Framework for a Heterotopia (book)

Framework for a Heterotopia

Aaron Plewke

Framework fora Heterotopia

Aaron PlewkeM.Arch 2011Washington University in St. LouisSam Fox School of Design and Visual ArtsGraduate School of Architecture and Urban DesignStudio Arets | McCarter

CONTENTS

Defi ning HeterotopiaScale and Type Heterotopic Transmogrifi cationGenetic Recombination

From Woebegone to WonderfulMapping Global PowerIntercontinental Travel Map

Cooperation and the Morphology of the New World OrderExisting Global Power NetworkProject Global Power NetworkGlobal Network CityContinental Network Asia c.2010Continental Network Africa c.2080

India: The Struggle for Power in the Global South Subcontinental ConnectivityGreater Metropolitan NetworkNetwork City Mumbai

Projects for the CityBridging the GapReclaiming TerritoryProductive Loop

Heterotopia, literally [an]other place, is a term that was fi rst used in medicine to describe a cell or group of cells living non-malignantly within a host cell or tissue. Michel Foucault adapted the term in the sixties to explain an emerging phenomenon—spaces and places were coming into being which interrupted the apparent continuityand normality of ordinary, everyday space, but did so in a waythat was not detrimental to their host. By identifying these placeswhere processes of change and hybridization were being harbored,Foucault implied that heterotopias could be testing grounds forfuture spatial conditions, and that they could effectively give birth tonew norms.

Moving ahead to the present, heterotopias have evolved from beingunderstood as the result of society creating [an]other place within a classical or modernist single-center spatial environment, and are now also theorized as the organizing network or fi eld within whichdistinct and often contradictory conditions reside (the city as a layered structure of heterotopic nodes and networks, for example).

My current research—initiated in the Fall 2009 studio “[Dis]Located Conditions” taught by Manuel Bailo, Rosa Rull and Adrian Luchini, pursued in my current studio, “A Wonderful World” with WielArets and Robert McCarter, and the subject of my Design Thinkingwork—operates within this broader contemporary understanding of heterotopia.

Finally, and perhaps most critically, I operate with the belief that heterotopic space can be designed for.

Defining Heterotopia

Scale and Type:Case Study 1 - Hedge House, by Wiel Arets

The Hedge House combines programs that existed on site–a chicken coop, 2 greenhouses, a cafeteria and a tool shed–with an art gallery. The project’s client wanted an art gallery, but local zoningregulations would not allow for a change of use on the historically protected site (home to the Wijlre Castle, and its adjacent moat andhedge garden). The architect’s solution was to accommodate theexisting programs at grade, and bury an art gallery below, therebysatisfying both the zoning regulation and the client’s desire. The resulting spatial experience–compact yet expansive, dynamic yetcalm–celebrates the odd combination of programs, and leveragesthe unique mix toward the creation of a delightfully sited andphenomenologically distinct series of spaces.

Location: Wijlre, South Limburg, NetherlandsHeterotopic Type: Programmatic RecombinationScale: Small Building within Garden Landscape

Scale and Type:Case Study 2 – Christiania, by no particular author

Christiania represents an informal, bottom-up heterotopia thathas continually evolved to account for changing political andsocial conditions. The tactical agility of its original settlers andsubsequent residents has allowed Christiania to mature from asquatter community into a sophisticated urban neighborhood withzoning regulations, industrial production (cycle manufacture, mostnotably), and highly regarded early-childhood education. Residentsof Christiania have repurposed the site’s existing military barracks toward a variety of uses, and have been pioneers of environmental and ecological reforms, such as organic farming, composting and waste recycling.

Location: Christianshavn, Copenhagen, DenmarkHeterotopic Type: Repurposed EnclaveScale: Urban Military Fort

Scale and Type:Case Study 3 – Lille / Euralille, by OMA and others

Euralille is an urban-scaled example of opportunistic architecture. The project began by relocating a proposed TGV junction from itsplanned location on the western outskirts of the Lille-Roubaix-Tourcoing-Villeneuve d’Ascq conurbation, moving the station to anurban site near the historic core of Lille. This move places the TGV junction directly adjacent to the Lille terminus–France’s second most used rail terminus (after that of Paris). By connecting intoan existing city and regional rail terminus, the new TGV station plugs into the conurbation’s bus and tram systems, creating a truly networked urban condition.

Location: Lille, FranceHeterotopic Type: Urban Infrastructural AdditionScale: Networked City

+

An ocean liner from a children’s book + OMA’s competition proposal for Parc de La Villette in Paris (1908 and 1982, respectively).

“During the life of the park, the programme will undergo constant change and adjustment. The more the park works, the more it will be in a perpetual state of revision. Its ‘design’ should therefore be the proposal of a method that combines architectural specifi city with programmatic indeterminacy. In other words, we see this scheme not simply as a design but mostly as a tactical proposal to derive maximum benefi t from the implantation on the site of a number of activities...The underlying principle of programmatic indeterminacy as a basis of the formal concept allows any shift, modifi cation, replacement, or substitution to occur without damaging the initial hypothesis.”-Rem Koolhaas, “Congestion without Matter: Parc de la Villette, Paris, France, 1982,” in S, M, L, XL

Heterotopic Transmogrifi cationOcean Liner + OMA’s Parc de La Villette

+SANAA’s 21st Century Museam at Kanazawa, Japan + Constant’s New Babylon Nord a speculative project on the city (2004 and 1971, respectively).

“...the grid has historically proven to be a particularly effective fi eld operation, extending a framework across a vast surface for fl exible and changing development over time...This organization lends legibility and order to the surface while allowing for the autonomy and individuality of each part, and remaining open to permutations over time.”-James Corner, “Terra Fluxus,” The Landscape Urbanism Reader

Heterotopic Transmogrifi cationSANAA’s 21st Century Museum + Constant’s New Babylon

Genetic Recombination

Cadavre Exquiswith James Morgan

FROM WOEBEGONE TO WONDERFUL

As the global city replaces the nation as the primary unit of strategic importance, the global South continues to be left behind. My proposal (which will unfold over the following pages through a series of data mappings of existing conditions and projective mappings of a more equitable future) aims to put cities within the global South in the position to become more powerful. The proposed power will necessarily arrive in stages. First, cities in the global South will build internal capacity to produce goods and services at levels that will allow them to improve the quality of life of their less fortunate citizens, and to no longer serve as a resource-shed for their colonizers. Second, by building strategic relationships with partner cities across the global South (and undoubtedly with existing power centers in the global North), these cities will build external capacity, thereby putting themselves in position to transcend basic quality of life improvements and push toward obtaining key standing within global economic networks.

Partnership, via a form of peer to peer investment--which will of course have to sidestep the overbearing Structural Adjustment Plans of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank--will provide the needed resources for taking on the large scale projects required to kick start the creation of internal capacity.

In the case of India, the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor is an example of an early step toward the expansion of internal production capacity. Funded in equal partnership between Japan and India, the DMIC will provide jobs at every socioeconomic level, affordable housing for the area’s large population of working poor, and an environmentally sensitive transit and shipping infrastructure. As a result of this project, future development in this region will be concentrated along an industrial corridor.

Japan PM Yukio Hatoyama and Indian PM Dr. Manmohan Singhvia nowpublic.org

“The DMIC envisages setting up 24 high impact, market-driven nodes, which are integrated investment region and industrial areas, across six states to provide investment friendly facility regimes”-Amitabh Kant. , DMIC COO and managing director

Mapping Global PowerNodes and Networks

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11 12 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Administration

Economy

Research and Development

Cultural Interaction

Livability

Ecology and Natural Environment

Accessibility

Global Network City c.2030*

*Projection based on continuation of existing patterns of dominance by power cities in the global North

Cooperation and the Morphology of the New World Order

Mapping Global PowerRepresenting Data

CU

LTUR

AL E

XC

H

NO

N-FIN

AN

CIA

L CO

RP

OR

ATE

LINK

S

AIR

LINE

FLOW

S

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TE LIN

KS

ECONACCESSIBILITYR+DOTHER

+++

+ ++

CH

AN

GE

TOTALCULTURENOMY LONDON

=++

=

LONDON

ECONOMY

RESEARCH +

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

CULTURE

Existing Global Power NetworkGlobal North

New York, Tokyo and London represent the three most powerful strategic units on the Global Power Cities Index. Paris and Singapore follow closely behind, fi lling out the top fi ve slots. These cities, along with a host of power centers of gradually diminishing status, hold sway over the global economic system, and thereby are able to infl uence global policies and practices.

TOKYO

NEW YORK

RESEARCH + DEVELOPMENT

CULTURE

ECONOMY


CULTURE

ECONOMY

Projected Global Power NetworkEmpowering the Global South

edg tedg t

Neaallhop

rl

G

ECONOMY

RESEARCH +

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

CULTURE

JOHANNESBURG


CULTURE

ECONOMY


CULTURE

ECONOMY

SYDNEY

RIO DE JANEIRO

Projected Global Power NetworkEmpowering the Global South

NeNeNwewwe etww kwe

ECONOMY

RESEARCH +

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

CULTURE

LAGOS


CULTURE

ECONOMY


CULTURE

ECONOMY

SINGAPORE

MEXICO CITY

Global Network City c.2080


CULTURE

ECONOMY


CULTURE

ECONOMY

RESEARCH +

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

CULTURE

ECONOMY

JOHANNESBURG

SYDNEY

RIO DE JANEIRO


CULTURE

ECONOMY


CULTURE

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RESEARCH +

DE

VE

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EN

T

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LAGOS

SINGAPORE

MEXICO CITY

LONDON

TOKYO

NEW YORK


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ECONOMY


CULTURE

ECONOMY

RESEARCH +

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

T

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ECONOMY

EURAFRICA ASIA

Global Network City c.2080

A THE AMERICAS

The Americas

Administration

Economy



Livability


Accessibility

Eurafrica

Administration

Economy



Livability


Accessibility

Asia

Administration

Economy



Livability


Accessibility

NGNGNGNGNGNGBEBEBE INNIEIJININEIJEIJ NIJINJJINEIJINJLLLLLLSSSSSSSSSSESS OUOUOOSEOSEOEOSEOULEOUUSEOUOUSEOOSEOULO

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Continental Network Asia c.2010

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KBRA

Continental Network Africa c.2080

NAIROBI

INSHASAZZAVILLE

JOHANNESBURG

DURBAN

CAPE TOWN

India and the Struggle for Power in the Global South

Subcontinental Connectivity

CITY

Mumbai

Delhi

Bangalore

Kolkata

Chennai

Hyderabad

Ahmedabad

Pune

Category

Overall

score=165.6 vs. 330.4 (New York City)

Economy


R&D


Culture

score=10.2 vs. 58.2 (London)

Livability

score=54.8 vs. 67.2 (Paris)

Ecology

score=53.6 vs. 71.8 (Geneva)

Access

score=20.1 vs. 59.3 (Paris)

MUMBAI

Subcontinental Network India c.2010



MUMBAI

Greater Metropolitan Network c.2080

NASIK

PUNE

170 KM

150 KM

Network City Mumbai

From Seven Islands to One Peninsula

Projects for the City

Bridging the Gap

Siting nodes within a slum and across the street within a high-end residential neighborhood, and linking the nodes with an infrastructural frame.

Reclaimed Territory

T h e Q u e e n ’ s N e c k l a c e

Continuing the urban grid into the sea with bridge-like infrastructural extensions, rather than through the reclamation of land.

S I TE

Productive Loop

v e r t i c a l f a r m

fi

sh

in

gp

ie

r

d a t a p r o c e s s i n g

w a t e rw a t e r

s l u ms l u m

f i s hmarket

f a r m+ h o u s e

d a t a+ h o u s e

f i s h+ h o u s e

f o o d p r o c e s s i n g

m i n g -

f a r m e r ’ s m a r k e t

m e d i a l a b

f o o d p r o c e s s

v e r t i c a l f a r m i n g -

fi

sh

in

g

pi

er

d a t a p r o c e s s i n g

f i s hmarket

f a r m+ h o u s e

d a t a+ h o u s e

f i s h+ h o u s e

s i n g f a r m e r ’ s m a r k e t

m e d i a l a b

f a r m+ h o u s e

d a t a+ h o u s e

f i s h+ h o u s e

Program: Productive Loop

produce distr ibution

connectivity hub

fish market

Network @ Urban Site c.2030

Network @ Urban Site c.2030

Linking production with workforce housing and retail distribution, creating an economically viable community development.

Prototype

Plan

Sections

Productive Loop

Productive Loop

Productive Loop

Productive Loop

Documents

Framework for a Heterotopia (book)