Francisco Miró Quesada Rada - Manual de Ciencia Politica

7/23/2019 Francisco Mir Quesada Rada - Manual de Ciencia Politica

1/26

Kga}gchm OlmaOlg UdcxlOg

7Mhloldams Cm`gcms

KGA]GC HM

OLMAOLG

UDCXLOG

IRGAOL_OD KLR W]M_GHG RGHG

? mhlola odrrm`lhg | g}kmaxghgmrg


2/26

IrgaOlsOdKlr W}msghg rghg

2 Mhloldams Cm`gcms


3/26


?Mhloldams Cm`gcms


4/26


8 Mhloldams Cm`gcms


IrgaOlsOdKlrW}msghg rghg

MHLXDRG \ HL_XRLB]LHDRG MHLOLDAM_ CM@GCM_ M!L!R!C!R]O6 25=2?5:=?8=Fr! Gva`grd 750=# di! 958# Clkg+UmrXmcidads6 *=77, 820+2509 $ 829+2859

M+kglc6 ymaxgsEmhloldamscm`gcms!odk!umPmb6 ppp!mhloldamscm`gcms!odk!um

Hlsmd hm udrxghg6 _gc U! Ugojmod Cg`}agOdkudslola hm laxmrldrms6 Marlw}m K! Xmccd Ugrgymolad

Xmromrg mhlola odrrm`lhg | g}kmaxghg6 adylmkbrm 2577Xlrgfm6 =55 mfmkucgrms

Jmojd mc Hmuslxd Cm`gc ma cg Blbcldxmog Agoldagc hmc Umr A6 2577+72292L_BA6


5/26


=Mhloldams Cm`gcms

G Hdkla`d GroG BmcGaHm

Hmsxgoghd rmurmsmaxgaxm hm cg a}myg mamrgolahm odasxlx}oldagclsxgs umr}gads!


6/26


9 Mhloldams Cm`gcms


7/26


0Mhloldams Cm`gcms

Urmsmaxgolagcgxmromrgmhlola

Jgbcgr hm Olmaolg Udcxlog ms odah}olrads udr ogklads w}m cm sdalajmrmaxms g cg j}kgalhgh hmshm w}m ylylkds ma sdolmhgh! Cg udcxlogsm odaylmrxm# maxdaoms# ma }a kmhld w}m umrklxm hmsgrrdccgr cgs bgsmsi}ahgkmaxgcms hm }a ugs ks f}sxd# lasxlx}ola w}m ma cds cxlkdsxlmkuds jg sgblhd gkdchgrsm g cds laxmasds ogkblds w}m jg s}irlhd cgj}kgalhgh ma mc urmsmaxm sl`cd!

Mc urmsmaxm Kga}gc hm Olmaolg Udcxlog hm Irgaolsod Klr W}msghgRghg sm laxmrag ma cg bsw}mhg hm msm odadolklmaxd hmshm }ag xmdrgudcxlog *urlkmrg ugrxm,# ma cg w}m hmsmaxrgg cds umasgklmaxds | oda+omuxds w}m ccmyga g cgs sdolmhghms g dr`galvgrsm# ugrxlolugr | u}`agrudr cg odasmo}ola hmc udhmr> jgsxg ccm`gr# ma cg sm`}ahg smoola hm

cg dbrg rmimrlhg# g cgs lhmdcd`gs | hdoxrlags udcxlogs# w}m sda mc rms}c+xghd hmc laxmasd hmbgxm hm }a k}ahd sm`kmaxghd udr cds urduslxdsg w}m oghg }ag hm msxgs lhmdcd`gs gsulrg! Msxm xmkg ad sdcd jg slhdxdoghd hm }ag kgamrg kg`lsxrgc udr mc g}xdr# slad w}m rmmfg mckmaxmcds laxmasds ogkblds w}m s}irm }ag sdolmhgh oghg ymv ks la}maolg+hg udr igoxdrms mz`mads# w}m odbrga yl`maolg ma cg gox}gclhgh!

Hm msxg kgamrg# msxg dbrg ad sdcd sm xdrag lahlsumasgbcm ugrg cdsurdimsldagcms# msx}hlgaxms | ol}hghgads ma `mamrgc# slad w}m odasxl+x}|m }a lkudrxgaxm kgxmrlgc hm odas}cxg ugrg mc idrxgcmolklmaxd hm }ag

odaolmaolg ugrxlolugxlyg ma cgs `mamrgoldams ymalhmrgs# odaylrxlahdcgma ulmhrg ga`}cgr hm cg odasxr}oola hm }a kmfdr udrymalr!

Clkg# adylmkbrm hm 2577!

Kgrld Kgrxamv U!Mhlxdr!


8/26


: Mhloldams Cm`gcms


9/26


u}ms g umsgr hmcormolklmaxd modaklod odaxlaga cgs hmsl`}gchghms sdolgcms# mc udhmrxgkudod msx hlsxrlb}lhd udrw}m cg udcxlog g w}mhghd rmh}olhg gc f}m+`d hm }ads umw}mds `r}uds# ks d kmads dr`galvghds# ma hdahmad i}aoldag }ag g}xaxlog ugrxlolugola udu}cgr! Mzlsxma umrsdags w}m

ad u}mhma `dvgr hm s}s hmrmojds ol}hghgads udrw}m cg ol}hghgagxdhgyg ad ms ucmag! Mc Msxghd kgaxlmam s} xrghlola g}xdrlxgrlg oda mcghlxlyd hm w}m sm k}msxrg oghg ymv ks lamolmaxm | sm mao}maxrg ks

hlsxgaxm hm cg ol}hghgag# jg g}kmaxghd cg odrr}uola | cg lasm`}rlhghol}hghgag! G msxg slx}gola jgbr w}m s}kgrcm mc g}kmaxd hm cds oda+loxds sdolgcms# ma s} kg|drg drl`laghds udr urdbcmkgs kmhldgkblma+xgcms | cgs mzl`maolgs hm cg `cdbgclvgola odkd imakmad }alymrsgc!

Msxds igoxdrms# maxrm dxrds# odasxlx}|ma u}ms }a rmxd drlmaxghd gcg xrgasidrkgola hm a}msxrg sdolmhgh g xrgys hm }ag urdi}ahlvgola


10/26


75 Mhloldams Cm`gcms

hm cg hmkdorgolg# udrw}m sdcd udr msxm kmhld# xdhgyg gkmagvghg udr}ag o}cx}rg g}xdrlxgrlg w}m sm rmslsxm g hmsgugrmomr# sm udhr odasxr}lr

}ag sdolmhgh ks f}sxg# ma mc smaxlhd hm w}m smg ad grblxrgrlg | slk+xrlog! U}msxd w}m ads urmdo}ug mc i}x}rd hm cg hmkdorgolg ma mc Umr#Gkrlog Cgxlag | ma mc k}ahd jm laxrdh}olhd o}gxrd masg|ds hm kl g}+xdrg# w}m rmmzldaga sdbrm msxg urdbcmkxlog | w}m odaxrlb}|ma g }agylsla ks gkuclg hm mccg! Ormmkds w}m msxds grxo}cds marlw}momramc odaxmalhd hm msxm Kga}gc hm Olmaolg Udcxlog!

Udr xrgxgrsm hm }a xmzxd ma hdahm sm mzucloga cgs ogxm`drgs i}a+hgkmaxgcms hm cg Olmaolg Udcxlog ad jm jmojd kdhlogoldams g cg sm+`}ahg mhlola# cd alod adymhdsd ms cg ghlola hm cds o}gxrd masg|ds

|g kmaoldaghds! Ma odasmo}maolg# mc clbrd sm rmmrm g cds odaomuxdshm udcxlog# Olmaolg Udcxlog# udhmr# `dblmrad# ugrxlhds udcxlods#`r}uds hm urmsla# dulala ubclog# slsxmkgs mcmoxdrgcms# hlakl+og# i}aoldams | odah}oxg udcxlog# rmydc}ola | yldcmaolg# lhmdcd+`g | hdoxrlags udcxlogs!

Cgs cmox}rgs ghloldagcms jga slhd mzxrghgs hm dxrds clbrds kds!Oghg }ad hm cds ogux}cds hm msxm Kga}gcsm mao}maxrga gkuclghdsma kl Laxrdh}oola g cg Olmaolg Udcxlog# clbrd ma hdahm sm hmsgrrdccgadxrds xmkgs w}m rmbgsga mc msugold hm msxg dbrg# w}m msumrd o}kucgs} odkmxlhd urlaolugckmaxm umhg``lod# | smg xlc g cds hdomaxms |gc}kads hm msxg hlsoluclag gugsldagaxm w}m sm do}ug xgkbla hm }agrmgclhgh gugsldagaxm odkd cg udcxlog!

Irgaolsod Klr W}msghg Rghg

Clkg# ? hm adylmkbrm hm 2577!


11/26


77Mhloldams Cm`gcms

XMDRG uDCXLOG

uRLKMRG uGRXM


12/26




13/26


7?Mhloldams Cm`gcms

7! MXLKDCD@G HM CG UGCGBRG UDCXLOG

Odkd dbsmryg Kgromc Urmcdx7# mc xrklad udcxlog ylmam hm cgsydoms `rlm`gsudcls# udclxmg# x udclxln | udclxln!

Udcls sl`alog ol}hgh# ylccg# odkgrog# cg rm}ala hm ol}hghgads

w}m idrkga cg ol}hgh!

Udclxmg sm rmmrm gc Msxghd# cg Odasxlx}ola# mc r`lkma udcxlod#

cg Rmubclog | cg ol}hghgag> maxmahlhd msxm xrklad odkd hmrmojdoylod | udcxlod!

X udclxln ms uc}rgc am}xrd hm udclxlns# | w}lmrm hmolr cgs odsgsudcxlogs# cgs odsgs oylogs# xdhd gw}mccd w}m odaolmram gc Msxghd# cg

Odasxlx}ola# mc r`lkma udcxlod# cg Rmubclog# cg sdbmrgag!

Udclxln# xrklad w}m sm mkucmgbg ugrg rmimrlrsm gc grxm hm cg udc+xlog# mrg cg gbrmylgola hmudclxln+xmoja!

Dxrg mzurmsla mkucmghg udr cds rlm`ds mrg Udclxln urg`kgxmlg#w}m mrg mc msx}hld hm cg ylhg ma odka hm cds jdkbrms! Hm go}mrhd

oda cg msxr}ox}rg msmaolgc hm msxg ylhg# ms cg odasxlx}ola hm cg ol}hgh!

Hm gj w}m sm u}mhm grkgr# g}aw}m oda }a orlxmrld `marlod# w}m

cds `rlm`ds# w}m sm urmdo}ugrda udr adrkgr# msx}hlgr | odkurmahmr cgylhg udcxlog# xgc odkd cd jlolmrda Ucgxa | Grlsxxmcms# sda cds ormghd+rms hm cg Olmaolg Udcxlog! Gs# udr mfmkucd# Grlsxxmcms ads hlom w}m mcjdkbrm ms }a vddk udclxlna# odaomuxd w}m sm jg xrgh}olhd odkdgalkgc sdolgc> umrd w}m hmbmrg xrgh}olrsm oda kg|dr odrrmoola

odkd jdkbrm udclxlod } jdkbrm oylod# udrw}m mc galkgc ms xgkbla

cgUdclxlOgOGu

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l

7 Urmcdx# Kgromc! Cg _olmaom Udclxlw}m! Mh! Urmssms ]alymrslxgrlms hm Irgaom# Ugrls#7


14/26



sdolgc# umrd ad u}mhm smr udcxlod> u}ms cg udcxlog ms }ag ormgola#gxrlb}ola | ogrgoxmrsxlog j}kgag!

Mc Hlooldagrld hm cg Rmgc Goghmklg hm cg Cma`}g Msugdcg hlom6udcxlog! *Hmc cgx! Udclxlom# | msxm hmc `rlm`d Udclxln, i! 7! Grxm# hdoxrlag} dulala rmimrmaxm gc `dblmrad hm cds Msxghds! 2! Goxlylhgh hm cds w}mrl`ma d gsulrga g rm`lr cds gs}axds ubclods! ?! Goxlylhgh hmc ol}hghgado}gahd laxmrylmam ma cds gs}axds ubclods oda s} dulala# oda s} ydxdd hm o}gcw}lmr dxrd kdhd! 8! Odrxmsg d b}ma kdhd hm odkudrxgrsm!=! Udr mzx!# grxm d xrgvg oda w}m sm odah}om }a gs}axd d sm mkucmgacds kmhlds ugrg gcogavgr }a a hmxmrklaghd! 9! Drlmaxgoldams d hlrmo+xrloms w}m rl`ma cg gox}gola hm }ag umrsdag d maxlhgh ma }a gs}axd d

ogkud hmxmrklaghd2

!Jg| }ag smrlm hm xrklads w}m sda hm }sd odka ma mc cma`}gfm

udcxlod# o}|g rgv ms hm drl`ma `rlm`d | cgxlad! G sgbmr# hmc `rlm`d6

@dblmrad! N|bmramsls d goola hm dbmragr! Xgkbla hm N|bmram+xms# w}m sl`alog ulcdxd# mc w}m hlrl`m }a bgrod!

Hmkdorgolg! Hmkds# u}mbcd> | orgxds# udhmr! Mc udhmr hmc u}mbcd!

Gagroj | gagrojlg# w}m sl`aloga sla `dblmrad d sla udhmr!

Mocmsslg# hm hdahm urdylmam cg ugcgbrg l`cmslg# w}m w}lmrm hmolrgsgkbcmg!

@mrdaxdorgolg! Hm `mrgs *`mrdaxds,# ylmfd> | orgxds# udhmr! Mcudhmr hm cds gaolgads!

Dcl`grw}g! Hm dcl`ds# udod> | groj# `dblmrad! Mc `dblmrad hm}ads udods!

G}xdorgolg! Mc `dblmrad hm }ad# ms hmolr# hm }ad klskd! Hmc

`rlm`d g}xds# }ad klskd> | orgxds# udhmr!

Uc}xdorgolg! Hm ucd}xds# hlamrd> | orgxds# udhmr! Mc udhmr hmchlamrd# hm cds w}m xlmama hlamrd!

Orgxdcd`g! Hm orgxds# udhmr> | cd`ds# ymrbd# xrgxghd# rgva!

Mc xrgxghd hmc udhmr!

2 Hlooldagrld hm cg cma`}g msugdcg! Xdkd LL! Yl`slkg Mhlola! Kghrlh# 7


15/26


7=Mhloldams Cm`gcms

Msxgsldcd`g! Hmc `rlm`d sxgsls# w}m slàlog ugrxlhd> | cd`ds# xrg+xghd# ymrbd# rgva! Mc xrgxghd hm cds ugrxlhds d olmaolg hm cds

ugrxlhds udcxlods!Hmc cgxa6

Olylxgs! Odrrmsudahlmaxm cgxlag hm Udcls! Ms cg ol}hgh+msxghd rd+kgad# hm hdahm urdylmama mc oylod | olylc!

Ugrs! W}m slàlog ugrxm d klxgh hmc xdhd! Hm hdahm urdylmamugrxlr# o}|d ugrxloluld ms ugrxlhd!

Ylogrld! Maylghd!

Udaxom! Gs sm ccgk gc mkumrghdr rdkgad# w}lma msxgbg hdxghdhm igo}cxghms | gxrlb}oldams rmcl`ldsgs!

Lkumrgxdr! Mkumrghdr!

_magx}s! _maghd!

Lkurl}k! Lkumrld

Osgr! O}|g xrgh}oola `rlm`g ms ngmsgr# hm hdahm ylmama cds xr+klads odkd nlsmr| Vgr!

Rmz! Rm|!

H}z! H}w}m!

Urlaomus! Uraolum!

Udclxlo}s! Xdkghd hmc `rlm`d udclxlnds# w}m slàlog udcxlog! Xgcodkd cd }sgbg Olomra w}lma ads jgbcg hm olylcls solmaxlg# gc`d ug+rmolhd gudcxlog urg`kgxmlg! Ms hmolr# ma smaxlhd marlod# Olmaolg

Udcxlog! Rmubclog! Hm rms+ubclog# cg odsg ubclog# w}m x}yd mc klskd sl`+

aloghd w}mudclxmg!

_xgx}s! W}m slàlo cg slx}gola hm msxgr ugrghd# slaalkd hm ms+xgblclhgh# w}m cds rdkgads }xlclvgrda ugrg rmimrlrsm g cg msxgblclhghhm }a dblmrad! _xgx}s Rmu}bclogm _}sxmaxgk}s*s}sxmaxgkds mcMsxghd hm cg Rmubclog, hmog F}sxlalgad!

G}xrlxgs! G}xdrlhgh! Hmc cgxa g}oxdr!


16/26



_l sm`}lkds gc jmcmalsxg brlxalod Ilacm|# ma rmgclhgh cg ugcgbrgudcls sl`alog# ma smaxlhd ocslod# }a Msxghd g}xadkd w}m sm `dblmr+

ag g s klskd! Gjdrg blma# odkd cgs udcmls *msxg mrg cg idrkg uc}rgchmc s}sxgaxlyd udcls, mrga slmkurm hm umw}mg mzxmasla | ad hm }a`rga akmrd hm jgblxgaxms# sm ylmam ghklxlmahd hmshm jgom k}ojdmc xrgh}olr gw}mc ydogbcd udr mc xrklad odkucmfd hm ol}hgh+Msxghd#uroxlog w}m# sm jg ghymrxlhd# sm mzudam g kgcmaxmahlhds?!

2! LA_XLX]OLDAM_ UDCXLOG_ HMC K]AHD GAXL@]D

Udr k}ahd gaxl`}d sm maxlmahm gw}mc umrdhd jlsxrlod w}m yg hms+hm cg idrkgola hm cgs urlkmrgs o}cx}rgs gslxlogs *s}kmrdgohlogs, |

m`luolgs# jgsxg cg oghg hmc Lkumrld rdkgad! Msxgs o}cx}rgs ormgrda idr+kgs hm dr`galvgola udcxlog ugrg drhmagr s} ylhg sdolgc! _la mkbgr`d#hmbmkds kmaoldagr w}m i}mrg hmc odaxmzxd gslxlod | m}rdumd xgkblasm hmsgrrdccgrda o}cx}rgs lkudrxgaxms ma Gkrlog# w}m s}o}kblmrdaoda cg odaw}lsxg hm cds msugdcms!

Udr rm`cg `mamrgc# cgs idrkgs hm `dblmrad hm cgs o}cx}rgs gslxl+ogs# m}rdumgs | gkmrlogags sm ogrgoxmrlvgrda udr smr g}xdorxlogs |xmdorxlogs! Ma mc urlkmr ogsd# udrw}m mc udhmr msxgbg odaomaxrghd ma

cg kzlkg g}xdrlhgh | ma cg adbcmvg hm sga`rm# rm|ms# mkumrghdrms#laogs! Ma mc sm`}ahd# udrw}m sm ormg w}m msxds `dbmragaxms# oda }audhmr gbsdc}xd d ogsl gbsdc}xd# mrga hlylalhghms# hldsms# smklhldsmsd jlfds hm hldsms# } jdkbrms msumolgcms w}m jgbga rmolblhd mc ud+hmr hm }ag hlylalhgh# oda w}lma xmaga cgvds | yao}cds lahmscl`gbcms!Cg idrkg hm `dblmrad g}xdorxlod | s} odrrmsudahlmaxm f}sxlogolaxmdorxlog jga slhd urdulgs hm cgs o}cx}rgs m`luolg# bgblcalog# gslrlg#umrsg | rlm`g> h}rgaxm cg udog hm cds rm|ms# rdkgag *umrdhd gaxl`}dm Lkumrld,> ma cds lkumrlds laog | gvxmog! H}rgaxm mc umrdhd Jga |Ojla`# ma cg Ojlag# | ma ygrlds Msxghds hm cg Lahlg# msumolgckmaxm ma+xrm cds @}uxg | Kg}r|g! Xgkbla cg x}ylmrda cds blvgaxlads# kda`dcms#

rgbms | x}rods! K}ojgs hm cgs ogrgoxmrsxlogs hmc g}xdorgxlskd | hm cgxmdorgolg odaxla}grda ma cg Mhgh Kmhlg! Msxds mcmkmaxds sm u}mhmarmodadomr oda alxlhmv h}rgaxm mc _gord Lkumrld rdkgad+@mrkalod#

odaxla}gahd jgsxg cg oghg hmc gbsdc}xlskd ma M}rdug! _la h}hg# ms cgidrkg hm `dblmrad ks gaxl`}g | cg w}m ks jg h}rghd ma cg jlsxdrlg!

? Ilacm| K!L! Cds `rlm`ds hm cg Gaxl`mhgh! _mzxg! Mhlola! Mh! Cgbdr# Bgromcdag#7


17/26


70Mhloldams Cm`gcms

Msxg idrkg hm `dblmrad# w}m h}r sl`cds# x}yd mcmkmaxds urduldsumrxmamolmaxms g oghg o}cx}rg! Gc`}ads Msxghds i}mrda ks r`lhds

w}m dxrds# umrd slmkurm urmygcmolmrda cgs xmahmaolgs g}xdorxlog |xmdorxlog!

Cgs lasxlx}oldams udcxlogs hmc k}ahd gaxl`}d i}mrda mc rmmfd hm}ag r`lhg hlylsla sdolgc bgsghg ma ogsxgs# rhmams | ocgsms sdolgcms>hm gj w}m mc slsxmkg hm msxrgxlogola sdolgc ad x}ylmrg cg ogrgoxmrsxl+og hm kdylclhgh sdolgc# w}m ms urdulg hmc k}ahd kdhmrad! W}lma agogrm| | adbcm kdrg rm| | adbcm# w}lma agog slmryd | msocgyd kdrg ma xgcodahlola! Udhga hgrsm ogsds hm kdylclhgh ma mc hmsmkumd hm cgsi}aoldams# ogr`ds | rdcms gc laxmrldr hm cg ocgsm hdklagaxm# w}m odas+

xlx}g }ag ocgsm udcxlog | mclxlsxg udr msmaolg# odkd s}omhl ma Rdkg#udrw}m }a msocgyd udhg cd`rgr cg odahlola hm clbmrxd# | cds clbmrxdsudhga mfmromr hlymrsgs i}aoldams# laoc}sd udcxlogs! Umrd msxds ogsdsad gcxmrgbga mc r`lhd slsxmkg hm msxrgxlogola sdolgc!

Umrd# xgc odkd jmkds smgcghd# gc cghd hm cgs xmahmaolgs grlsxd+orxlog | xmdorxlog# odmzlsxlmrda msudrhlogkmaxm dxrgs idrkgs hm `d+blmrad w}m# ga msxgahd k}| cmfds hm cd w}m mc jdkbrm kdhmrad odad+om odkd hmkdorgolg# x}ylmrda gc`}ads mcmkmaxds w}m cms sda urdulds#odkd cg mcmoola hm cgs g}xdrlhghms udcxlogs d mc hmbgxm ubclod ma cgs

gsgkbcmgs# w}m blma u}mhma odaslhmrgrsm uroxlogs hmkdorxlogs#g}aw}m hmshm c}m`d clklxghgs ma s} agx}rgcmvg udr cg r`lhg msxrgxl+ogola sdolgc w}m jmkds kmaoldaghd!

Gc ugrmomr# msxg idrkg hm dblmrad w}m# odkd jmkds ylsxd# cds rlm+`ds ccgkgrda hmkdorgolg# mzlsxl ad sdcd ma Gxmags | ma olmrxg kmhlhgma Msugrxg | ma Rdkg h}rgaxm cg Rmubclog u}ms cg ymkds i}aoldagrmaxrm cds gaxl`}ds `mrkgads# ma cds ogaxdams s}lvds g ugrxlr hmc sl`cdZLLL# | ma cg Irgaolg hmc sl`cd ZLY *Msxghds @mamrgcms,# slad xgkblama cg o}cx}rg gahlag# ma hdahm rmolbl mc adkbrm hm ogkgojlod!

g, CG HMKDORGOLG MAXRM CD_ @RLM@D_

_m`a cgs i}maxms jlsxrlogs# cgs gsgkbcmgs udu}cgrms# ma hdahm}ag odk}alhgh `rlm`g sm rm}ag ugrg mcm`lr g s}s g}xdrlhghms | rmsdc+ymr s}s urdbcmkgs hm kgamrg odcmoxlyg# sm lalolgrda gurdzlkghgkmaxmjgom 2 =55 gds! Ad ms maxdaoms mzxrgd w}m mc drl`ma hm cg hmkd+orgolg `rlm`g sm maodaxrgrg ma cg gaxl`}g olylclvgola kladlog+ormxma+sm |# urdbgbcmkmaxm# ks cmfds xdhgyg# ma cg udog hm cds urlkmrds


18/26


7: Mhloldams Cm`gcms

udbcghdrms hm cg umaas}cg jmcalog# ccgkghds umcgs`ds! Udhmkdsmaodaxrgr rmimrmaolgs hm msxg gaxl`}g hmkdorgolg ma cg clxmrgx}rg hm

cds ocslods# sdbrm xdhd ma cg RLGHG hm Jdkmrd! Hm gj w}m sm jgbcmxgkbla hm Gsgkbcmgs Jdkrlogs!

Mc drl`ma hm cg ccgkghg udcls# `mamrgckmaxm xrgh}olhg odkd Ol}+hgh+Msxghd# umrd w}m# odkd jmkds ylsxd# sl`alog Msxghd G}xadkd#

w}m sm dblmrag g s klskd# cd maodaxrgkds ma cg Ol}hgh Gaxl`}g# }agdr`galvgola xmrrlxdrlgc w}m i}m mc amzd maxrm cg xrlb} | cg Ol}hgh+Msxghd*udcls,! Mc xraslxd hm cg Ol}hgh Gaxl`}g g cg Ol}hgh+Msxghd sm urdh}omudr }a odkucmfd urdomsd hm omaxrgclvgola ma cg idrkg hm `dblmrad!

Cds hmkds i}mrda cg bgsm hm cg Ol}hgh+Gaxl`}g |# ghmks# cgalog lasxlx}ola | idrkg udcxlog hm ylhg w}m w}mh laxgoxg o}gahdmkumvgrda g idrkgrsm cds a}myds Msxghds `rlm`ds! Cg bgsm hm cg hm+kdorgolg maxrm cds gxmalmasms msx}yd u}ms ma cds hmkds urlklxlyds>w}m# g}aw}m i}mrda rmidrkghds ma gc`}ads gsumoxds# sdbrm xdhd ma cgudog hm Hrgoa | _dca# kgax}ylmrda s}s ogrgoxmrsxlogs hm gsgk+bcmg odcmoxlyg | cg mcmoxlylhgh w}m cm i}mrda urdulgs! Umrd i}m Ocsxm+ams w}lma# hmsu}s hm hmrrdogr | mzlclgr gc xlrgad JLULG_# dr`galvcg a}myg msxr}ox}rg hmc udhmr ma Gxmags> cg klskg w}m# oda gc`}ags

rmidrkgs s}sxgaolgcms# h}r jgsxg w}m @rmolg og| bgfd mc hdklald hmcLkumrld rdkgad!

OC_XLAM_# w}m `dbmra hmc =75 gc =58 g! hm O!# rmmsxr}ox}r cgdr`galvgola xmrrlxdrlgc hm cds hmkds# gkuclgahd mc akmrd hm xrlb}shm o}gxrd g hlmv! Xgkbla g}kmax mc akmrd hm cg B}c gxmalmasm gw}lalmaxds klmkbrds m lasxg}r mc dsxrgolskd# ygcm hmolr# cg hmudrxg+ola# w}m# sla klrgklmaxds# guclo g s}s ghymrsgrlds! Ms gs odkd# gugrxlr hm cg rmidrkg hm OC_XLAM_# cg udcls gxmalmasm x}yd cg sl`}lmaxm

dr`galvgola udcxlog6 Cg Gsgkbcmg d Mocmsslg# kzlkg g}xdrlhgh udcxlog w}m rm}ag g

xdhds cds jdkbrms clbrms oda ogugolhgh hm mcm`lr | smr mcm`lhds>w}lmams `dvgbga hm gxrlb}oldams udcxlogs | f}rhlogs# odkd i}m cgsogclvgola!

Mc Odasmfd hm cds W}lalmaxds d B}c# w}m xmag }ag msumolm hm i}a+ola mfmo}xlyg |# ma olmrxds ogsds# mcm`g g hds grodaxms maxrm s}sklmkbrds6 mc Mualkd# w}m sm maogr`gbg hm cds gs}axds olylcms


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Cg ylhg udcxlog maxrm cds `rlm`ds i}m s}kgkmaxm hlaklog# j}bd}ag `rga ugsla | c}ojg udr mc udhmr! U}mhm hmolrsm w}m cds Msxg+hds+ol}hghms hm cds `rlm`ds sdbrmugsgrda g cgs kdhmrags rmubclogs

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8 Ig|x# Ogrcds _! Jlsxdrlg hmc umasgklmaxd udcxlod! @rmolg! Ydc! 7! Mh! Dkmbg#B}mads Glrms# 7


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Francisco Miró Quesada Rada - Manual de Ciencia Politica