada and globally
• May 29, 2013: Manufacture, use, sale and import of PFOS and PFOS-‐containing products is prohibited in Canada (Note: Other PFCs, e.g. polyfluorotelomer sulphonates, are used in newer AFFF formula?ons)
Regulatory Status in Canada (PFOS Focus)
14 maxxam.ca
• 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program: • Eight (8) global suppliers agree to:
§ 95% reduc?on in PFOA (and related precursor) levels in emissions rela?ve to 2000 levels
§ Total elimina?on of PFOA (and related precursor) levels in emissions
• September 30, 2013 – USEPA Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) rela?ng to perfluoroalkyl sulphonates (PFASs)
• SNUR related to perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFACs) (in-‐process)
Regulatory Status
15 maxxam.ca
Regulatory Limits – Drinking Water
Jurisdic<on PFOA (ug/L)
PFOS (ug/L)
PFBA (ug/L)
PFBS (ug/L)
Canada – Health Canada 0.7 0.3 N/V N/V
U.S.A -‐ EPA 0.4 0.2 N/V N/V
U.S.A. – Minnesota 0.3 0.2 7 7
U.S.A. – New Jersey 0.04 N/V N/V N/V
U.S.A. – North Carolina 2 N/V N/V N/V
Europe – United Kingdom 10 0.3 N/V N/V
Europe -‐ Germany 0.1 (PFOA and PFOS) N/V N/V
16 maxxam.ca
Regulatory Limits – UCMR3
Compound Minimum
Repor<ng Level (ug/L)
Perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) 0.04
Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) 0.02
Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA) 0.02
Perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) 0.03
Perfluoroheptanoic Acid (PFHpA) 0.01
Perfluorobutane sulphonate (PFBS) 0.09
17 maxxam.ca
Provisional Soil Levels -‐ PFOS
Jurisdic<on Residen<al
(ug/g) Commercial
(ug/g) Industrial (ug/g)
Canada – Health Canada1 0.7 1 5
U.S.A – EPA Region IV 6 N/V N/V 1) CCME Guidelines for PFOS an<cipated 2014/2015
18 maxxam.ca
• Inconsistent approaches to analysis for PFCs in simple and complex environmental matrices
• High risk of sample cross contamina?on due to ubiquitous nature of PFCs and the tendency to be found at high concentra?ons
• Sample matrices range from simple to complex
• Data comparability between laboratories is difficult – High variability – Lack of confidence in the results – Inability to make supportable remedial decisions
Problem Statement(s)
21 maxxam.ca
• Sampling and field quality assurance plans must address the potenial for cross contamina?on and/or false posi?ves
• Consider poten?al sources of PFOS, PFOA and other PFCs: • Teflon® • Gore-‐tex® • Water proof field note books
• Water for blanks MUST be PFC free.
Sampling
23 maxxam.ca
• If the isotopically labeled analogue is added to the sample at the very beginning of the analy?cal process (i.e. before any sample homogeniza?on, extrac?on, clean-‐up etc.), it enables exact compensa?on for variances at all stages of the analysis, from sample prepara?on through to the final instrumental measurement.
• IDMS provides greater accuracy than other calibra?on methods because it compensates for any matrix effects that may suppress recovery of the parameters being measured.
Importance of Isotope Dilu?on…
24 maxxam.ca
Importance of Isotope Dilu?on…
• Simply put… …the recovery of the labeled compound, which is not naturally present in the sample, is an exact representa?on of the recovery of the na?ve compound which is present in the sample.
• Using PFOS as an example, the 13C4-‐labelled analog of PFOS is
used to correct for varying recovery of the na?ve (12C) PFOS from the sample. So if the recovery of the labeled PFOS is 60%, the recovery of the na?ve PFOS being measured will also be 60%.
25 maxxam.ca
Branched (technical) vs. Linear PFOS
• When interpre?ng PFOS data, it is important to understand if it is being quan?fied as the linear or branched chain isomers
• Technical PFOS is a mixture of linear and branched chain PFOS isomers
• Linear PFOS is typically pure
• Branched chained PFOS contains at least 3 isomers
• This is an important differen?a?on because if linear PFOS is used as the calibra?on standard, the quan?ta?ve results on real-‐world samples (containing a mix of linear and branched PFOS) can be off by as much as 40%
26 maxxam.ca
Limits of Quan?ta?on (LOQs)
Compound
LOQs
Water (ug/L)
Soil (ug/kg)
Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorobutanesulfonic Acid (PFBS) 0.02 0.1
Perfluoropentanoic Acid (PFPA) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid (PFHxS) 0.02 0.1
Perfluoroheptanoic Acid (PFHpA) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorodecanesulfonate (PFDS) 0.02 0.1
Perfluoroundecanoic Acid (PFUdA) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorododecanoic Acid (PFDoA) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorotridecanoic Acid (PFTrDA) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorotetradecanoic Acid (PFTeDA) 0.02 0.1
Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) 0.02 0.1
27 maxxam.ca
Sampling Protocols and Analy?cal Methods: Key Areas for Considera?on
• Sample Collec?on Protocols: – Low flow, bailers, passive samplers – Cross-‐contamina?on – Minimize exposure of samples/extracts to poten?al sources of PFCs – Fill containers completely
• Minimize transfer of sample aliquots – (i.e. as much as is possible, avoid subsampling prior to addressing
adsorp?on)
• Sample Prepara?on: – Homogeniza?on/Filtra?on
28 maxxam.ca
Sampling Protocols and Analy?cal Methods: Key Areas for Considera?on
• Sample Extrac?on/Clean-‐up – Direct injec?on/solid phase extrac?on (SPE)
• Analysis: – “Isotope Dilu?on” LC/MS/MS – Calibra?on: solvent based standards/matrix matched standards
• Data Reduc?on: – Linear vs branched chain PFOS
29 maxxam.ca
• Laboratory Accredita?on (ISO Guide 17025): ‒ SCC (Canada) ‒ DoD (USA)
• Calibra?on Range: – Water: 0.02 – 50 ug/L – Soil: 0.1 – 10 ug/kg
• Standard Turnaround Time – 10 working days
• Rush Analyses – Minimum 3 days
What to expect when reques?ng analyses