Fred Baker - the Role of Standards in the Smart Grid: an IETF view

8/14/2019 Fred Baker - the Role of Standards in the Smart Grid: an IETF view

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The role of standards in theSmart Grid: an IETF view


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COULD SOMEONE TELL MEWHAT A SMART GRID IS?


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Smart Grid operationaldomains


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Smart Grid Framework


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Smart Grid Standards


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The wordcomplexity

comes to mind


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Current State of the Industry according to Zigbee/Homeplug

Minimal collaboration between industryresulting in proprietary processes to eachutility

Current State Utility Requirements

Fragmented standards

No common end-to-end system definition

No comprehensive certification process

Many Moving PiecesCommon ComprehensiveSolution

Joint UtilityLeadership

Fragmented Standards Efforts HAN standard definitions

and clear path to certification

ZigB

ee

HomePlug

S

ystem

Architecture

Certification

HAN Standardsand Certifications

There is an opportunity to align arounda common comprehensive solution

IPSO

Z-Wave

periphe

ralproprietary

Timing is good

Standards bodies are open to utility engagement

Pick the best minimum solution


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WHAT HAS THE INTERNETCOMMUNITYS COMMENTBEEN ON SMART GRID

STANDARDS?


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Zones of Smart GridCommunications

n Enterprise bus:

n Connects control center applications to markets,generators, and each other

n

Field Area Networks:n Devices that control circuit breakers and

transformers

n Premises Networks:n Connections within customer and utility premises

n Substation Networksn Premise networks in substations: special

requirements

n AMI Networks:n Connecting utilities to premises

NIST Roadmap, Version 1.0, September 2009


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Functional Requirements forcommunication

n the Network should enable anapplication in a particular domain

to communicate with an applicationin any other domain in theinformation network, with propermanagement control over who andwhere applications can beinterconnected.

NIST Roadmap, Version 1.0, September 2009


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Implication of functional requirements:Link layer independence

n Many different link layer networks areused in the Smart Grid

n Ethernet, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4g, Homeplug,

n

Therefore, eithern Each link layer must be directly translatable to any

other via a gateway, and addressable end to end,or

n Network addressing and routing must be

independent of the link layers in the Smart Gridn Link layers are not designed to be

translatable and application-independent gateway technology is not

defined


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Implication of functional requirements:End to End Security

n Link layer network standards are notdesigned for applicationidentity/authentication/authorization/confi

dentiality managementn IEEE has defined many of these within local

area networks, but not end-to-endn They are also used at the network layer via

IETF specifications

n Therefore,n Applications and network elements must

implement interoperable AAA andencryption standards


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Implication of functional requirements:Divisibility into manageable domains

n Design intent of specificationsn Link layer standards, including link

layer networks, are designed as wire

replacements they connect everysystem to every other within theirdomain

n Network layer standards are designed

to organize networks into separableand separately manageable domains

n Use each for the purpose for which it

was designed


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Implication of functional requirements:End-to-end interoperability

n Multi-link-layer and Multi-networkinteroperabiityis proven in the Internet

Architecturen There is no other architecture in current

use that has demonstrated world-wide,multilingual, general purpose

interoperability


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Internet Community to Smart Grid:adopt our working technologies;

make new mistakesn Focus on security

n We have defined and partially implementedsecurity solutions, but many dont use them

n

Use themn Addressing

n We have largely used up the IPv4 addressspace; use the larger address space in IPv6

n Focus on interoperable manageabilityn We have solutions for this, but little market

requirements; use proven encodings likeXML and application architectures likeBEEP, ATOM, and XMPP


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Summary

n Attributes of the InternetArchitecture

n The service is connectivityn Designed forscale beyond

imaginationn Simplicityand Standards are

the watchwordsn Elegance and re-usabilityare

keys to scaling, evolution, &innovation

n Improvements we have made thatthe Smart Grid should adopt

n Use secure channels, secureobjects, and encryptionwhen appropriate

n Design formanageability


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The role of standards in theSmart Grid: an IETF view


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Security:Peer authentication/authorization

n Applications have different views of their clients andpeers:

n

May simply respond to requests DNS, WWWn May have some peers they trust more than others

SMTPn May only trust certain peers routing

n In general, authenticate and verify authorization ofpeers

n Expend as little resources as possible rejectingpeers

n IPsec, TLS examples of toolsn Largely about securing a channelfor information

exchangen

Limit it to trusted parties when possible

Dont talk with strangers


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Security:exchange authenticated information

n Secure the information exchanged when possiblen Signed MIME/XML: I know the pedigree of this

informationn DKIM for mail: I vouch for the sender of this emailn Secure Interdomain Routing proposals

n Apply policies based on degree of trustn Example: treat mail from a company that uses DKIM

and has a valid signature differently than mailfrom the same company that lacks a signature orthe signature is invalid

How do you know this is relevant and true?


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Security:information confidentiality

n Encryption is recommended forcertain kinds of information

n If information is automatically apublic record, its less important toencrypt in transit; what is importantis whether it is authoritative

n Non-public information, if monitored,can often be subverted to otherpurposes; steps should be taken toensure its confidentiality in transit

Documents

Fred Baker - the Role of Standards in the Smart Grid: an IETF view