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7/27/2019 Frederic III
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Frederick III, German Emperor
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For the medieval emperor, seeFrederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick III
Kaiser Frederick III
German Emperor; King of Prussia
Reign 9 March15 June 1888
Predecessor William I
Successor William II
Spouse Victoria, Princess Royal
Issue
William II, German EmperorCharlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen
Prince Henry
Prince SigismundViktoria, Princess Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe
Prince Waldemar
Sophie, Queen of the HellenesMargaret, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel
House Hohenzollern
Father William I, German Emperor
Mother Augusta of Saxe-Weimar
Born18 October 1831Neues Palais, Potsdam, Germany
Died15 June 1888 (aged 56)Potsdam, German Empire
Religion Evangelical Christian Church
Prussian Royalty
House of Hohenzollern
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Frederick III (German:Friedrich
III., DeutscherKaiserund Knig von
Preuen; 18 October 1831 15 June
1888) was German Emperorand King
ofPrussia for 99 days in 1888, the
Year of the Three Emperors.Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl,
known informally as Fritz,[1]was the
only son of EmperorWilliam I and
was raised in his family's tradition of
military service. Although celebrated
as a young man for his leadership and
successes during the Second
Schleswig, Austro-Prussian and
Franco-Prussian wars,[2][3]he
nevertheless professed a hatred of
warfare and was praised by friendsand enemies alike for his humane
conduct. Following the unification of
Germany in 1871 his father, then
King of Prussia, became the German
Emperor. On William's death at the
age of 90 on 9 March 1888, the throne
passed to Frederick, who had by then
been Crown Prince for 27 years.
Frederick was suffering from cancer
of the larynx when he died on 15 June
1888, aged 56, following
unsuccessful medical treatments for
his condition.
Frederick married Princess Victoria,
eldest daughter ofQueen Victoria of
the United Kingdom. The couple
were well matched; their shared
liberal ideology led them to seek
greater representation for commoners
in the government. Frederick, in spiteof his conservative militaristic family
background, had developed liberal
tendencies as a result of his ties with
Britain and his studies at the
University of Bonn. As the Crown
Prince, he often opposed the
conservative ChancellorOtto von
Bismarck, particularly in speaking out
against Bismarck's policy of uniting
Germany through force, and in urging
that the power of the Chancellorship be curbed. Liberals in both Germany and Britain hopedthat as emperor, Frederick III would move to liberalize the German Empire.
Frederick III
Children
Wilhelm II
Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-
Meiningen
Prince Henry
Prince Sigismund
Princess Viktoria
Prince Waldemar
Sophia, Queen of the Hellenes
Margaret, Landgravine of Hesse-
Kassel
Grandchildren
Prince Waldemar
Prince Sigismund
Prince Heinrich
Great Grandchi ldren
Princess Barbara
Prince Alfred
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Frederick and Victoria were great admirers of the Prince Consort of the United Kingdom,
Victoria's father. They planned to rule as consorts, like Albert and Queen Victoria, and to
reform the fatal flaws in the executive branch that Bismarck had created for himself. The
office of Chancellor, responsible to the Emperor, would be replaced with a British-style
cabinet, with ministers responsible to the Reichstag. Government policy would be based on
the consensus of the cabinet. Frederick "described the Imperial Constitution as ingeniouslycontrived chaos."[4]
"The Crown Prince and Princess shared the outlook of the Progressive Party, and
Bismarck was haunted by the fear that should the old Emperor die--and he was now in
his seventies--they would call on one of the Progressive leaders to become Chancellor.
He sought to guard against such a turn by keeping the Crown Prince from a position of
any influence and by using foul means as well as fair to make him unpopular."[5]
However, his illness prevented him from effectively establishing policies and measures to
achieve this, and such moves as he was able to make were later abandoned by his son and
successor, William II.
The timing of Frederick's death and the length of his reign are important topics among
historians. The premature demise of Frederick III is considered a potential turning point in
German history;[6]and whether or not he would have made the Empire more liberal if he had
lived longer is still discussed.
Contents
1 Personal lifeo 1.1 Early life and educationo 1.2 Marriage and family
2 Political lifeo 2.1 Crown Princeo 2.2 German Empire and brief reign
3 Legacy 4 Titles, styles, honors and arms
o 4.1 Titles and styleso 4.2 Honors
5 Ancestry 6 Issue 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links
Personal life
Early life and education
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Frederick William was born in the New Palace at Potsdam in Prussia on 18 October 1831. He
was a scion of the House of Hohenzollern, rulers of Prussia, then the most powerful of the
German states. Frederick's father, Prince William, was a younger brother of King Frederick
William IV and, having been raised in the military traditions of the Hohenzollerns, developed
into a strict disciplinarian. William fell in love with his cousin Elisa Radziwill, a Princess of
the Polish nobility, but his parents felt Elisa's rank was not suitable for the bride of a PrussianPrince and forced a more suitable match.[7]The woman selected to be his wife, Princess
Augusta of Saxe-Weimar, had been raised in the more intellectual and artistic atmosphere of
Weimar, which gave its citizens greater participation in politics and limited the powers of its
rulers through a constitution;[8][9]Augusta was well-known across Europe for her liberal
views.[10]Because of their differences, the couple did not have a happy marriage and,[8][9]as a
result, Frederick grew up in a troubled household, which left him with memories of a lonely
childhood.[8][11]He had one sister, Louise (later Grand Duchess ofBaden), who was eight
years his junior and very close to him.
Frederick grew up during a tumultuous political period as the concept ofliberalism in
Germany, which evolved during the 1840s, was gaining widespread and enthusiasticsupport.[12]The liberals sought a unified Germany and were constitutional monarchists who
desired a constitution to ensure equal protection under the law, the protection of property, and
the safeguarding of basic civil rights.[13]Overall, the liberals desired a government ruled by
popular representation.[9]When Frederick was 17, these emergent nationalistic and liberal
sentiments sparked a series of political uprisings across the German states and elsewhere in
Europe. In Germany, their goal was to protect freedoms, such as the freedom of assembly and
freedom of the press, and to create a German parliament and constitution.[12][14]Although the
uprisings ultimately brought about no lasting changes, liberal sentiments remained an
influential force in German politics throughout Frederick's life.[15]
Despite the value placed by the Hohenzollern family on a traditional military education,
Augusta insisted that her son also receive a classical education.[11]Accordingly, Frederick was
thoroughly tutored in both military traditions and the liberal arts. He was a talented student,
particularly good at foreign languages, becoming fluent in English and French, and studying
Latin. He also studied history, geography, physics, music and religion, and excelled at
gymnastics; as required of a Prussian Prince, he became a very good rider.[16]Hohenzollern
princes were made familiar with the military traditions of their dynasty at an early age;
Frederick was ten when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the First Infantry
Regiment of Guards and invested with the Order of the Black Eagle. As he grew older, he was
expected to maintain an active involvement in military affairs.[17]But, at the age of 18, he
broke with family tradition and entered the University of Bonn. His time spent at theuniversity, coupled with the influence of less conservative family members, were instrumental
in his embrace of liberal beliefs.[18]
Marriage and family
See also: Rulers of Germany family tree
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Victoria, Princess Royaleldest daughter ofQueen Victoriawhom Frederick married in
1858
Royal marriages of the 19th century were arranged to secure alliances and to maintain bloodties among the European nations. As early as 1851, Queen Victoria of Great Britain and her
consort Prince Albert were making plans to marry their eldest daughter, Victoria, Princess
Royal, to Frederick. The royal dynasty in Britain was predominantly German; there was little
British blood in Queen Victoria, and none in her husband.[19]The monarchs desired to
maintain their family's blood ties to Germany, and Prince Albert further hoped that the
marriage would lead to the liberalization and modernization of Prussia. King Leopold I of
Belgium, uncle of the British monarch and consort, also favoured this pairing; he had long
treasured Baron Stockmar's idea of a marriage alliance between Britain and Prussia.[20]
Frederick's father, Prince William, had no interest in the arrangement, hoping instead for a
Russian Grand Duchess as his daughter-in-law.[19]However, Princess Augusta was greatly in
favour of a match for her son that would bring closer connections with Britain.[1]
The betrothal of the young couple was announced in April 1856,[21]and their marriage took
place on 25 January 1858 in the Chapel ofSt. James's Palace, London. To mark the occasion,
Frederick was promoted to Major-General in the Prussian army. The newlyweds were
compatible from the start and their marriage was a loving one;[22][23]Victoria too had received
a liberal education and shared her husband's views. The couple often resided at the Crown
Prince's Palace and had eight children: William in 1859, Charlotte in 1860, Henry in 1862,
Sigismund in 1864, Victoria in 1866, Waldemarin 1868, Sophie in 1870 and Margaret in
1872. Sigismund died at the age of 2 and Waldemar at age 11,[24]and their eldest son,
William, suffered from a withered arm
probably due to his difficult and dangerous breechbirth, although it could have also resulted from a mild case ofcerebral palsy.[25][26]William,
who became emperor after Frederick's death, shared none of his parent's liberal ideas; his
mother viewed him as a "complete Prussian".[27]This difference in ideology created a rift
between William and his parents, and relations between them were strained throughout their
lives.[27][28]
Political life
Crown Prince
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Frederic III
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William allowed Frederick few official duties, such as attending balls and socializing with
dignitaries.
When his father succeeded to the Prussian throne as King William I on 2 January 1861,Frederick became the Crown Prince. Already twenty-nine years old, he would be Crown
Prince for a further twenty-seven years. The new king was initially considered politically
neutral; Frederick and Prussia's liberal elements hoped that he would usher in a new era of
liberal policies. The liberals managed to greatly increase their majority in the Prussian Diet,
but William soon showed that he preferred the conservative ways. On the other hand,
Frederick declared himself in complete agreement with the "essential liberal policy for
internal and foreign affairs".[29]
Because William was a dogmatic soldier and unlikely to change his ideas at the age of sixty-
four,[30]he regularly clashed with the Diet over policies. In September 1862, one such
disagreement almost led to Frederick being crowned and replacing his father as king; Williamthreatened to abdicate when the Diet refused to fund his plans for the army's reorganization.
Frederick was appalled by this action, and said that an abdication would "constitute a threat to
the dynasty, country and Crown".[31]William reconsidered, and instead appointed Otto von
Bismarckas Minister-President. The appointment of Bismarck, an authoritarian who often
ignored or overruled the Diet, set Frederick on a collision course with his father and led to his
exclusion from affairs of state for the rest of William's reign. Frederick insisted on bloodless
"moral conquests", unifying Germany by liberal and peaceful means, but it was Bismarck's
policy ofblood and iron that prevailed.[18]His protests against William's rule peaked at
Danzig on 4 June 1863, where at an official reception in the city he loudly denounced
Bismarck's restrictions on freedom of the press.[32][33][34]Consequently, Frederick was
excluded from positions of political power throughout his father's reign. Retaining his militaryportfolio, he continued to represent Germany and its Emperor at ceremonies, weddings, and
celebrations, such as Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee in 1887.[35]
Frederick was severely reproached by his father for his liberal ideas, so he spent a large
portion of time in Britain where Queen Victoria frequently allowed him to represent her at
ceremonies and social functions.[36]
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20 August 1870,Illustrated London Newscelebrates the Crown Prince's Franco-Prussian War
achievements.
Frederick experienced his first combat in the Second Schleswig War. Appointed to supervise
the supreme German Confederation commanderField Marshal Wrangel and his staff, the
Crown Prince tactfully managed disputes between Wrangel and the other officers. The
Prussians and theirAustrian allies defeated the Danes and conquered the southern part of
Jutland, but after the war they spent two years politicking to assume leadership of the German
states. This culminated in the Austro-Prussian War, and although Frederick had opposed a
war against Austria, he accepted command of one of Prussia's three armies, with General
Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal as his chief of staff. The timely arrival of his II Army was
crucial to the Prussian victory in 1866 at the decisive Battle of Kniggrtz, which won the war
for Prussia.[37]After the battle, William presented Frederick with the OrderPour le Mrite for
his personal gallantry on the field and leadership of the II Army.[2]A few days before
Kniggrtz, Frederick had written to his wife, expressing his hope that this would be the last
war he would have to fight. On the third day of the battle he wrote to her again: "Who knows
whether we may not have to wage a third war in order to keep what we have now won?"[38]
Four years later Frederick was in action again, this time during the Franco-Prussian Warof
1870, in which he was once more paired with Blumenthal and commanded the III Army,
consisting of troops from the southern German states.[39][40]He was praised for his leadership
after defeating the French at the battles ofWissembourg and Wrth,[40]and met with further
successes at the Battle of Sedan and during the Siege of Paris. Frederick's humane treatment
of his country's foes earned him their respect and the plaudits of neutral observers.
[41]
Afterthe Battle of Wrth, a London journalist witnessed the Crown Prince's many visits to
wounded Prussian soldiers and lauded his deeds, extolling the love and respect the soldiers
held for Frederick. Following his victory, Frederick had remarked to two Paris journalists, "I
do not like war gentlemen. If I should reign I would never make it."[3]One French journalist
remarked that "the Crown Prince has left countless traits of kindness and humanity in the land
that he fought against."[41]For his behaviour and accomplishments,The Timeswrote a tribute
to Frederick in July 1871, stating that "the Prince has won as much honour for his gentleness
as for his prowess in the war".[41]
German Empire and brief reign
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Frederic III
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Frederick as crown prince, 1875
In 1871, following Prussia's victories, the German states were united into the German Empire,
with William as the Emperor and Frederick as heir-apparent to the new German monarchy.
Bismarck, now Chancellor, disliked Frederick and distrusted the liberal attitudes of the Crown
Prince and Princess. Often at odds with his father's and Bismarck's policies and actions,
Frederick sided with the country's liberals[42]in their opposition to the expansion of the
empire's army.[43]The Crown Prince also became involved in many public works projects,
such as the establishment of schools and churches in the area of Bornstdt near Potsdam.[44][45]
To assist his father's effort to turn Berlin, the capital city, into a great cultural centre, he was
appointed Protector of Public Museums; it was largely due to Frederick that considerable
artistic collections were acquired, housed in Berlin's new Kaiser Friedrich Museum (later
known as the Bode Museum) after his death.[46]
Anton von Werner's depiction of William's proclamation as Emperor; Frederick is standing
behind his father, his brother-in-law, the Grand Duke of Baden leads the cheering.
Germany's progressive elements hoped that William's death, and thus Frederick's succession,
would usher the country into a new era governed along liberal lines.[43][47]The conservativeWilliam, however, lived a long life, dying at the age of 90 on 9 March 1888. Logically,
Frederick should have taken as his regnal name eitherFrederick I (if the Bismarckian empire
was considered a new entity) orFrederick IV (if it was considered a continuation of the old
Holy Roman Empire, which had had three emperors named Frederick); he himself preferred
the latter. However, on the advice of Bismarck that this would create legal problems, he optedto simply keep the same regnal name he had as king of Prussia. By the time he ascended the
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throne, Frederick was 56 years old and suffering from a debilitating cancer of the larynx. He
viewed his illness with dismay, crying "To think I should have such a horrid disgusting illness
... I had so hoped to have been of use to my country."[48]He received conflicting medical
advice regarding treatment.[49][50][page needed] In Germany, DoctorErnst von Bergmannproposed
to remove the larynx completely, but his colleague, DoctorRudolf Virchow, disagreed;[51]
such an operation had never been performed without the death of the patient.[52]
The BritishdoctorSir Morell Mackenzie, who had diagnosed the cancer,[53]advised a tracheotomy, to
which Frederick and his wife agreed.[50]On 8 February, a month before his father died, a
cannula was fitted to allow Frederick to breathe;[54]for the remainder of his life he was unable
to speak and often communicated through writing.[55]During the operation, Dr. Bergmann
almost killed him by missing the incision in the trachea and forcing the cannula into the
wrong place.[50]Frederick started to cough and bleed, and Bergmann placed his forefinger into
the wound to enlarge it. The bleeding subsided after two hours, but Bergmann's actions
resulted in an abscess in Frederick's neck, producing pus which gave the new Emperor
discomfort for the remaining months of his life.[54]Later, Frederick would ask "Why did
Bergmann put his finger in my throat?"[54]and complain that "Bergmann ill-treated [me]".[54]
Kaiser-Friedrich-Mausoleum (Potsdam): Frederick is entombed in this sarcophagus, whichbears his likeness on top
In spite of his illness, Frederick did his best to fulfil his obligations as Emperor. Immediately
after the announcement of his accession, he took the ribbon and star of his Order of the Black
Eagle from his jacket and pinned it on the dress of his wife; he was determined to honor her
position as Empress.[56]As the German Emperor, he officially received Queen Victoria of the
United Kingdom (his mother-in-law) and King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway, and attended
the wedding of his son Prince Henry to his niece Princess Irene. However, Frederick reigned
for only 99 days,[57]and was unable to bring about much lasting change.[58]An edict he
penned before he ascended to the throne that would limit the powers of the chancellor and
monarch under the constitution was never put into effect,[59]although he did force Robert von
Puttkamerto resign as Prussian Minister of the Interioron 8 June, when evidence indicated
that Puttkamer had interfered in the Reichstag elections. Dr. Mackenzie wrote that the
Emperor had "an almost overwhelming sense of the duties of his position".[60]In a letter to
Lord Napier, Empress Victoria wrote "The Emperor is able to attend to his business, and do a
great deal, but not being able to speak is, of course, most trying."[61]Frederick had the fervour
but not the time to accomplish his desires, lamenting in May 1888, "I cannot die ... What
would happen to Germany?"[62]Frederick III died on 15 June 1888, and was succeeded by his
29-year-old son Wilhelm II. Frederick is buried in a mausoleum attached to the
Friedenskirche in Potsdam.[63]After his death, William Ewart Gladstone described him as the
"Barbarossa of German liberalism".
[64]
Empress Victoria went on to continue spreadingFrederick's thoughts and ideals throughout Germany, but no longer had power within the
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Frederic III
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government.[65]
Legacy
Frederick III as crown prince, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1870 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private
Collection, Toronto, Canada)
Frederick believed a state should not act against the popular opinion of its inhabitants.[32][66]
He had a long history of liberalism, and had discussed his ideas and intentions with Victoria
and others before his reign. Admiring Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and the British
parliamentary system,[43][67]Frederick and his wife planned to rule as consorts and liberalize
Germany through the appointment of more liberal ministers.[68]They intended to severely
limit the office of Chancellor,[59]and reorganize Germany to include many elements of British
liberalism. Many historians, including William Harbutt Dawson and Erich Eyck, consider that
Frederick's early death put an end to the development of liberalism within the German
empire.[8]They believe that, given a longer reign and better health, Frederick might indeed
have transformed Germany into a more liberal democratic country, and prevented its
militaristic path toward war.[57][69][70]Dr. J. McCullough claims that Frederick would have
averted World War Iand by extension the resulting Weimar Republic[70]while other
historians such as Michael Balfour go even further by postulating that, as the end of WorldWar I directly affected the state of the world's development, the liberal German Emperor
might also have prevented the outbreak of World War II.[71]Author Michael Freund states
outright that both world wars would have been averted had Frederick lived longer.[72]
However, his father lived for 90 years, and Frederick ascended to the throne as a sick man in
late middle-age on the threshold of death. Unable to influence policy at the height of his
power, health, and popularity following his military successes, Frederick was again unable to
do so during his reign. His life inspired historian Frank Tipton to speculate: "What would
have happened had his father died sooner or if he himself had lived longer?"[73]
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United States magazinePuckmourned the passing of the liberal monarch, Frederick III.
Other historians, including Wilhelm Mommsen and Arthur Rosenberg, oppose the idea that
Frederick could have, or would have, liberalized Germany.[8]They believe that he would not
have dared to oppose both his father and Bismarck to change Germany's course; a natural
soldier, he was steeped in his family's strong military tradition, and had happily reported to
his father since he joined the army at the age of ten .[1]Andreas Dorpalen notes that Frederick
had complied with most of William's and Bismarck's policies early in his life, and would havebeen unlikely to change his behaviour.[67][74]According to Arthur Rosenberg, despite his
liberal tendencies Frederick still firmly believed in Bismarck and his system,[75]with
Dorpalen adding that in any case Frederick had too weak and ineffectual a character to have
brought about real change, regardless of how long he reigned.[47][76] James J. Sheehan states
that the political climate and party system of Germany during that period were too steeped in
the old ways for Frederick to overcome with liberalization.[77]Dorpalen also observes that
Frederick's liberal persona may have been exaggerated after his death, to keep the liberal
movement strong in Germany,[78]and he points out that the many mistakes made by William
II helped to paint his father in a more favorable light.[79]
Frederick's children
William in particular
held various political positions and greatly
influenced Europe. Unlike his father, William had not personally experienced the horrors of
war, and he enthusiastically embraced his family's military heritage, coming under Bismarck's
tutelage. The Chancellor, who disapproved of Frederick's and Victoria's liberal ways, felt
bound to increase the tensions between William and his parents.[80]William grew up full of
disdain for their opinions on government, and shortly after his father's death, proclaimed that
he would follow the path of his grandfather, William I. He made no reference to Frederick
III.[81]William II abandoned all of his father's policies and ideas, and eventually led Germany
into World War I.[8][79]
Bismarck's plan of undermining Frederick and Victoria, and of using William II as a tool forretaining his own power, led to his own downfall. When Bismarck realized that William II
was about to dismiss him:
All Bismarck's resources were deployed; he even asked Empress Victoria to use her
influence with her son on his behalf. But the wizard had lost his magic; his spells were
powerless because they were exerted on people who did not respect them, and he who
had so signally disregarded Kant's command to use people as ends in themselves had
too small a stock of loyalty to draw on. As Lord Salisbury told Queen Victoria: 'The
very qualities which Bismarck fostered in the Emperor in order to strengthen himself
when the Emperor Frederick should come to the throne have been the qualities by
which he has been overthrown.' The Empress, with what must have been a mixture of
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pity and triumph, told him that her influence with her son could not save him for he
himself had destroyed it.[82]
Churches honouring Frederick include the Kaiser-Friedrich-Gedchtniskirche in Berlin and
the formerKalthof Church in Knigsberg. Mount Frederick William in the Jervis Inlet area of
the British Columbia Coast in Canada is named in his honour.[83]
Titles, styles, honors and arms
Monarchical styles ofGerman Emperor Frederick III, King
of Prussia
Reference style His Imperial and Royal Majesty
Spoken styleYour Imperial and Royal
Majesty
Alternative style Sire
Titles and styles
18 October 18312 January 1861:His Royal Highness Prince Frederick of Prussia 2 January 186118 January 1871:His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of
Prussia
18 January 18719 March 1888:His Imperial and Royal Highness The GermanCrown Prince, Crown Prince of Prussia
9 March 188815 June 1888:His Imperial and Royal Majesty The GermanEmperor, King of Prussia
Honors
At the age of ten he was invested with the Order of the Black Eagle.[17]Following his victory
at the Battle of Kniggrtz, he received the OrderPour le Mrite for his leadership during the
battle.[2]
Ancestry
[show]Ancestors of Frederick III, German Emperor
Issue
See also: Grandchildren of Victoria and Albert
Image Name Birth Death Notes
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William II,
German
Emperor
27 January
18594 June 1941
married (1), 27 February 1881,
Princess Auguste Viktoria of
Schleswig-Holstein; died 1921; had
issue
(2), 9 November 1922, PrincessHermine Reuss of Greiz, no issue
Princess
Charlotte24 July 1860
1 October
1919
married, 18 February 1878,
Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-
Meiningen; had issue
Prince Henry14 August
1862
20 April
1929
married, 24 May 1888, his first
cousin Princess Irene of Hesse and
by Rhine; had issue
Prince
Sigismund
15
September
1864
18 June
1866
died ofmeningitis at 21 months.
First grandchild of Queen Victoria to
die.
Princess
Victoria
12 April
1866
13
November
1929
married (1), 19 November 1890,
Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe;
he died 1916; no issue
(2), 19 November 1927, Alexander
Zoubkov; no issue
Prince
Waldemar
10 February
1868
27 March
18