FRANK RINNdownload.rinntech.com/RINN_Cambridge_Beech_2016.pdf · 2016. 10. 10. · Ustulina / Kretschmaria deusta and Ganoderma. The tree stands directly on the College grounds, right

FRANK RINN

INGENIEUR- UND SACHVERSTÄNDIGEN-BÜRO ENGINEERING- AND EXPERT-OFFICEUNTERSUCHUNG BÄUME, HOLZ, KONSTRUKTIONEN EXAMINATION TREES, TIMBER, CONSTRUCTIONS

ENTWICKLUNG MESSGERÄTE, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT MEASUREMENT DEVICES, SOFTWARE

BERATUNG SEMINAR, SCHULUNG, VORTRAG CONSULTATION SEMINARS, TRAINING, LECTURES

T R E E - S A F E T Y R E P O R T

TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: BEECH (FAGUS SYLVATICA)

KING’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE / UK

2016 __ / __

FRANK RINN, ÖBVS, DIPL.-PHYSICIST / VDI REGISTERED TREE EXPERT [email protected]

HARDTSTR. 20-22, 69124 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY TEL (+49) (0)6221 71405-0 FAX -234 WWW.RINNTECH.COM

423 S. 8TH CT., ST. CHARLES, 60174 ILLINOIS, USA TEL (+1)(630)-3772477 FAX-4856133 [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]://WWW.RINNTECH.COMmailto:[email protected]

FRANK RINN

TECHNICAL TREE INSPECTION: BEECH, KING’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE / UK 2016 2 / 18

C O N T E N TPage

1 Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Contacts, addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Inspection and results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 Summary and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5 References and further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16





FRANK RINN


1 Assignment

In a visual inspection of the beech (Fagus sylvatica) in summer 2016, signs of fungal decay were

identified at the base of the trunk and between buttresses, most likely caused by Ustulina /

Kretschmaria deusta and Ganoderma. The tree stands directly on the College grounds, right next to

the bridge over the River Cam. This is one of the most prominent locations of Kings College where

many people walk by every day or pass the tree on a boat on the river. Consequently, it is very

important to check the safety of this tree. Because it is impossible to determine the amount of decay

in the tree just by visual assessment and to evaluate the loss in load carrying capacity and safety, a

technical inspection was contracted.

A thorough inspection should be carried out using stress-wave (‘sonic’) tomography (ARBOTOM®)

and root diagnostics (ARBORADIXTM) and, if required resistance drilling with calibratable, ‘real’

RESISTOGRAPH® devices.





FRANK RINN


2 Contacts, addresses

Tree Beech (Fagus sylvatica).

Tree owner King’s College

King's Parade

Cambridge CB2 1ST

United Kingdom

T: +44 1223 331100

[email protected]

www.kings.cam.ac.uk

Tree expert Steven Coghill

Senior Horticulturist of King's College

[email protected]

Inquiry 28.08.2016

Offer 13.09.2016

Order 15.09.2016

Inspection 20.09.2016 Assisted by Jason Mills, Writtle Forest Ltd, Ingatestone, UK

Result explained and presented on site

Report 8. October 2016




http://www.ohiodnr.com/forestry/bigtrees/tabid/4810/Default.aspxmailto:[email protected]://www.kings.cam.ac.ukhttp://www.busybeetreemd.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://WWW.RINNTECH.COMmailto:[email protected]

FRANK RINN


3 Inspection and results

3.1 Location

The location of the tree is marked with a yellow circle in this picture from US-NASA earth view:





FRANK RINN


Here, in more detail, the crown extension partially over the river and bridge, can be seen:





FRANK RINN


From the Southwest direction, the West-East crown spread and the lean of the stem to the West

can be seen:





FRANK RINN


From the South and parallel to the river Cam, the corrected lean of the stem to the West is clear:





FRANK RINN


From North-East, the reason for the lean to the West (due to competition with neighbouring tree

in the East) becomes more clear:





FRANK RINN


3.2 Sonic tomography sensor at the tree

Sensors 4-3-2-1-17-16-15 on North: Sensors 9-8-7-6-5-4-3-(2)-1 on East:

Sensors 10-9-8-7-6-(5)-4-3 on South-East Sensors 11-10-9-8-7-6 on South

Sensors 13-(12)-11-10-9-8-7 on West Sensors 3-2-1-17-16-15-14-13 on West-North





FRANK RINN


3.3 Results of sonic tomography

Line graph, representing measured results: Cross sectional tomogram:

Relative changes in section modulus: The tomogram indicates the internal extension

of the decay, externally concentrating at the

fruiting bodies close to the sensors #16 and

#17.

According to the section modulus calculation,

the relative loss in load carrying capacity due

to the decay is below 25%.





FRANK RINN


The line graph of the root inspection indicates presence of root decay but no signs for urgent

danger:





FRANK RINN


3.4 Safety balance

Due to our age and growth development model, the safety reserve of the beech is at least 40%.

This conservative estimation is based on these aspects:

> Trees reach their maximum height at a certain age but continue growing in girth.

> Wind load is determined mainly by tree-height (proportional to height³).

> Cross-sectional load carrying capacity mainly depends on diameter (proportional to height³).

> The safety factor of a tree, interpreted as a (mechanical) structure, is proportional to the ratio of

Diameter³ / Height³. As long as tree height and girth are growing similarly, this safety factor is

nearly constant. As soon as tree height growth stagnates, the safety factor increases annually more

than proportional, because being proportional to Diameter taken to the power of three - because

girth growth continues as long as the tree is alive. This is the major reason why old/mature trees

may be largely hollow but still safe, often even safer than young intact trees.

In addition and as a consequence of the studies on the required shell-wall to radius ratio of

approximately 1/3 for ‘young’ trees still growing in height with a central rot in a circular stem, the

natural tree architecture obviously inherits a tolerance for losses in load carrying capacity of approx.

20%.

In combination with the age-related aspects, the total safety reserve of this tree is approx. 60% in

minimum (due to the conservative estimation). That mean, as long as the loss in load carrying

capacity due to decay is less than 60%, there is no significantly increased probability of failure.

Consequently, I see no need for any action in order to reduce wind load for safety reasons.

More details on this topic can be found in the literature cited at the end of this report as well as in

the documents to be downloaded.





FRANK RINN






FRANK RINN


4 Summary and conclusion

Assignment: In a visual inspection of the beech (Fagus sylvatica)

in summer 2016, signs for fungal decay were identified at the base

of the trunk and between buttresses, most likely caused by

Ustulina / Kretschmaria deusta and Ganoderma. The tree stands

directly on the College grounds, right next to the bridge over the

River Cam. This is one of the most prominent locations of King’s

College, Cambridge/UK, were many people walk by every day or

pass the tree on a boat on the river. Consequently, it is very

important to check the safety of this tree. Because it is impossible

to determine the amount of decay in the tree just by visual

assessment and to evaluate the loss in load carrying capacity and

safety, a technical inspection was contracted. A thorough

inspection was carried out using stress-wave (‘sonic’) tomography

(ARBOTOM®) and root diagnostics (ARBORADIXTM). Resistance

drilling with calibratable, ‘real’ RESISTOGRAPH® devices was

found to be not required.

The tomogram indicates the internal extension of the decay,

externally concentrating at the fruiting bodies close to the sensors

#16 and #17. According to the section modulus calculation, the

relative loss in load carrying capacity due to the decay is below

25%. The line graph of the root inspection indicates presence of

root decay but no signs for urgent danger. Due to our age and

growth development model, the safety reserve of the beech is at

least ~60%, thus more than compensating the losses by decay.

Conclusion: Based on the obtained data I see no indication of a significantly increased probability

of stem breakage or uprooting.

Recommendation: A thorough inspection of the crown and installed cables should be carried out

before the end of 2017. Dead wood should be taken out annually. As long as the annual visual

inspection does not identify signs of additional, extended or new signs of decay, the next technical

inspection should be carried out in 2019 at the latest. In addition, I recommend a soil

improvement by a careful de-compaction in combination with injections of fertilizers and

mycorrhiza as well as mulching the root plate area. This seems to be one of the few things that

can be done in order to support an old tree in his defence against this kind of fungal decay.

Court registered tree-expert, inspecting and evaluating trees (tree-rings and

timber) since 1988 in terms of safety, growth, and wood quality.

Frank Rinn





FRANK RINN


5 References and further reading

Bräker, O. U. 1981: Der Alterstrend bei Jahrringdichten undJahrringbreiten von Nadelhölzern und sein Ausgleich.Mitteilungen der forstlichen Bundesversuchsanstalt Wien142, S. 75-102.

Gere, J. M. and Timoshenko, S. P., 1997, Mechanics ofMaterials, PWS Publishing Company.

Kaczka R, Malik I, Owczarek P, Gärtner H, Helle G, HeinrichI (eds.) (2009): TRACE - Tree Rings in Archaeology,Climatology and Ecology, Vol. 7: Proceedings of theDENDROSYMPOSIUM 2008, April 27th–30th 2008,Zakopane, Poland. GFZ. Potsdam, Scientific TechnicalReport STR 09/03, Potsdam, p. 205-210.

Mattheck, Claus und Breloer, Helge 1994: The bodylanguage of trees. A handbook for failure analysis. Researchfor Amenity trees No. 4, HMSO Publications Centre. London1994. ISBN 0-11-753067-0.

Niklas, Karl J., Spatz, Hanns-Christof 2012: Plant Physics.Univ of Chicago Press. ISBN-10: 0226586324.

Rinn, F. 1988: A new method for measuring tree-ringdensity parameters. Physics diploma thesis, Institute forEnvironmental Physics, Heidelberg University, 85pp.

Rinn, F. 1990: Device for material testing, especially wood,by drill resistance measurements. German Patent 4122494.

Rinn, F., Becker, B., Kromer, B. 1990: Density Profiles ofCon i f e r s and Dec i duou s T r ees . P r o c eed ingsLund-Symposium on Tree Rings and Environment, LundUniversity.

Rinn, F. 1993: Catalogue of relative density profiles of trees,poles and t imber derived from RESISTOGRAPHmicro-drillings. Proc. 9th int. meeting non-destructivetesting, Madison 1993.

Rinn, F. 1994: Resistographic visualization of tree ringdensity variations. International Conference Tree Rings andEnvironment. Tucson, AZ, 1994. Printed in: Radiocarbon1996, pp. 871-878.

Rinn, F. 1994: One minute pole inspection withRESISTOGRAPH micro drillings. Proc. Int. Conf. on woodpoles and piles. Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA, March 1994.

Rinn, F. 1994: Resistographic inspection of building timber.Proc. Pacific Timber Engineering Conference. Gold Coast,Australia, July 1994.

Rinn, F., Schweingruber F.-H., Schär, E. 1996:RESISTOGRAPH and X-Ray Density Charts of Wood.Comparative Evaluation of Drill Resistance Profiles andX-Ray Density Charts of Different Wood Species.Holzforschung Vol. 50 (1996) pp. 303-311.

Rinn, F. 1996. Resistographic visualization of tree-ringdensity variations. In: J.S. Dean, D.M. Meko, and T.W.Swetnam, eds., Tree Rings, Environment, and Humanity.Radiocarbon 1996: 871-878.

Rinn, F. 2011: Basic Aspects of Mechanical Stability of TreeCross –Sections. Arborist News Feb 2011, pp. 52-54.

Rinn, F 2012: Basics of typical resistance-drilling profiles.Western Arborist. Winter 2012.

Rinn, F. 2013: Detecting Fungal Decay in Palm Stems byResistance Drilling. Florida Arborist. Part I: Spring 2013. PartII: Summer 2013.

Rinn, F. 2013: Shell-wall thickness and breaking safety ofmature trees. Western Arborist. Fall 2013.

Spatz, H.-CH., Bruechert, F. 2000: Basic Biomechanics ofSelf-Supporting Plants: Wind loads and gravitational loadson a Norway spruce tree. Forest Ecology and Management,135, 33-44 (2000).

Spatz, Hanns–Christof; Niklas, Karl J.: Modes of failure intubular plant organs. Am. J. Bot. February 2013.

T e l e w s k i , F . W . a n d J a f f e M . J . 1 9 8 1 .Thigmomorphogenesis: Changes in the morphology andchemical composition induced by mechanical perturbation insix month old Pinus taeda seedlings. Canadian Journal ofForest Research 11:380-387.

Telewski, F.W. 1995: Wind Induced Physiological andDevelopmental Responses in Trees. IN: "Wind and Trees".M.P. Coutts and J. Grace, eds. pp. 237-263. CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge.

Telewski, F.W., Gardner, B.A., White, G., andPlovanich-Jones, A. 1997. Wind flow around multi-storeybuildings and its influence on tree growth. IN: PlantBiomechanics 1997: Conference Proceedings, 7-12September 1997, The University of Reading, UK. Vol. I pp.185-192.

Young, G. H. F., J. C. Demmler, B. E. Gunnarson, A. J.Kirchhefer, N. J. Loader, D. McCarroll: Age trends in treering growth and isotopic archives: A case study of Pinussylvestr is L. from northwestern Norway. GlobalBiogeochemical Cycles. 05/2013; ISBN: 0886-6236.

White, John 1998: Estimating the Age of Large and VeteranTrees in Britain. Forestry Commission. Edinburgh.

Winnistorfer, Paul M., Wimmer, Rupert 1995: Application ofa drill resistance technique for density profile measurementin wood composite panels. Forest Products Journal, Vol. 45,No. 6, p. 90-93, June 1995.





FRANK RINN


L I T E R A T U R E F O R D O W N L O A D

Lectures on tree diagnostics: http://download.rinntech.com/Rinn_TreeSafety_2016.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_TreeDiagnostics_2016.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_WoodAnatomy_2015.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_WindLoadAndPruning_2015.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_TreeRingAnalysisInArboriculture_2012.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_InternationalTreeInspection_Status_2014.pdf

Vorträge über Baumdiagnose:http://download.rinntech.com/RINN_Oberhof_FehlerInDerBaumUntersuchung_2016.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Regelwerke_Baumuntersuchung_2014.pdf

General publications on tree stability:http://download.rinntech.com/RINN_CrossSectionShape_WesternArborist_Spring_2016.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_TreeSizeRelations_WesternArborist_Winter_2015.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_WhenIsABottleneckDangerous_WesternArborist_Summer_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/Goodwin_on_RINN_HollowStems_ArbMag_Feb_2015.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_ErrorCalculationInTreeInspection_WesternArborist_Summer_2014.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_TreeWindLoad_WesternArborist_Spring_2014.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_MatureShellWalls_ISA_WesternArborist_Fall_2013.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_ArboristNews_Feb2011.pdf

Fachbeiträge über Baumstabilität:http://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Holzzentralblatt32_2015.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_BAUMZEITUNG_Klarstellung_2015.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_BAUMZEITUNG_Flaschenhals_2015.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Baumzeitung_03_2013.pdf

Example tree report:http://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Oak_2013.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Sedona_2013_CaseStudy.pdf

Beispiel-Gutachten:http://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Blasbach_Baumunfall_Gutachten_2004-5.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Obertshausen_Unfall_2002.pdf Allgemeine Grundlagen der Baum-Untersuchungen:http://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_DS_DIN1319.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_AFZ_Dez2006_Fehlerrechnung.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_ZurFehlerrechnungInDerBaumkontrolle_ProBaum_1-2006_S12-20.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_GrundlagenDerFehlerrechnung.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Regelwerke_Baumuntersuchung_2014.pdf

Resistance drilling:http://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_InterpretingResistanceDrillingProfiles_WesternArborist_Fall_2015.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_TypicalTrendsInResistance_ISA-AN_Feb2014.pdf




http://download.rinntech.com/Rinn_TreeSafety_2016.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_TreeDiagnostics_2016.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_WoodAnatomy_2015.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_WindLoadAndPruning_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/Rinn_TreeRingAnalysisInArboriculture_2012.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_InternationalTreeInspection_Status_2014.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_Oberhof_FehlerInDerBaumUntersuchung_2016.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/Rinn_Regelwerke_Baumuntersuchung_2014.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_CrossSectionShape_WesternArborist_Spring_2016.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_TreeSizeRelations_WesternArborist_Winter_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_WhenIsABottleneckDangerous_WesternArborist_Summer_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/Goodwin_on_RINN_HollowStems_ArbMag_Feb_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_ErrorCalculationInTreeInspection_WesternArborist_Summer_2014.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_TreeWindLoad_WesternArborist_Spring_2014.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_MatureShellWalls_ISA_WesternArborist_Fall_2013.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_ArboristNews_Feb2011.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_Holzzentralblatt32_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_BAUMZEITUNG_Klarstellung_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_BAUMZEITUNG_Flaschenhals_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_Baumzeitung_03_2013.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_Oak_2013.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_Sedona_2013_CaseStudy.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/Rinn_Blasbach_Baumunfall_Gutachten_2004-5.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_Obertshausen_Unfall_2002.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_DS_DIN1319.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_AFZ_Dez2006_Fehlerrechnung.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_ZurFehlerrechnungInDerBaumkontrolle_ProBaum_1-2006_S12-20.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_GrundlagenDerFehlerrechnung.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/Rinn_Regelwerke_Baumuntersuchung_2014.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_InterpretingResistanceDrillingProfiles_WesternArborist_Fall_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_TypicalTrendsInResistance_ISA-AN_Feb2014.pdfmailto:[email protected]://WWW.RINNTECH.COMmailto:[email protected]

FRANK RINN


http://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_BasicsOfResistanceDrilling_WCISAWinter2012.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_ISA_Florida_PalmArticle_2013.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_BasicsOfResistanceDrilling_Holztechnologie_2012_03.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_PracticalResistanceDrilling_Holztechnologie_2013_04.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Holzforschung_1996.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/EcksteinSass_HaRuW_1994.PDFhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_ResistographicVisualizationOfTreeRingStructures_RADIOCARBON_1996.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/25YearsResistograph.pdf

Bohrwiderstandsmessungen:http://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Bohrwiderstandsprofile_Baumzeitung_05_2015.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_RisserkennungMitRESISTOGRAPH_Holztechnologie_04_2015.pdf

Sonic tomography:http://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_CentralDefectsInSonicTreeTomography_WesternArborist_Spring_2015.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_SonicTreeTomography_SCAToday12_2014.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/ConceptosBasicosDeTomografiaSonicaEnArboles.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/SIEGERT_PICUS_vs_ARBOTOM_2003.pdf

Schalltomographie:http://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_2004_Holzanatomische_Grundlagen_der_Schalltomographie.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Zahlenskalierung_von_Schalltomogrammen.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_Kleine_Schalltomographiefarrbenlehre_AFZ_08-2007_s404-405.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_AFZ12-2008-630-631_Wurzeldiagnose_mit_einem_Schalltomographen.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_StatischeHinweiseImTomogramm_2004.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_HolzanatomischeGrundlagenSchalltomographie_2003.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/RINN_TechnischeGrundlagenSchallTomographie_2003.pdfhttp://download.Rinntech.com/SIEGERT_PICUS_vs_ARBOTOM_2003.pdf




http://download.rinntech.com/RINN_BasicsOfResistanceDrilling_WCISAWinter2012.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_ISA_Florida_PalmArticle_2013.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/Rinn_BasicsOfResistanceDrilling_Holztechnologie_2012_03.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/Rinn_PracticalResistanceDrilling_Holztechnologie_2013_04.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_Holzforschung_1996.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/EcksteinSass_HaRuW_1994.PDFhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_ResistographicVisualizationOfTreeRingStructures_RADIOCARBON_1996.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/25YearsResistograph.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_Bohrwiderstandsprofile_Baumzeitung_05_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_RisserkennungMitRESISTOGRAPH_Holztechnologie_04_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_CentralDefectsInSonicTreeTomography_WesternArborist_Spring_2015.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_SonicTreeTomography_SCAToday12_2014.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/ConceptosBasicosDeTomografiaSonicaEnArboles.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/SIEGERT_PICUS_vs_ARBOTOM_2003.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_2004_Holzanatomische_Grundlagen_der_Schalltomographie.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_Zahlenskalierung_von_Schalltomogrammen.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_Kleine_Schalltomographiefarrbenlehre_AFZ_08-2007_s404-405.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_AFZ12-2008-630-631_Wurzeldiagnose_mit_einem_Schalltomographen.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_StatischeHinweiseImTomogramm_2004.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_HolzanatomischeGrundlagenSchalltomographie_2003.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/RINN_TechnischeGrundlagenSchallTomographie_2003.pdfhttp://download.rinntech.com/SIEGERT_PICUS_vs_ARBOTOM_2003.pdfmailto:[email protected]://WWW.RINNTECH.COMmailto:[email protected]

1 Assignment2 Contacts, addresses3 Inspection and results4 Summary and conclusion5 References and further reading

Documents

FRANK RINNdownload.rinntech.com/RINN_Cambridge_Beech_2016.pdf · 2016. 10. 10. · Ustulina / Kretschmaria deusta and Ganoderma. The tree stands directly on the College grounds, right