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Management Information SystemsTotal Flash Cards » 141

1. Transforming Information into KnowledgeA firm must expend additional resources to discoverpatterns, rules, and contexts where the knowledge

works.

2. Wisdom

Thought to be collective and individual experience ofapplying knowledge to the solutions of problems.Wisdom involves where, when, and how to apply

knowledge.

3. Tacit Knowledge Knowledge residing in the minds of employees thathas not been documented

4. Explicit KnowledgeKnowledge that has been documented that residesin an e-mail, voice mail, graphics, and unstructured

document as well as structured documents.

5. Organizational Learning

Organizations that learn then adjust their behavior toreflect that learning by creating new business

processes and by change is called organizationallearning.

6. Knowledge Management

The set of business processes developed in anorganization to create, store, transfer, and apply

knowledge. It increases the ability of theorganization to learn from its environment and to

incorporate knowledge into its business processes.

7. Communication of Practice (COPs)Informal social networks of professionals and

employees within and outside the firm who havesimilar work-related activities and interests.

8. Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems General -purpose firm wide efforts to collect, store,distribute, and apply digital content and knowledge.

9. Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)Specialized systems built for engineers, scientists,

and other knowledge workers charged withdiscovering and creating new knowledge for a

company.

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10. Intelligent Techniques Data mining, expert systems, neural networks, fuzzylogic, genetic algorithms, and intelligent agents.

11. Structured Knowledge

Explicit knowledge that exists in formal documents,as well as in formal rules that organizations derive

by observing experts and their decision-makingbehaviors.

12. Enterprise Management Systems

Help organizations manage both types ofinformation. Have capabilities for knowledgecapture, storage, retrieval, distribution, and

preservations to help firms improve their businessprocesses and decisions.

13. Taxonomy To organize information into meaningful categoriesso that it can be easily accessed.

14. Digital Asset Management Systems help companies classify, store, and distribute thesedigital objects

15. Knowledge Network Systems

Address the problem that arises when theappropriate knowledge is not in the form of a digital

document but instead resides in the memory ofexpert individuals in the firm.

16. Social Bookmarking

Makes it easier to search for and share informationby allowing user to save their bookmarks to Web

pages on a public Web site and tags thesebookmarks with key words.

17. FolksonomiesA user-created taxonomies created for sharedbookmarks, delicious and digg are two popular

social bookmarking sites.

18. Learning Management Systems (LMS)Provides tools for the management, delivery,tracking, and assessment of various types of

employee learning and training.

19. Computer Aided Design (CAD) Automates the creation and revisions of designs,


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using computers and sophisticated graphicssoftware.

20. Virtual Reality Systems

Visualization, rendering, and simulation capabilitiesthat go far beyond those of conventional CAD

systems. They use interactive graphics software tocreate computer-generated simulations that are soclose to reality that users almost believe they are

participating in real-world situation.

21. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)

A set of specifications for interactive, 3-D modelingon the World Wide Web that can organize multiple

media types, including animation, images, and audioto put users in a simulated real-world environment.

22. Investment WorkstationsUsed by the financial industry to leverage the

knowledge and time of its brokers, traders, andportfolio managers.

23. Knowledge Discovery

Neural networks and data mining are used for it.They can discover underlying patterns, categories,and behaviors in large data sets that could not bediscovered by managers alone or simply through

experience.

24. Artificial Intelligence (AI)technology, which consists of computer-based

systems (both hardware and software) that attemptto emulate human behavior.

25. Expert SystemsAre an intelligent technique for capturing tacit

knowledge in a very specific and limited domain ofhuman expertise.

26. Knowledge Base Expert systems model human knowledge as a set ofrules that collectively are called...

27. Inference Engine Strategy used to search through a knowledge base.

28. Forward ChainingThe inference engine that begins with the

information entered by the user and searches therule base to arrive at a conclusion.


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29. Backward Chaining

The strategy for searching the rule base starts with ahypothesis and proceeds by asking the user

questions about selected facts until the hypothesis iseither confirmed or disproved.

30. Case-Base Reasoning (CBR)

Descriptions of past experiences of humanspecialists, represented as cases, are stored in a

database for later retrieval when the user encountersa new case with similar parameters.

31. Fuzzy LogicIs a rule based technology that can represent suchimprecision by creating rules that use approximate

or subjective values.

32. Neural NetworksUsed for solving complex, poorly understood

problems for which large amounts of data have beencollected.

33. Machine Learning

A related AI technology focusing on algorithms andtechniques allowing computers to "learn" by

extracting information using computations andstatistical methods.

34. Genetic AlgorithmsUseful for finding the optimal solution for a specific

problem by examining a very large number ofpossible solutions for that problem.

35. Hybrid AI systems

Genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, neural networks, andexpert systems can be integrated into a single

applications to take advantage of the best featuresof these technologies.

36. Intelligent Agent

Software programs that work in the backgroundwithout direct human intervention to carry out

specific, repetitive, and predictable tasks for anindividual user, business process, or software

application.

37. Agent-Based ModelingApplications that have been developed to model thebehavior of consumers, stock markets, and supply

chains and to predict the spread of epidemics.


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38. Unstructured DecisionsThose in which the decision makers must provide

judgement, evaluation, and insight to solve theproblem.

39. Structured DecisionsRepetitive and routine, they involve a definite

procedure for handling them so that they do nothave to be treated each time as if they were new.

40. Semistructured Only part of the problem has a clear cut answerprovided by an accepted procedure.

41. Intelligence

Consists of discovering, identifying, andunderstanding the problems occurring in the

organization. Why, where and what effects it ishaving on the firm.

42. Design Involves identifying and exploring various solutionsto the problem.

43. Choice Consists of choosing among solution alternatives

44. ImplementationInvolves making the chosen alternative work and

continuing to monitor how well the solution isworking.

45. Classical Model of ManagementDescribes what managers do, was largely

unquestioned for the more than 70 years since the1920s. Henri Fayol

46. Behavioral Models

State that the actual behavior of managers appearsto be less systematic, more informal, less reflective,

more reactive and less well organized than theclassical model would have us believe.

47. Managerial Roles Expectations of the activities that managers shouldperform in an organization.


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48. Interpersonal Role Managers acting as leaders, attempting to motivate,counsel, and support subordinates.

49. Informational Role

Managers act as nerve centers of theirorganizations, receiving the most concrete,

up-to-date information and redistributing it to thosewho need to be aware of it.

50. Decisional Role

Managers act as entrepreneurs by initiating newkinds of activities, they handle disturbances arisingin the organization and they allocate resources to

staff members who need them, lastly they negotiateconflicts and mediate between conflicting groups.

51. Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)

Specialized systems that provide a group ofelectronic environment in which managers and

teams are able to collectively make decision anddesign solutions for unstructured and semistructured

problems.

52. Database-Driven DSS Extract useful information that was previously buriedin large quantities of data.

53. DSS Database A collections of current or historical data from anumber of applications or groups.

54. DSS Software System Contains the software tolls that are used for dataanalysis.

55. Model An abstract representation that illustrates thecomponents or relationships of a phenomenon.

56. Sensitivity AnalysisModels ask what if questions repeatedly to

determine the impact on outcomes of changes inone or more factors.

57. Pivot Table A table that displays two or more dimensions of data


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in a convenient format.

58. Data Visualization

Tools that help users see patterns and relationshipsin large amounts of data that would be difficult to

discern if the data were presented as traditional listsof text.

59. Graphic Information Systems (GIS)Special category of DSS that use data visualizationtechnology to analyze and display data for planningand decision making in the form of digitized maps.

60. Customer Decision Support Systems (CDSS) Support the decision-making process of an existingor potential customer.

61. Balance Scorecard Method

The leading methodology for understanding thereally important information needed by a firm's

executive branch. It is a framework forope-rationalizing a firm's strategic plan by focusing

on measurable outcomes on four dimensions of firmperformance.

62. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)The measures proposed by senior management forunderstanding how well the firm is preforming along

any given dimension.

63. Drill Down Moving from one piece of summary data to lowerand lower levels of details.

64. Rationalization of Procedures A deeper form of organizational change - one thatfollows quickly from early automation.

65. Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) Business processes are analyzed, simplified, andredesigned.

66. Paradigm Shift Involves rethinking the nature of the business andthe nature of the organization.


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67. Work Flow management The Process of streamlining business procedures sothat documents can be moved easily and efficiently.

68. Business Process Management (BPM)Enables organizations to manage incremental

process changes that are required simultaneously inmany areas of business.

69. Total Quality Management (TQM)Make quality the responsibility of all people andfunctions within an organization. Holds that theachievement of quality control is an end in itself.

70. Six Sigma Specific measure of quality, representing 3.4 defectsper million opportunities.

71. BenchmarkingConsists of setting strict standards for products,

services, and other activities, and then measuringperformance against those standards.

72. Systems DevelopmentThe activities that go into producing an information

system solution to an organizational problem oropportunity...

73. Systems Analysis The analysis of the problem that the organization willtry to solve with an information system.

74. Feasibility Study

Systems analysis includes this to determineswhether that solutions was feasible, or achievable,

from a financial, technical, and organizationalstandpoint.

75. Information Requirements Involve identifying who needs what information,where, when, and how.

76. Systems DesignSystems analysis describes what a system shoulddo to meet information and this system shows how

the system will fulfill this objective.


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77. ProgrammingSystem specifications that were prepared during thedesign stage are translated into software program

code.

78. Testing Conducted to ascertain whether the systemproduces the right results.

79. Unit Testing Consists of testing each program separately in thesystem.

80. System Testing Tests the functions of the information system as awhole.

81. Acceptance Testing Provides the final certification that the system isready to be used in a production setting.

82. Conversion The process of changing from the old system to thenew system.

83. Parallel StrategyBoth the old system and its potential replacement

are run together for a time until everyone is assumedthat the new one functions correctly.

84. Direct Cut-Over Replaces the old system entirely with the newsystem on an appointed day.

85. Pilot StudyStrategy introduces the new system to only a limitedarea of the organization, such as single department

or operating unit.

86. Phased Approach Introduces the new system in stages, either byfunctions or by organizational units.


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87. DocumentationShowing how the system works from both a

technical and end-user standpoint is finalizing duringconversion.

88. Production Stage

Systems are reviewed by both users and technicalspecialists to determine how well it has met itsoriginal objectives and to decide whether any

revisions or modifications are in order.

89. Maintenance Changes in hardware, meet requirements, orimprove processing efficiency.

90. Structured Refers to the fact that the techniques are step bystep, with each step building on the previous one.

91. Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Primary tool for representing a system's componentprocesses and the flow of data between them, itoffers a logical graphic model of information flow,

partitioning a system into modules that showmanageable levels of detail.

92. Process SpecificationsDescribe the transformation occurring within the

lowest level of the data flow diagrams. They expressthe logic for each process.

93. Structure ChartA top-down chart, showing each level of design, its

relationship to other levels, and its place in theoverall design structure.

94. Object-Oriented Development Uses the object as the basic unit systems analysisand design.

95. Object Combines data and the specific processes thatoperate on those data.

96. Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)Provides software tools to automate the

methodologies we have just described to reduce theamount of repetitive work the developer needs to do.


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97. Systems Life Cycle

Is the oldest method for building informationsystems. This methodology is a phased approach tobuilding a system, dividing systems to development

into formal stages.

98. PrototypeA working version of an information System or partof the system, but it is meant to be only preliminary

model.

99. Iterative The process of building a preliminary design, trying itout, refining it, and trying again.

100. End-User InterfacePart of the system with which end users interact,which has online display and data-entry screens,

reports or web pages.

101. End-User DevelopmentTypes of information systems that can be developedby end users with little or no formal assistance from

technical specialists.

102. Fourth-Generation LanguagesSoftware tools that enable end users to createreports or develop software applications with

minimal or no technical assistance.

103. Query LanguagesSoftware tools that provide immediate online

answers to requests for information that are notpredefined.

104. Request for Protocol (RFP) A detailed list of questions submitted to packaged-software vendors.

105. Rapid Application Development (RAD) Used to describe this process of creating workablesystems in a very short period of time.

106. Joint Application Design (JAD)Used to accelerate the generation of informationrequirements and to develop the initial systems

design.


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107. Agile Development

Focuses on rapid delivery of working software bybreaking large project into a series of small

sub-projects that are completed in short periods oftime using iterations and continuous feedback.

108. Component-Based Development Enables a system to be build by assembling andintegrating existing software components.

109. Project Is a planned series of related activities for achievinga specific business objective.

110. Project ManagementRefers to the application of knowledge, skills, tools,and techniques to achieve specific targets within the

specified budget and time constraints.

111. Scope Defines what works is or is not included in a project.

112. Information Systems PlanSupports their overall business plan and in whichstrategic systems are incorporated into top-level

planning.

113. Critical Access Factors (GSFs)The strategic analysis, or critical success factors,

approach argues that an organization's informationrequirements are determined by a small number of...

114. Portfolio Analysis Can be used to evaluate alternative system projects.

115. Scoring Model Is useful for selecting projects where many criteriamust be considered.

116. Tangible Benefits Can be quantified and assigned a monetary value.


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117. Intangible Benefits

Cannot be immediately quantified but may lead toquantifiable gains in the long run. For instance more

efficient customer service or enhanced decisionmaking.

118. Capital BudgetingAre one of several techniques used to measure thevalue of investing in long-term capital investment

projects.

119. Real Options Pricing Models (ROPMs) Uses the concept of options valuation borrowed fromthe financial industry.

120. User-Designer Communications Gap Users and Informations systems specialists tend tohave different background, interests, and priorities.

121. Change ManagementThe process of organizational change surrounding

system building was not properly addressed,successful system building requires careful.....

122. ImplementationRefers to all organizational activities working towardthe adoption, management, and routinization of an

innovation, such as new information systems.

123. Change Agent The system analyst is...

124. Formal Planning Tools and Formal Control Tools For documenting and monitoring plans

125. Gantt Chart Lists project activities and their corresponding startand completion dates.

126. PERT chartsUseful, PERT stands for program evaluation and

review technique, a methodology developed by theU.S Navy during the 1950s to manage the Polaris

submarine missile program.


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127. External Integration ToolsConsists of ways to link the work of the

implementation team to users to all organizationallevels.

128. Ergonomics Refers to the interactions of people and machines inthe work environment.

129. Organizational Impact AnalysisExplains how a proposed system will affect

organizational structure, attitudes, decision making,and operations.

130. Socio-Technical Design One way of addressing human and organizationalissues.

131. International Information Systems ArchitectureConsists of the basic informations systems requiredby organizations to coordinate worldwide trade and

other activities.

132. Global Culture

Created by television, the Internet and other globallyshared media such as movies now permits different

culture and peoples to develop commonexpectations about right and wrong, desirable and

undesirable, heroic and cowardly.

133. Particularism

Making judgements and taking action on the basis ofnarrow or personal characteristics, in all its formsrejects the very concept of a shared global cultureand rejects the penetration of domestic markets by

foreign good and services

134. Trans-border Data Flow Defined as the movement of informations acrossinternational boundaries in any form.

135. Domestic Exporter Strategy is characterized by heavy centralization ofcorporate activities in the home country of origin.

136. Multinational Strategy concentrates financial management and


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control out of central home base while decentralizingproduction, sales, and marketing operations to units

in other countries.

137. Franchisers Are an interesting mix of old and new

138. Core Systems Systems that support functions that are absolutelycritical to the organizations

139. LegitimacyDefined as the extent to which your authority is

accepted on ground of competence, vision or otherqualities.

140. Cooptation

Defined as bringing the opposition into the processof designing and implementing the solution withoutgiving up control over direction and nature of the

change.

141. Software Localization The entire process of converting software to operatein a second language...


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