France France 1600 - 17151600 - 1715

Major GeneralizationsMajor Generalizations

France becomes the cultural and political center of France becomes the cultural and political center of EuropeEurope

Power becomes centralized in the monarchyPower becomes centralized in the monarchy Many Frenchmen believe religious unity is Many Frenchmen believe religious unity is

necessary to achieve national unitynecessary to achieve national unity

Major GeneralizationsMajor Generalizations

Though the aristocracy resents the centralization of Though the aristocracy resents the centralization of power, it is unable to thwart this trendpower, it is unable to thwart this trend

France establishes colonies in the Western France establishes colonies in the Western Hemisphere; few Frenchmen willing to leaveHemisphere; few Frenchmen willing to leave

France’s main interest lies in extending its own France’s main interest lies in extending its own borders in Europe, but constant wars drain the borders in Europe, but constant wars drain the treasury and hinder such expansiontreasury and hinder such expansion

Domestic AffairsDomestic Affairs

REIGN OF HENRY IVREIGN OF HENRY IV Policy of religious tolerationPolicy of religious toleration

Edict of Nantes (1598)Edict of Nantes (1598) Continuation of Gallican TraditionContinuation of Gallican Tradition

Centralization of powerCentralization of power Power away from local aristocracyPower away from local aristocracy Refusal to call Estates GeneralRefusal to call Estates General Levying and collection of taxesLevying and collection of taxes

Royal Absolutism under Royal Absolutism under Louis XIII and Cardinal Louis XIII and Cardinal RichelieuRichelieu

End of Huguenot fortified towns and armies in End of Huguenot fortified towns and armies in Peace of AlaisPeace of Alais

Reduction in the power of the aristocracyReduction in the power of the aristocracy Dissolution of the Estates GeneralDissolution of the Estates General

Bureaucratic centralizationBureaucratic centralization Creation of provincial IntendantsCreation of provincial Intendants

permanent appointmentspermanent appointments supervision of local court system and tax collectorssupervision of local court system and tax collectors central government’s link to regional Parliamentscentral government’s link to regional Parliaments

Regency of Anne of Austria Regency of Anne of Austria and Chief Minister Mazarinand Chief Minister Mazarin Demands of the Nobles in the Fronde Demands of the Nobles in the Fronde

RevoltRevolt Control of ParliamentsControl of Parliaments Abolition of IntendantsAbolition of Intendants No new taxes without consentNo new taxes without consent

Reasons for failure of the FrondeReasons for failure of the Fronde Perpetration of too many acts of destructionPerpetration of too many acts of destruction Split between bourgeoisie and nobilitySplit between bourgeoisie and nobility Call for alien Spanish troops by Fronde leadershipCall for alien Spanish troops by Fronde leadership No clearly enunciated planNo clearly enunciated plan

Absolutism of Louis XIVAbsolutism of Louis XIV

CentralizationCentralization King as God’s representative on EarthKing as God’s representative on Earth Restrictions of feudal nobilityRestrictions of feudal nobility Required presence of nobility at CourtRequired presence of nobility at Court Administrative bureaucracyAdministrative bureaucracy

restoration of the Intendant system with direct restoration of the Intendant system with direct reporting to the Kingreporting to the King

royal control of army and army commissionsroyal control of army and army commissions

Curtailment of town libertiesCurtailment of town liberties Codification of civil and criminal lawCodification of civil and criminal law One national religionOne national religion

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) Repression of Jansenism (Catholics but Repression of Jansenism (Catholics but

behavior was Calvinist)behavior was Calvinist) Proclamation of Gallican ArticlesProclamation of Gallican Articles

New national institutionsNew national institutions Science AcademyScience Academy Painting and Sculpture AcademyPainting and Sculpture Academy Literary AcademyLiterary Academy

Prospects for Industry and Prospects for Industry and CommerceCommerce Colbert’s programColbert’s program

subsidies to luxury and wool industriessubsidies to luxury and wool industries abolition of some internal tariffsabolition of some internal tariffs prohibition on the exportation of foodstuffsprohibition on the exportation of foodstuffs introduction of a commercial codeintroduction of a commercial code establishment of French East India Companyestablishment of French East India Company Improvement in roads and canalsImprovement in roads and canals

Establishment of colonies in North AmericaEstablishment of colonies in North America Opening of South America to French tradeOpening of South America to French trade Need for military supplies and armamentsNeed for military supplies and armaments

Economic problemsEconomic problems

AgricultureAgriculture opposition to enclosureopposition to enclosure little new technologylittle new technology lack of capitallack of capital

IndustryIndustry Loss of skill workers with flight of HuguenotsLoss of skill workers with flight of Huguenots Lack of investment by rural nobilityLack of investment by rural nobility Inefficient and unfair tax systemInefficient and unfair tax system

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

AimsAims Maintenance of separate German StatesMaintenance of separate German States Extension of French bordersExtension of French borders Importance of Spanish Netherlands and Importance of Spanish Netherlands and

French ComptéFrench Compté Limitation of Austrian powerLimitation of Austrian power Enhancement of power on the ContinentEnhancement of power on the Continent

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Maintenance of German separatismMaintenance of German separatism

subsidy to Protestant Swedish Kingsubsidy to Protestant Swedish King French troops to assist German ProtestantsFrench troops to assist German Protestants

War with Spain for control of Rhineland War with Spain for control of Rhineland areaarea

ResultsResults Treaty of WestphaliaTreaty of Westphalia

French control of Alsace and three bishoprics in French control of Alsace and three bishoprics in LorraineLorraine

Guarantor of the peaceGuarantor of the peace

Continuation of war with Spain until 1659Continuation of war with Spain until 1659

War of Devolution (1667-1668)War of Devolution (1667-1668) Desire of France to annex Spanish NetherlandsDesire of France to annex Spanish Netherlands ResultResult

Status quo ante bellumStatus quo ante bellum

Dutch War of Devolution (1672-1678)Dutch War of Devolution (1672-1678) French occupation of Spanish Netherlands and French occupation of Spanish Netherlands and

three provinces of the Dutch Republicthree provinces of the Dutch Republic Coalition of Dutch Republic, Spain, Austria, Coalition of Dutch Republic, Spain, Austria,

Brandenburg and Denmark against FranceBrandenburg and Denmark against France Results in the Treaty of NimwegenResults in the Treaty of Nimwegen

Status quo ante bellum for Dutch landStatus quo ante bellum for Dutch land French annexation of France Compté from SpainFrench annexation of France Compté from Spain

Support for Muslim Ottoman Turks Support for Muslim Ottoman Turks against Catholic Austria (1683)against Catholic Austria (1683)

War of the League of Augsburg (1688-War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697)1697) Coalition of Catholic and Protestant nations Coalition of Catholic and Protestant nations

against Louis XIVagainst Louis XIV Treaty of RyswickTreaty of Ryswick

little change of map of Europelittle change of map of Europe

War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713)War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) Designation of Louis XIV’s grandson as King of Spain Designation of Louis XIV’s grandson as King of Spain

and all its possessions in Charles II’s willand all its possessions in Charles II’s will Opposition by England. Dutch Republic, HRE, Austria Opposition by England. Dutch Republic, HRE, Austria

and many German states, Portugal and Savoyand many German states, Portugal and Savoy Bavaria an ally of FranceBavaria an ally of France ResultsResults

loss of thousands of livesloss of thousands of lives opposition to Louis XIV at homeopposition to Louis XIV at home Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714)Treaty of Utrecht (1713-1714)

Louis’ grandson, Philip V, King of Spain and its possessionsLouis’ grandson, Philip V, King of Spain and its possessions permanent separation Spanish and French thronespermanent separation Spanish and French thrones loss of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to G.B.loss of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to G.B. Maintenance of Alsace LorraineMaintenance of Alsace Lorraine

Seven Years’ War 1756-Seven Years’ War 1756-17631763

Roots lay in a realignment of diplomatic Roots lay in a realignment of diplomatic alliances prompted by Austriaalliances prompted by Austria Previously, Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry was Previously, Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry was

cornerstone of European Diplomacycornerstone of European Diplomacy By late 1750s, 2 other antagonisms had taken By late 1750s, 2 other antagonisms had taken

over.over. French competition with British in N.WorldFrench competition with British in N.World Austria’s vendetta against Prussia over SilesiaAustria’s vendetta against Prussia over Silesia

For Austria rivalry with Bourbon France was no longer For Austria rivalry with Bourbon France was no longer importantimportant

Its position in the HRE depended on humbling RussiaIts position in the HRE depended on humbling Russia

Seven Years’ War 1756-Seven Years’ War 1756-17631763

French hostility toward Austria had also lessened.French hostility toward Austria had also lessened. Thus, Austria was free to lead a turnabout in alliances: a Thus, Austria was free to lead a turnabout in alliances: a

diplomatic revolutiondiplomatic revolution So as to form an anti-Prussian coalition with France and So as to form an anti-Prussian coalition with France and

Russia.Russia. Russia was crucialRussia was crucial Russian Empress Elizabeth I of Russia hated Frederick Russian Empress Elizabeth I of Russia hated Frederick

IIII Saw him as an obstacle to Russian ambitions in Eastern Saw him as an obstacle to Russian ambitions in Eastern

EuropeEurope Prussia’s geographical position made it an inviting targetPrussia’s geographical position made it an inviting target So, the stage was set for warSo, the stage was set for war

Seven Years’ War 1756-Seven Years’ War 1756-17631763

Frederick sought to stay out of Anglo-French Frederick sought to stay out of Anglo-French rivalryrivalry He’d been France’s ally in the past, but now he He’d been France’s ally in the past, but now he

sought a treaty with Englandsought a treaty with England January 1756: English (wanting to protect the royal January 1756: English (wanting to protect the royal

territory of Hanover) signed neutrality accord with territory of Hanover) signed neutrality accord with Prussia. (Convention of Westminster)Prussia. (Convention of Westminster)

French saw convention as an insultFrench saw convention as an insult Russia also considered convention a betrayal Russia also considered convention a betrayal

by its supposed ally Englandby its supposed ally England

Seven Years’ War 1756-Seven Years’ War 1756-17631763

Thus, the alliance between France, Russia and Thus, the alliance between France, Russia and Austria was set for the dismemberment of Austria was set for the dismemberment of Prussia.Prussia.

Prussians were close to losing until Russian Prussians were close to losing until Russian Empress Elizabeth’s death.Empress Elizabeth’s death. This brought Tsar Peter III, a passionate admirer of This brought Tsar Peter III, a passionate admirer of

Frederick to the thrown.Frederick to the thrown. He quickly pulled Russia out of the war, even He quickly pulled Russia out of the war, even

returned Frederick’s conquered eastern domains in returned Frederick’s conquered eastern domains in Prussia and Pomerania.Prussia and Pomerania.

Seven Years’ War 1756-Seven Years’ War 1756-17631763

Britain brought about a reconciliation with Britain brought about a reconciliation with France; both countries then ended its France; both countries then ended its insistence on punishing Prussia.insistence on punishing Prussia.

Austria’s coalition had collapsedAustria’s coalition had collapsed

Seven Years’ War 1756-Seven Years’ War 1756-17631763

Peace of Hubertusburg (1763)Peace of Hubertusburg (1763) Prussia returned Saxony to AustriaPrussia returned Saxony to Austria Austrians recognized Silesia as PrussianAustrians recognized Silesia as Prussian Status quo restoredStatus quo restored

Seven Years’ War 1756-Seven Years’ War 1756-17631763

Peace of Paris (1763)Peace of Paris (1763) Treaty between France & England Treaty between France & England

corresponding to their war for empire in corresponding to their war for empire in the Americas.the Americas.

Several sugar-producing islands in West Several sugar-producing islands in West Indies returnedIndies returned

France surrendered CanadaFrance surrendered Canada