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Slide 2
Parts of the Cell Lecture PowerPoint For CHAPTER 3 Cell
Function and Structure Dont forget about the free tutoring in the
TLCC!!!!
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Stuff you need to be able to answer 1.prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells: similarities and differences? 2.Diffusion &
osmosis: Whats moving, why, and wheres it going 3. How do
antibiotics target bacteria, 4. Names and functions of eukaryotic
organelles
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1928, Alexander Fleming saw fungus can stop bacteria from
growing.
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Wonder drug Antibiotic (against life) chemical that can slow or
stop the growth of bacterial life forms (no harm to humans/animals)
often naturally produced by living organisms For example,
penicillin is produced by Penicillium notatum (bread mold) Later:
how does antibiotic target bacterial cells (will discuss
later)
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Cells All living things are made of cells
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Eukaryotic cells Have organelles (mini organs) in membranes Be
able to identify/label these and know function Resist effects of
antibiotics
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Cells Only eukaryotic cells have A nucleus: organelle holding
the DNA Many organelles Only prokaryotic cells have Their DNA
floating in cytoplasm No organelles Many (most???) prokaryotes have
cell wall
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Cells Prokaryotic cells: no organelles (especially, no nucleus)
Eukaryotic cells: membrane-bound organelles, including a
nucleus
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Cells All cells (both Prokaryotic and eukaryotic) have A cell
membrane of phospholipids and proteins (sometimes called plasma
membrane) Cytoplasm: gelatinous aqueous interior. (between nucleus
and plasma membrane) Ribosomes: made of RNA and protein, hooks
amino acids together to make a protein DNA as a molecule of
heredity deoxyribonucleic acid (be able to spell it)
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Nucleus Holds most of cells DNA Surrounded by the nuclear
envelope Double membrane Nucleolus - Where we read DNA and make
RNA
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Dark spot in nucleus Place where we read DNA and make RNA Some
of that RNA the mRNA is a message with info to make protein
Nucleolus mRNA leaves nucleus through Nuclear pore
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Network of membrane-covered pipes
Proteins and lipids synthesized here Rough ER Smooth ER - has
ribosomes
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Golgi Apparatus Stacked membranous discs (often drawn like
stack of pancakes squished in the middle) Packages and transports
proteins Cis face and Trans face
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Making stuff: A shared job Nucleus, ER, and Golgi apparatus
work together to produce and transport proteins
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Lysosomes lyse means to break Full of digestive enzymes Break
down worn-out cell parts or molecules Recycle
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Cytoskeleton (know all 3) Network of protein fibers Variety of
functions, including cell support, cell movement, and movement of
structures within cells Three types of proteins
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mitochondria Cells power plants Extract energy from food
Convert energy into a useful form (ATP) Glucose ATP (like coal
electricity)
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Eukaryotic organelles Chloroplasts Plant and algae cells Two
membranes Internal system of stacked membrane discs Sites of
photosynthesis capture and conversion of sunlight energy into a
usable form
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Central Vacuole Water enters cell & fills central vacuoles
Causes turgor pressure (more info in next ppt)
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Remember: animal and plant cells Both have mitochondria
Mitochondria: animal and plant cells Central vacuoles: mostly plant
cells (uncommon in animal cells) Chloroplasts: Plants not animals
(unless stolen)
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Origin of eukaryotic cells Endosymbiosis theory Big prokaryotes
take in little eukaryotes, forming eukaryotic organelles
Mitochondria and chloroplasts evidence Double membrane Own DNA Own
ribosomes like prokaryote Own histone proteins
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Cell Wall Cell wall = rigid structure around cell membrane
prokaryotes have walls of peptidoglycans Many antibiotics attack
prokaryote cell walls: more info towards end Some eukaryotes also
have a cell wall plants = cellulose fungi = chitin protist: may or
may not have wall animal: no cell wall
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The cell membrane Prevents many large molecules, like glucose,
and hydrophilic (charged) substances, like sodium ions, from
crossing Allows small uncharged substance to cross via diffusion
(movement of solutes from high concentration to low)
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The cell membrane All cells surrounded by a cell membrane a
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary
of all cells Semipermeable Hydrophillic head Hydrophobic tail
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The cell membrane Semipermeable Structure is partly hydrophobic
and hydrophilic In aqueous environment, phospholipids forms a
bilayer Hydrophilic heads out toward water Hydrophobic tails in
away from water
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Antibiotics: attacking cell wall Bacterial cell walls are rigid
due to peptidoglycan a polymer made of sugars and amino acids
allows bacteria to survive in watery environment Penicillin weakens
cell wall Bacterial cells fills up with water and burst due to
osmosis Water wants to dilute stuff lots more on this below
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Some bacteria are resistant Bacteria cells are either
Gram-positive cell wall with layer of peptidoglycan that retains
the Gram stain Gram-negative cell wall layer of peptidoglycan
surrounded by lipid membrane that does not retain the Gram stain
prevents penicillin from reaching the peptidoglycan underneath
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Another killing method Streptomycin: interferes with
prokaryotic ribosomes Leaves eukaryotic ribosomes unaffected
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Antibiotic target prokaryotic cells Osmosis water wants dilute
stuff or water follows salt The diffusion of water across a
semipermeable membrane from an area of lower-solute concentration
to an area of higher-solute concentration Hypotonic vs. hypertonic
vs. isotonic
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Antibiotics target prokaryotic cells Antibiotics can cross
prokaryotic cell membrane using transport proteins Bacteria can
resist antibiotics using transport proteins as well Some bacteria
can pump antibiotics out!!!
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Summary Antibiotics are chemicals, originally produced by
living organisms, that selectively target and kill bacteria. All
living organisms are made of cells, and new cells arise from
existing cells. Two types of cells, distinguished by their
structure: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. All cells are enclosed by a
cell membrane, which controls the passage of molecules between the
exterior of the cell and the cytoplasm. Substances cross cell
membranes by simple or facilitated diffusion or by active
transport. Water crosses cell membranes by osmosis. All cells have
ribosomes: complexes of RNA and proteins that synthesize new
proteins. Eukaryotic cells contain a number of specialized
organelles.
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Review and Concept Questions
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The main difference between active and passive transport is A.
Passive transport goes up a concentration gradient. B. Active
transport goes down a concentration gradient. C. Active transport
requires energy. D. Passive transport requires energy. Concept
Quiz
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__________ involves the ingestion of specific molecules by the
membrane A. Endocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Exocytosis D. Receptor
mediated endocytosis
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