Fractales y Arquitectura-Team X

5/13/2018 Fractales y Arquitectura-Team X - slidepdf.com

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Ic|eckcméj p j|zq`~af~q|j icna|gj @'Jvì`kjf`ög a `gekqagf`jv na kjv macia~|éj na kj ~|jgvec|ijf`ög j kj j|zq`~af~q|j icna|gj'

Ak âji)T' Fc||àg~av xcv~)av~|qf~q|jk`v~jv)N`vaúcv ljvjncv ag xj~|cgav naf|afìàg~c icnqkj|'

Fê~an|j2 Macia~|éj E|jf~jkX|ceavc|2 Cij| Fjúa~a @vkjv



Fjnj àxcfj x|avag~j vq x|cx`c gqauc `g~a|àv xc| ak ~aij na kj ec|ij'

Navna kcv júcv 18 ag jnakjg~a+ ak navfql|ìàg~c p av~qn`c na

ic|eckcméjv `||amqkj|av $fqpcv icnakcv xj|jn`miê~`fcv vcg kcv

e|jf~jkav p kcv v`v~aijv n`gêi`fcv) dj xa|i`~`nc gqaujv da||jiàg~jvic|ecköm`fjv na x|cpaff`ög p n`vaúc xj|j kj j|zq`~af~q|j

$fcgmkcia|jncv+ xj~|cgav+ xkàmqav+ ~|jijv+ fjxjv+ ijkkjv+ köm`fjv

nèqvjv+ n`jm|jijv+ fj|~cm|jeéjv+ a~f') xa|c ~jil`àg+ gqaujv ec|ijv

na fcix|agv`ög $xagvjiàg~c fcixkabc)'



Auckqf`ög p Navj||ckkc na kjv Macia~|éjv p Ic|eckcméjv `||amqkj|av

:0<8 :018 :0=8 :008 <888

Fcgbqg~c na Bqk`jFq|ujv na XajgcFq|ujv na D`kla|~Fcgbqg~c na Va|x`gvgop

Kagmqjba na Xj~|cgav

@~a|jf`ög naEqgf`cgav $@EV)

Vfjk gm x|cxa|~ avV`v~aijv V@M

Icnakjiàg~c ic|ec

av~jnév~`fcX|cfavcv na|a~|cjkìag~jf`ög

Naec|ijf`ög na ijkkjv+xkàmqav p fjxjv

IF\I

Av~qn`cv na ~|jijv+ât~q|jv p c~|jvian`njv

Afqjf`cgav gc k`gajkavV`v~aijv Ec|ijkav

F`la|gà~`fjâc|éj nak Fjcv

E|jf~jkav



• ¯Kj macia~|éj aqfk`n`jgj av `gfjxjr na navfql|`| kj ec|ij na kj gqla+ qgj

icg~júj+ qgj fcv~j c qg ê|lck+ xc|zqa g` kjv gqlav vcg aveà|`fjv+ g` kjv icg~jújv

fög`fjv+ g` kjv fcv~jv f`|fqkj|av+ g` ak ~|cgfc na qg ê|lck f`kégn|`fc+ g` qg |jpc u`jbj

ag ec|ij |af~`kégaj' $‥)

• F|ac zqa iqfdjv ec|ijv na kj gj~q|jkarj vcg ~jg ||amqkj|av p e|jmiag~jnjv zqa

kj gj~q|jkarj gc vökc x|avag~j qg m|jnc ijpc| na fcixkab`njn+ v`gc zqa àv~j va

gcv |auakj fcixka~jiag~a nèa|ag~a' $‥) Kj at`v~agf`j na av~jv ec|ijv |ax|avag~j

qg navjeéc 2 $‥) kj `guav~`mjf`ög na kj ic|eckcméj na kc ¯jic|ec,' $‥)'

• Ag |avxqav~j j av~a navjeéc+ fcgfalé p navj||ckkà qgj gqauj macia~|éj na kj

gj~q|jkarj p aixafà j jxk`fj|kj j qgj va|à na fjixcv' Xa|i`~a navf|`l`| iqfdjvna kjv ec|ijv `||amqkj|av p e|jmiag~jnjv zqa gcv |cnajg+ njgnc kqmj| j ~ac|éjv

fcda|ag~av+ `nag~è`fjgnc qgj va|à na ec|ijv zqa kkjic e|jf~jkav' $‥) Jkmqgcv

fcgbqg~cv e|jf~jkav _~àgagY ec|ijv ~jg n`vxj|j~jnjv zqa g` ag kjv fàgf`jv g` ag kjv

j|~av da agfcg~|jnc xjkjl|jv zqa kc navf|`là|jg làg’ $‥)'

• ¯Fcg~|j kc zqa dqlà|j xcn`nc xj|afa| ag qg x|`gf`x`c+ kj ijpc|éj na i`v ~|jljbcv djg|avqk~jnc va| kcv nckc|av na xj|~c na qgj gqauj n`vf`xk`gj fàg~ée`fj¿' Kc vcg+ ag aeaf~c+ na

~jk ijga|j zqa av~j gqauj n`vf`xk`gj+ kj macia~|éj e|jf~jk na kj gj~q|jkarj+ x|c~jmcg`rjg

dcp iòk~`xkav `guav~`mjf`cgav ag ~cncv kcv fjixcv na kj fàgf`j’'

Lagc`~ Ijgnakl|c~



Fcixkab`njn \akjf`cgav

Av~|qf~q|jBa|j|zqéj na \akjf`cgav\akjf`cgav navfcg~at~qjk`rjnjv v`g~êf~`fjv

\akjf`cgav n`gêi `fjvav~ê~`fjvIcnqkj| `njn na kcv fcg~ag`ncv p xj|~av

V`v~aijv Jq~cC|mjg`rjncv xc| avfjkjv\an na \akjf`cgav |af `x|cfjv $V`v~' ag `g~a|jff`ög)Ic|eckcméjv Maga|j~ùjvI`t~q|j iq k~àvfjkj| na kjv |akjf`cgavV`v~aijv jk~jiag~a fcg~at~qjk`rjncv ag |anav p ~|jijv

ICNA\G@NJN

V`v~aijv fcic qgC|nag K`gmûév~`fcvaiêg~`fcx|jmiê~`fcMaga|j~ùc



Eqgnjiag~cv ic|ecköm`fcv na kj j|zq`~af~q|jfcg~aixc|êgaj'

• Kjv gqaujv macia~|éjv+ jxj|afag fcic fj|jf~a|`rjnjv xc| vqv ec|ijv`||amqkj|av+ ncgna+ navna ak xqg~c na u`v~j na kj jvì`kjf`ögj|zq`~af~ög`fj+ vcg u`v~jv fcic qg kagmqjba av~|qf~q|jg~a nak avxjf`c+ p

gc+ fcic |akjf`cgav fcixcv`~ùjv na av~`kcv zqa na~a|i`gjg+x|cxc|f`cgav c ia|cv bqamcv na avfjkj ag~|a vqv xj|~av+ ~jijúcv cjvxaf~cv c|gjiag~jkav'

• Xava j av~j fcgekqagf`j+ vcg nùa|vjv kjv fc||àg~av p jq~c|av+ zqa agnùa|vjv nàfjnjv+ djg atxkc|jnc fcg akkjv+ `g~|cnqfàgnc qgj nùa|v`njnna jvì`kjf`cgav p jxc|~av'



J|zq`~af~q|j

P ec|ij

Ec|ijv \amqkj|av

Ec|ijv @||amqkj|av

Macia~|éj aqfk`n`jgj

Ec|ijv p x|cxc|f`cgav na vìa~|éjv

^cxckcméjv p macia~|éjv gcaqfkénajv

Ic|ecmàgav`v p ~ac|éjv na kj Fcixkab`njn

Macia~|éj X|cpaf~ùj p navf|`x~ùj



Av~qn`c na

kjv Ec|ijv

$p |akjf`cgav)

@||amqkj|av'

Maga|jnjv j xj|~`| na2

^|jgvec|ijf`cgav a

`g~a|jff`cgav j

nùa|vjv avfjkjv'$vaj na ec|ijv+ v`v~aijv+

|akjf`cgav+ av~|qf~q|jv+

~|jpaf~c|`jv p#c xj~|cgav)'

Zqa va atx|avj ag x|cxànjnav ic|ecköm`fjv+ ~jkav fcic2

• Vagv`l`k`njn j kjv uj|`jf cgav a `gekqagf`jv kauav' $xazqaújv `gekqagf`jv

~àgag m|jgnav aeaf~cv+ v`v~aijv vagv`lkav jk jrj| p uj|`jf`cgav'• \akjf`cgav gnìagv`cgjkav' $|akjf`cgav xa|éia~|cê|ajuckqiag)'

• Vfjk`gm x|cxa|~àv' $|akjf`cgav dck v~jv nak ~cnc p kj xj|~a+ |akjf`cgav na

jq~cvaiabjgrj p jq~cje`g`njn j avfjkj+ v`v~aijv V@M)'

• Fag~|cv p fag~|c`nav iòk~`xkav' Ec|ijv `||amqkj|av j avfjkj p ag

~|jgvec|ijf`ög maga|jg fag~|cv p fag~|c`nav kcfjkav p iòk~`xkav p uj|`jlkav'

• M|jnàg~av+ ~at~q|jv p kjgnvfjxa $nèqv`ög p xa|iajl`k`njn na kì`~av p

ec|ijv+ `g~am|jf`ög na kj uj|ànjn ag xj`vjbav? gqaucv ijxjv p fj|~cm|jeéjv

fcixkabjv)'

• Ic|ecmàgav`v p aia|magf`j na ec|ijv p n`gêi`fjv `||amqkj|av'

$av~|qf~q|jv n`v`xj~ùjv+ uö|~`fav+ j~|jf~c|av+ xkàmqav+ gqncv ~cxcköm`fcv+

fj~êv~|ceav+ lèq|fjf`cgav+ xj|jncbjv ec|ijkav+ |`rcijv+ xj~|cgav+ |qx~q|jv

na vìa~|éjv+ ec|ijv na kéi`~av nèqvcv+ iq~jf`cgav+ jq~öij~jv+ a~f')'

• Maga|jnc|j na ~c~jk`njnav fcixkabjv'

$v`v~aijv n`gêi`fcv+ jq~cc|mjg`rjncv+ v`gf|cgéjv v`v~ài`fjv+ f`la|gà~`fj+

jq~cxcpav`v+ v`v~aijv jq~cclva|ujg~av+ fjcfcixkab`njn)'

Ec|ijv @||amqkj|av



Ec|ijv @||amqkj|avag kj j|zq`~af~q|jicna|gj+ xcv~ ad`xa|icna|gjv

Fcg~at~qjk`vic

Atxkc|jf`ög N`m`~jkna Ic|eckcméjv fcicKagmqjba jq~ögcic

Vcf`jk

Ag~c|gc gj~q|jk Fc||àg~av ua|gjfqkj|av'

Fc||àg~av p jq~c|av vagv`lkavjk aixkjrjiàg~c p kjgnvfjxa'

âji T # xcv~av~|qf~q|jk`v~jv'

âgnagf`jv ia~jlck`v~jv$J\FD@M\JI)

âgnagf`jv xcv~icna|gjv+ jvcf`jnjv jkj jq~cgciéj nafcgv~|qf~ù`v~j na kjEc|ij ag ak n`vaúc'

âgnagf`jv Déxa| icna|gjv jvcf`jnjv jkn`vaúc vcf`cn`m`~jk p na vckqf`cgaveqgf`cgjkav ~c~jkav'

âgnagf`jv c|mjg`f`v~jv

Icnqkj|av

GqaujvIc|eckcméjv

J\ZQ@ÂF^Q\J P JV@I@KJF@ÖG NAK QVC NA EC\IJV @\\AMQKJ\AV



‛^ò xqanav k kamj| j kj j|zq`~af~q|j na ncv

ijga|jv2 c ~agàgnc qgj fcgfaxf`ög fkj|j nak

avxjf`c+ q clva|ujgnc kcv jfcg~afìàg~cv zqa

~àgag kqmj| ag kj f`qnjn+ kcv ncv vcg uêk`ncv’'

Mq`kka|ic Mqk`jg



Xkjgcv p gùakav na Jvì`kjf`ögna kjv ec|ijv `||amqkj|av

Jvì`kjf`ög p qvc f|aj~ùc na kjv ec|ijv fcic xkjgc p av~qn`c ic|ecköm`fc

X|clkaijv p ~aijv j|zq`~af~ög`fcv



• X|`gf x`c na kégajv+ ec|ijv p x|cxc|f`cgav xq|jv a najkav'‖ @najk fcgv~|qf~ùc nak Fqlc‖ Fcil`gjf ög avfjkj| na ec|ijv xq|jv $ma' Fqlc)

‖ âgv`ög ag~|a fqa|xcv nal nc j kj @g~a|vaff ög pfcil`gj~c|`j na ec|ijv na kégajv xq|jv p vìxkav'

• Atxkc|jf ög na ec|ijv xq|jv jk~a|gj~ ujv'‖ Ec|ijv c|mêg fjv vìà~|`fjv p avfjkj|av'

• Navfcixcv`f ög na kjv kégajv+ ec|ijv xq|jv a`najkav'

‖ @najk nafcgv~|qf~ uc nak fqlc # fqlc`nava d`xa|fqlcv p fqlcv kjla|ég~`fcv'

• Atxkc|jf ög na gqaujv ec|ijv‖ Ic|eckcméjv jvìà~| fjv p iqk~`‖avfjkj|av

$xkàmqav+ ijkkjv+ a~f)'

Navj||ckkc Ic|ecköm`fcna kjv Ec|ijv @||amqkj|av

Icna|g`njn Ec|ijv Xcv~Icna|gjv # déxa| icna|gjvF@JI+ :01<



Ak x|clkaij na kj ~|jgvec|ijf`ög gc avjkmc |akaujg~a' @ixc|~j ijv akaixkjrjiàg~c p kj n`v~|`lqf`ögav~|qf~q|jk+ eqgf`cgjk p ba|ê|zq`fjfcic aba `g~am|jnc| ag~|a kj qg`njn

djl`~jf`ög p kj f`qnjn $Ka Fc|lqvà|)'

Ag ak fjvc na kcv Ec|ijk`v~jv |qvcv+ìxc|~j kj fcil`gj~c|`j p ~agv`ögag~|a ec|ijv xq|jv p jlv~|jf~jv+ fcgvag~`nc icgqiag~jk'

Júcv 18

Kj cxa|jf`ög ec|ijk ijv |akaujg~a av2

• Kj fcil`gjf`ög ba|j|zq`rjnj naec|ijv xq|jv j avfjkj $ak fqlc pnùa|vjv ec|ijv na kégajv xq|jv)

Fcic atxkc|jf`ög jk~a|gj~ùj nav~jfjg2

• Kjv ec|ijv c|mêg`fjv+ ag~agn`njvfcic ec|ijv vìà~|`fjv p avfjkj|av'

Júcv 08

F|`v`v na kj icna|g`njn @g`f`cv Déxa| icna|g`njnXcv~av~|qf~q|jk`vic # Xcv~ Icna|g`njn

Júcv =8

j ) D éxa| fqlcv p fqlc` na v+fcic lòvzqanj ec|ijknci`gjg~a

l) Fcic iafjg`vic jk~a|gj~ùc+va atxkc|jg xkàmqav+fcgq|ljf`cgav+ ijkkjv pec|ijv @||amqkj|av+i`gìjk`v~jv p jvìà~|`fjv ag`g~a|jff`ög fcg ak avxjf`c pag~c|gc $kjgnvfjxa)'

Júcv <888

j) \qx~q|jv na vìa~|éj+`g~a|uagf`cgav c|~cmcgjkav+ ba|j|zqéj na avfjkjv+ |jfìcv+kjla|`g~cv+ fcgmkcia|jncv p~|jijv'

l) Va ujkc|j kj n`vxcv`f`ög pf|afìàg~c `||amqkj| na ec|ijv|amqkj|av iégìjv'

Aia|ma kc icnqkj|+ ag fcgfax~cvfcic ‛f kqv~a |’ p ‛ij~ lq` kn `gmv’ +jxk`fjncv j kj gcf`ög navna kc`||amqkj| ag~agn`nc fcic `g~a|v~`f`cv+iòk~`xkav gùakav+ c|mjg`rjf`ög+

icu`k `njn+ f|afìàg~c p~|jgvec|ijf`ög nag~|c na qgjfcgv~|qff`ög p# c f`qnjn'

X | c l k a i j p a v ~ | j ~ a m ` j

n c i ` g j g ~ a

V c k q f ` ö g E c | i j k | a v q k ~ j

g ~ a

n c i ` g j g ~ a

Kj Mkcljk`rjf`ög gc kcm|j `g~am|j| g` |aua|~`| kcvx|clkaijv na e|jmiag~jf`ög na kc q|ljgc p nav~a||`~c|`jk`rjf`ög nak djl`~j|' Ijv jòg+ ak ~aij nakdjl`~j| p kj avfjkj dqijgj fcic ~aijv ~|jn`f`cgjkav vafcg~|jn`fag fcg kcv icncv na u`nj na gc kqmj|`njn

x|cx`cv na kj aia|mag~a déxa| icna|g`njn'Va jfag~òjg xckcv na ~agv`ög ag~|a kc mkcljk p kc kcfjk?kc ~afgcköm`fc p kc gj~q|jk' Gqaujv jk~a|gj~ùjv vaatxkc|jg ag kjv iamjfcgv~|qff `cgav' Va lqvfj `g~am|j|n`vaúc jk ~a||`~c|`c $vcf`jk p gj~q|jk)'

Va atxkc|jg gqaujv ic|eckcméjv `||amqkj|av+jvìà~|`fjv p iqk~àvfjkj|av+ ag~agn`ncv fcickagmqjbav x|cpaf~qjkav jq~ögcicv+ ~jkav fcic2

Júcv 58 Júcv 48

Nav~jfj ak qvc na `g~a|v~`f`cv javfjkj fcic u`gfqkc ag~|a kj J|z' Pak q|ljg`vic'Va na|ùj ag icncv cxa|jf`cgjkav

ec|ijkav na ~|jljbc ~jkav fcic2



Atxkc|jf`ög N`m`~jkna Ic|eckcméjv fcicKagmqjba jq~ögcic

âgnagf`jv ia~jlck`v~jv

âgnagf`jv xcv~icna|gjv+ jvcf`jnjv jkj jq~cgciéj na kj Ec|ij ag ak n`vaúc

âgnagf`jv Déxa| icna|gjvjvcf`jnjv jk n`vaúc vcf`cn`m`~jk p kj`naj na vckqf`cgav eqgf`cgjkav~c~jkav'



Vcf`jk

Ag~c|gcgj~q|jk

âji T # xcv~av~|qf~q|jk`v~jv'

Fc||àg~av ua|gjfqkj|av'

Fc||àg~av p jq~c|av vagv`lkavjk aixkjrjiàg~c p kjgnvfjxa'

âgnagf`jv c|mjg`f`v~jv

Fcg~at~qjk`vic



GqaujvIc|eckcméjv@||amqkj|av

Déxa| fqlcv

Ijkkjv

Gqncv ~cxcköm`fcv

Fqlc`nav

Fc||àg~av

Xcv~av~|qf~q|jk`v~jv

p ua|gêfqkjv

Xkàmqav

^|jijv icnqkj|av

Ec|ijv kjla|ég~`fjv

^|jijv ag rvqjv~`fj

Fcgmkcia|jncv

Fjxjv

Fc||àg~av Xcv~icna|gjv?

Nafcgv~|qf~ù`v~jv a

d`xa|icna|gjv

Kagmqjbana Xj~|cgav

N`jm|jijv

\jfìcv

Fcgq|ljf`cgav

J~|jf~c|av

Nùa|vjv ec|ijv`||amqkj|av

F|afìàg~cv Icnqkj|av

Icncv na\ax|avag~jf`ög

Fc||àg~avD`v~ö|`fjv

Navj||ckkcIc|ecköm`fc

Ec|ijv|avqk~jg~av

Ic|eckcméjv

na KégajvXq|jv|amqkj|av

Xkjgcv

$fc|~av+ xkjg~jv)

F|czq`v na Clva|ujf`ög

Fj|~cm|jeéjv

Fc||àg~av icna|gjv

~|jn`f`cgjkav

Fqlcv p fcil`gjf`cgav nak fqlc

Ec|ijv c|mêg`fjv |amqkj|av pfcil`gjf`cgav avfjkj|av na akkjv



GqaujvIc|eckcméjv

@||amqkj|av

Gqncv ~cxcköm`fcv

Fqlc`nav

Fjxjv

J~|jf~c|av

Nùa|vjv ec|ijv `||amqkj|av

Déxa| fqlcv

Ijkkjv

Xkàmqav

^|jijv

Ec|ijv kjla|ég~`fjv

^|jijv ag rvqjv~`fj

Fcgmkcia|jncv

\jfìcv

Fcgq|ljf`cgav

Kjgnvfjxa

F|afìàg~cv icnqkj|av



\akjf`cgav ag~|a Ec|ij p Avxjf`c

Júcv 18 Júcv 08

F|`v`v na kj icna|g`njn

Júcv =8 Júcv <888Júcv 58 Júcv 48

EC\IJV NA KÉGAJV XQ\JV

Kj cxa|jf`ög ec|ijk ijv |akaujg~a av2

• Kj fcil`gjf`ög ba|j|zq rjnj na

ec|ijv xq|jv j avfjkj $ak fqlc p

nùa|vjv ec|ijv na kégajv xq|jv)

Fcic atxkc|jf`ög jk~a|gj~ùj nav~jfjg2

• Kjv ec|ijv c|mêg`fjv+ ag~agn`njv

fcic ec|ijv vìà~|`fjv p avfjkj|av'

EC\IJV NA KÉGAJV XQ\JV FCG \QX^Q\J NA V@IA^\ÉJV

Kjv Cxa|jf`cgav Ec|ijkav ijv |akaujg~av vcg2

•\qx~q|jv na vìa~|éj+ `g~a|uagf`cgavc|~cmcgjkav+ ba|j|zqéj na avfjkjv+

|jfìcv+ kjla|`g~cv+ fcgmkcia|jncv p

~|jijv na f|afìàg~c icnqkj|'

•Va ujkc|j kj n`vxcv`f`ög p f|afìàg~c

`||amqkj| na ec|ijv |amqkj|av iégìjv

xq|jv'

• Déxa| fqlcv p fqlc nav+ fcic

lòvzqanj ec|ijk nci`gjg~a

• Fcic iafjg`vic jk~a|gj~ùc+ va

atxkc|jg xkàmqav+ fcgq|ljf`cgav+

ijkkjv p ec|ijv @||amqkj|av+

i`gìjk`v~jv p jvìà~|`fjv ag

`g~a|jff`ög fcg avxjf`c p kjgnvfjxa'

Va atxkc|jg gqaujv ic|eckcméjv

`||amqkj|av+ jvìà~|`fjv p iqk~`

avfjkj|av+ ag~agn`ncv fcic kagmqjbav

x|cpaf~qjkav jq~ögcicv+ ~jkav fcic

EC\IJV E\JMIAG^JNJV

\AVXAF^C J KJV EC\IJV

@g`f`cv Déxa| icna|g`njnXcv~av~|qf~q|jk`vic # Xcv~ Icna|g`njn



Ak avxjf`c av iöu`k

Ak avxjf`c xòlk`fc icna|gc av ekq`nc'Ak avxjf`c icna|gc av qgc' Xj|j ~cnc akiqgnc' Ak Icuìàg~c Icna|gc gc f|ajavxjf`cv'F|aj avxjf`c'Ag v`gmqkj|'Qg òg`fc avxjf`c ~|jgvxj|ag~a+ n`êejgc'Òg`fc' Xa|eaf~jiag~a `kqi`gjnc+ v`g jxagjv|`gfcgav+ atfax~c xj|j kj g~ì`njn iégìj'Ak avxjf`c av fag~|éxa~c+ xc~agf`j qg fag~|c`g~am|jnc|'Ak avxjf`c xòlk`fc av gnèa|agf`jnc a`gjlj|fjlka'

AK AVXJF@C AG \AKJF@ÖG J KJ EC\IJ

Ak avxjf`c av iöu`k

Ak avxjf`c xòlk`fc av ekq`nc ag ak `g~a|v~`f`ckjla|ég~`fc'Ak avxjf`c av qgj |an na avxjf`cv fcg |`gfcgav'Va f|ajg iòk~`xkav avxjf`cv fag~|éxa~cv$`g~am|jnc|av)'

Navna ak avxjf`c `g~a|`c|+ va ìx`nag ua| kjv u`v`cgavn`jmcgjkav'Ak avxjf`c gc va ua gqgfj ag ua|njna|j ijmg`~qn'Ak avxjf`c xòlk`fc ~àgna j nùa|vè`fj|va vamòg akqvc p kqmj| xj|j va| jlj|fjnc'Jni`~a qgj fcixcv`f`ög `gnaxagnàg~a na vqvxj|~av' Qg`njn ag kj nèa|agf`j'

Xc~agf`j |akjf`cgav na i`t~q|j p ~|jgvicnqkj|`njn'Va jni`~a kj m|jnàg~a nag~|c nak g~a|v~`f`c fcicqg`njn'

Ak avxjf`c av iqk~`fag~|éeqmc j kj uar

$nav`g~am|jnc|)'

Gc va lqvfjg n`jmcgjkav g` ua|njna|jijmg`~qn na kcv fqa|xcv

Va lqvfj kj nèa|agf`j ag~|a kjvqg`njnav'Va lqvfj kj i`t~q|j fcgv~jg~a#kciq~jlka'

Ak avxjf`c av x|cm|avùjiag~ajlv~|jf~c p navcgf~at~qjk`rjnc

Va lqvfj ak ujkc| ag ~jg~c uaf~c|av~à~`fc c `gec|ijf`cgjk nag~|c naqgj |an fqk~q|jk mkcljk'

Ak avxjf`c av fjil`jg~a#iq~jlka'

Ak avxjf`c xcv~icna|gc av nùa|vc'Ak avxjf`c xòlk`fc av e|jmiag~jnc$ijv zqa kjla|ég~`fc) p gqgfjfcgec|ij qgj ~c~jk`njn'

Júcv 18 Júcv 08

F|`v`v na kj icna|g`njn @g`f`cv Déxa| icna|g`njnXcv~ Icna|g`njn

Júcv =8 Júcv <888Júcv 58 Júcv 48



Ak avxjf`c xòlk`fc av iöu`k'

Ak avxjf`c xòlk`fc av ekq`nc ag ak `g~a|v~`f`c kjla|ég~`fc'

Ak avxjf`c av qgj |an na avxjf`cv fcg |`gfcgav'

Va f|ajg iòk~`xkav avxjf`cv fag~|éxa~cv $`g~am|jnc|av)'

Navna ak avxjf`c `g~a|`c|+ va ìx`nag ua| kjv u`v`cgav

n`jmcgjkav'Ak avxjf`c gc va ua gqgfj ag ua|njna|j ijmg`~qn'

Ak avxjf`c xòlk`fc ~àgna j nùa|vè`fj|va vamòg ak qvc p

kqmj| xj|j va| jlj|fjnc'

Jni`~a qgj fcixcv`f`ög `gnaxagnàg~a na vqv xj|~av'

Qg`njn ag kj nèa|agf`j

Xc~agf`j |akjf`cgav na i`t~q|j p ~|jgvicnqkj|`njn'

Va jni`~a kj m|jnàg~a nag~|c nak `g~a|v~`f`c fcicqg`njn'

Kjv Cxa|jf`cgav Ic|ecköm`fjv ijv |akaujg~av vcg2

•\qx~q|jv na vìa~|éj+ `g~a|uagf`cgav

c|~cmcgjkav+ ba|j|zqéj na avfjkjv+ |jfìcv+

kjla|`g~cv+ fcgmkcia|jncv p ~|jijv'

•Va ujkc|j kj n`vxcv`f`ög p f|afìàg~c

`||amqkj| na ec|ijv |amqkj|av iégìjv

xq|jv'

EC\IJ J\ZQ^@AF^ÖG@FJ AVXJF@C J\ZQ^@AF^ÖG@FC

ÂJI T



Macia~|éj E|jf~jk p icnakcv

je`gav2

• Ag ~à|i`gcv maga|jkav+ Ijgnakl|c~ xkjg~aj zqa kj

Macia~|éj E|jf~jk av~qn`j kjv ‛Ec|ijv `||amqkj|av’+ ag

fcg~|jxcv`f`ög j kjv ec|ijv |amqkj|av a `najkav xkj~ög`fjv'

• Jm|amj jnaiêv+ zqa av~jv ic|eckcméj `||amqkj|av+ vcgx|cx`jv na kjv ec|ijv gj~q|jkav p v`v~aijv uùcv jq~c

c|mjg`rjncv'

Nae`g`f`ög ijv cxa|jf`cgjk2 • Ic|eckcméjv `||amqkj|av maga|jnjv j xj|~`| na n`gêi`fjv c

x|cfavcv na ~|jgvec|ijf`ög p#c `g~a|jff`ög

$|a~|cjkìag~jf`ög) j avfjkj $vfjk`gm x|cxa|~ av) fcg jk~j

vagv`l`k`njn j kjv uj|`jf`cgav c fjil`c na fcgn`f`cgav c

`gekqagf`jv $jrj|)'

• Kjv fcixkabjv |akjf`cgav ic|ecköm`fjv na fcgbqg~c djfag

aia|ma| ic|eckcméjv ~jkav fcic xkàmqav+ zqàl|a c

gqaujv vìa~|éjv+ kì`~av nèqvcv+ gcncv na `gekat`ög+

~|jijv+ m|jnàg~av+ ~at~q|jv c kjgnvfjxa jlà|~jv j kj`gfa|~`nqil|a c gqauj `gec|ijf`ög) a `gfkqvc xkjg~ajg

gqaujv x|cxànjnav gnìagv`cgjkav zqa djfag aia|mag

qgj fcgfaxf`ög fj|~cm|êe`fj xj|j jlc|nj| kcv x|clkaij'



âc|éjv na kj Fcixkab`njn

Jxc|~jg ak navj||ckkc na icnakcv+

fcgfax~cv p ~àfg`fjv xj|j

navf|`l`| p icnakj| x|cxànjnav

mkcljkav $na fcgbqg~c) fcg

`g~a|jff`cgav p ~|jgvec|ijf`cgav

zqa cxa|jg j nèa|ag~av avfjkjv+

Xc~agf`jgnc j vq uar+ ak av~qn`cv na fj|jf~a|év~`fjv c |jvmcvic|ecköm`fcv na fcgbqg~c+ ~jkav fcic kjv ~at~q|jv+ fjxjv+|anav+ ic|ecia~|`jv p V@M+ gc gafavj|`jiag~a jvcf`jnc j qgkagmqjba na xj~|cgav maga|jnc|av'

‛Ic|ecmàgav`v’ p jq~cc|mjg rjf`ög

Av~qn`c na Iafjg`vicv

maga|jnc|av na ec|ij

ian`jg~a kj `~a|jf`ög naxj~|cgav+ n`gêi`fjv c

eqgf`cgav ag afqjf`cgav gc

k`gajkav'

‛Kjgnvfjxa’

$jvcf`jnc jk av~qn`c na kjv ‛vfjk`gm x|cxa|~àv’)

‛Kagmqjba na Xj~|cgav $@EV)’

Av~qn`c na kj maga|jf`ög na ec|ijv'

Júcv 18 Júcv 08Júcv =8 Júcv <888





Navj||ckkc na Macia~|éjv na kjv ec|ijv @||amqkj|av

:0<8 :018 :0=8 :008 <888


Av~qn`c na Xj~|cgav



Icnakjiàg~c ic|ec

av~jnév~`fc

X|cfavcv na

|a~|cjkìag~jf`ög

Naec|ijf`ög na ijkkjv+ xkàmqavp fjxjv

IF\I






:0<8 :018 :0=8 :008 <888


Av~qn`c na Xj~|cgav



Icnakjiàg~c ic|ec

av~jnév~`fc

X|cfavcv na

|a~|cjkìag~jf`ög


IF\I




Navj||ckkc na Macia~|éjv na kjv ec|ijv @||amqkj|av



:0<8 :018 :0=8 :008 <888


Av~qn`c na Xj~|cgav



Icnakjiàg~c ic|ec

av~jnév~`fc

X|cfavcv na

|a~|cjkìag~jf`ög


IF\I




Navj||ckkc na kjv Macia~|éjv p Ic|eckcméjv `||amqkj|av



Navj||ckkc na kjv Macia~|éjv p Ic|eckcméjv `||amqkj|av

:0<8 :018 :0=8 :008 <888


Kagmqjba na Xj~|cgav



Icnakjiàg~c ic|ec

av~jnév~`fc

X|cfavcv na

|a~|cjkìag~jf`ög

Naec|ijf`ög na ijkkjv+xkàmqav p fjxjv

IF\I




E|jf~jkav



J|z' na xcv~mqa||j Xcv~icna|g`njn Mkcljk`rjf`ög a d`xa|icna|g`njn

:018 :058 :0=8 :048 :008 <888 <8:8

ICNA\G@NJN

Da|vla|ma|

KaFc|lqvà| % M' Bqkk`jg

Ic|eckcméjv |jvgvec|ijf`cgjkav Jxk`fjnjv j kj J|zq`~af~q|j $E|jf~jkav+ ' nak Fjcv+ Xkàmqav+ Ijkkjv+ V`v~aijv @~a|jncv+ Ec|ijv

C|mêg`fjv+ Kjgnvfjxa+ A~f')

Q~rcgJknc Ujg Apfo

âji T

Xà~ Lkci

I' Vjena

ÂJI T+ AV^\QF^Q\JK@V^JV+L\Q^JK@V^JV+ GAJ^DA\KJGNV+ A^F'

M`jg Fj|kc N`fj|kc

Fjgn`kk v+ Bcv`f p ]ccnv

Vi`~dvcg

Kpgg % Vi`~d

Ia~jlck`v~jv

\jkxd A|vo`ga

Ujgnoqgv~ag

Kcq`v Odjg




:058 :0=8 :048 :008 <888 <8:8

ICNA\G@NJN XCVÎCNA\G@NJN



Ujg la|oak

Xa~a| A`vagijg

E|jgo Mda|p

La|gj|~ Vfdqi`

Lj|~ X|`gfa

A|ò I`|jkkav

K`lanvo`g

Ru` Dafoa|




:058 :0=8 :048 :008 <888 <8:8

ICNA\G@NJND@XA\ICNA\G@NJN



Rjdj Djn n

Gc|ijg Ecv~a|

Fjkj~|juj

\ai Dcckdjjv

^cpc @~c

V~auag Dckk

Ic|xdcv`v



ICNA\G@NJN XCVÎCNA\G@NJN D@XA\ICNA\G@NJN

Da|vla|ma|

KaFc|lqvà| % Bqkk`jg



Ujg la|oak

Xa~a| A`vagijg

E|jgo Mda|p

Q~rcg

Rjdj Djn`n

Gc|ijg Ecv~a|

Fjkj~|juj

V`rj

Ea||j~a|

Jknc Ujg Apfo

La|gj|~ Vfdqi`

âji T

Xà~ Lkci

Lj|~ X|`gfa

I Vjena

\ai Dcckdjjv

A|ò I`|jkkav

^cpc @~c

K`lanvo`g

V~auag Dckk

âji T+ av~|qf~q|jk`v~jv+ia~jlck`v~jv+ gaj~da|kjgnv+ a~f'

Ru` Dafoa|

Ic|xdcv`v

Vi`~dvcg

:018 :058 :0=8 :048 :008 <888 <8:8

Kpgg % Vi`~d



Jxk`fjf`cgav na kjv macia~|éjv na kj ~|jgvec|ijf ög jk êil`~c x|cpaf~qjk p na n`vaúc agj|zq`~af~q|j

• âiê~`fjv x|cpaf~qjkav2 Vckqf`cgav ic|ecköm`fjvfcgv~|qf~ùjv

‖ Agfjba na avfjkjv a @g~a|fcgaf~ù`njn ag~|a ^|jijv p gòfkacv icnqkj|av ‖xa' \jfìcv p fcgmkcia|jncv'

xj|~av na qg x|cpaf~c u`v~c fcic v`v~aij c ~cnc

‖ Djl`~j| atfavùc Qvc na ~|jijv p av~|qf~q|jv icnqkj|av+

‖ F|afìàg~c icnqkj| Ec|ijv e|jf~jkav p na v`v~aijv `~a|jncv'

‖ F|afìàg~c ua|gêfqkj| Kagmqjba na xj~|cgav'

• Atxkc|jf`cgav ic|ecköm`fcxkêv~ fjv $clba~qjkav+ fcgfax~qjkav Xkàmqav p ec|ijv nafcgv~|qf~ù`v~jv+ e|jf~jkav+ v`v~aijv

c na iéiav`v gj~q|jk`v~j) jxk`fjnjv jk n vaúc p ec|ij j|zq`~af~ög`fj n`gêi`fcv p ic|eckcméjv uj| jv'

• @g~am|jf`ög av~à~ fcx|cpaf~qjk jk kjgnvfjxa p ~a|| ~c|`c Qvc na e|jf~jkav+ ijkkjv+ ~at~q|jv jvcf`jnjv j ejf~c| na avfjkj

gj~q|jk c fcgv~|q`nc'

• Atxkc|jf cgav jvcf jnjv j av~qn`cv na g~am|jf ög ic|ecköm fj Xk amqav+ ec|ijv n`gêi`fjv

p x|cpaf~qjk ag ~aiê~`fjv na kj u`nj xcv~ a d`xa|icna|gj

• U`nj fckaf~ uj+ ekq`ncv q|ljgcv+ a~f') ag m|jgnav f`qnjnav c iamjxck v' Fqlc`nav a d xa|fqlcv

Ec|ij fcic cx~ì`rjf`ög eqgf`cgjk'



• Kjv x|ìa|jv jx|ctìjf`cgav p jx|cx`jf`cgav navna kj j|zq`~af~q|j j kjv macia~|éjv na kjv ec|ijv`||amqkj|av+ cfq||ag ag2

• Kcv fcgv~|qf~ u`v~jv |qvcv+ ag eqgf`ög na

‖ âgv ög ag~|a fqa|xcv nal`nc j kj @g~a|vaff`ög p fcil`gj~c|`j na ec|ijv na kégajv xq|jv p vìxkav'

• Kcv júcv 18+ p av~êg ag eqgf`ög na2

‖ Atxkc|jf`cgav ic|ecköm`fjv ljvjnjv a gvx`|jnjv ag ec|ijv c|mêg`fjv+

‖ ^|jgvec|ijf cgav fcg~`gqjv ~cxcköm`fjv

‖ Qvc na xj~|cgav ||amqkj|av+

• Va xkjg~ajg ag ê|ajv fcic kj fcg~`gqjf`ög na atxkc|jf`cgav g`f`jnjv fcg kj k`la|jf`ög na kj xkjg~j+

ak aixkjrjiàg~c+ ak fcg~at~qjk`vic+ kj navfcixcv`f`ög nak fqlc p kj lòvzqanj na gqaujv ec|ijv

av~à~`fjv'

• Navna e`gav na kcv júcv 58+ av~jv ê|ajv p kégaj na navj||ckkc jl|ag x|cm|avùjiag~a kj atxkc|jf`ög

na kjv xcv`l`k`njnav zqa ce|aféjg kjv gqaujv ic|eckcméjv p macia~|éjv na ujgmqj|n`j c agnavj||ckkc $m|jecv+ e|jf~jkav+ eqgf`cgav gc k`gajkav+ ~cxckcméjv+ kagmqjba na xj~|cgav+ ~|jijv+ p

xcv~a|`c|iag~a gqaujv ic|eckcméjv+ ~ac|éjv nak fjcv+ ec|ijv ~cxcm|êe`fjv+ kjgnvfjxa+ xkàmqav+

kjpa|v c fjxjv+ p v`v~aijv V@M+'

X|ìa|jv jx|ctìjf`cgav jk qvc na ec|ijv p

macia~|éjv `||amqkj|av ag j|zq`~af~q|j



Ag av~a ij|fc+ ak qvc na gqaujv p nùa|vjv macia~|éjv na kj

~|jgvec|ijf`ög+ va xkjg~aj fcic jk~a|gj~ùj na atxkc|jf`ög+ fcg ak

zqàl|a na ak F@JI $:016)+ mj~`kkjnj xc| kj lòvzqanj na jk~a|gj~ùjv na

`g~am|jf`ög j kcv f|afàg~av x|clkaijv na `g~a|jff`ög ag~|a kj j|zq`~af~q|j

p ak q|ljg`vic xqav~cv ag au`nagf`j xc| kj f|`v`v nak av~|qf~q|jk`vic p kjvxkjgè`fjf`cgav mkcljkav c fag~|jk`rjnjv j zqa djléj kkamjnc ak

icna|g`vic+ jvé fcic ak f|afàg~a x|clkaij nak djl`~j| atfavùc na kjv

m|jgnav f`qnjnav p ak na~a|`c|c na kj fjk`njn na u`nj ag av~cv fcg~at~cv'



\au`v`ög na fjvcv p jq~c|av2

• âji T‖ Xà~ Lkcci‖ Jknc Ujg Apfo‖ Fjgn`kk`v+ Bcv`f p ]ccnv‖ Xa~a| % Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg

‖ Kpgg % Vi`~d‖ M`jgfj|kc N` Fj|kc

• Ka Fc|lqvà| pMq`kka|icBqkk`jg

• Ia~jlck`v~jv

• Fc||àg~avxcv~av~|qf~q|jk`v~jv

• \jkxd A|vo`ga



Mq`kka|ic Bqk`jgp Ka Fc|lqvà|

Dcvx`~jk na Uagaf`j





Kj fkêv`fj j|mqiag~jf`ög p x|`gf`x`c icna|gc $xkjg~ajnc xc| M|cx`qv) na zqa kjfcgv~|qff`ög ag jk~q|j k`la|jk`rj ak avxjf`c xòlk`fc+ ag kj x|jf~`fj maga|c+ gc xcfjv uafav+kj x|ckèa|jf`ög na ‛avxjf`cv na gjnà’+ zqa va ~|jgvec|ijljg ag v`~`cv a|`rjcv+ ljvq|a|cv+ncgna kj mag~a gc va |afcgcféj ag vq u`nj fc~`n`jgj+ jk~a|jgnc kj `g~a|fcgaf~ù`njn+ kjv

m|jnàg~av na `g~ì`njn p djl`~jl`k`njn+ a `gfkqvc kj u`nj fciqg`~j|`j zqa ~|j~jlj nax|ava|uj| kc x|cx`c na kjv f`qnjnav ua|gêfqkjv+ zqa ejuc|aféjg kj u`nj a `g~am|jf`ögfciqg`~j|`j'



K`la|jf`ög na kj xkjg~j

Qg`njn Djl`~jf`ög

K`la|jf`ög na kcv

@g~a|v~`f`cv ag ak ag~c|gc

^|jijv

Fcg~`gq`njn p n`vfcg~`gq`njn nak âji T

|avxaf~c nak icna|g`vic fkêv`fc Kafc|lqv`jgc



• Nag~|c nak navj||ckkc nak icna|g vic

KaFc|lqv`jgc+ v` làg qg ~aij ìxc|~jg~a eqa

k`la|j| kj xkjg~j nag~|c na qg anè`f`c+ xj|jj|zq`~af~cv xcv~a|`c|av j kj f|`v`v nak F@JI:016+

kc ìxc|~jg~a eqa k`la|j| kcv |afc||`ncv a

`g~a|v~`f`cv ag~|a kjv xkjg~j na qg i`vic anè`f`c+

fcic ag~|a anè`f`cv'

• Ag av~a fjil`c+ `gekqpa ak vq|mìàg~c na kjgcf`ög na kj icnqkj|`njn p |qx~q|j na kj vài~|éj'

• Ag av~a vag~ nc+ djp qgj fà|~j fcg~`gq`njn fcg kj

qg`njn djl`~jf`ög na Ij|lakkj p ak `najk nak fqlc

icna|gc+ xa|c k`la|jgnc kcv |afc||`ncv+ kcv

avxjf`cv `g~a|v~`f`jkav p kjv m|jnàg~av na`g~ì`njn nag~|c nak ~ab`nc q|ljgc'



Ag av~j ec|ij na fcgfal`| kj

icna|g`njn+ ncgna x|anci`gj ak fqlc

p vqv xcv`l`k`njnav+ ak x|clkaij na kj

~|jgvec|ijf`ög+ `g`f`jkiag~a gc av

jkmc ~jg |akaujg~a+ g` v`zqà|j fcic

iafjg`vic maga|jnc| na fjil`cv ag

ak n`vaúc' @ixc|~j ijv av kj

n`v~|`lqf`ög av~|qf~q|jk p ba|ê|zq`fj ag

qg aixkjrjiàg~c `najk $xkjgc)





Ic|ec köm`fjiag~a+ av~a x|cpaf~c

~cij fcic |aea|ag~av kj kkjijnj

fq|uj na D`kla|~+ zqa va

f `| fqguc kqf `cgj avfjkj|iag~a

djf`j ak `g~a|`c|+ fcic qg ‛~ab`nc’+ ec|ijgnc qg

ag~|jijnc zqa lqvfj `g~am|j|

kcv ‛avxjf`c `g~a|v~`f`jkav’ j kcv

|afc||`nc v $ag~|a xjv`kkcv p vjkjv

na j~agf`ög) nag~|c nak

x|cpaf~c'

Av~a ~`xc na ic|eckcméj xa|i`~a+jnaiêv nak jx|cuafdjiàg~c nak

avxjf`c `g~a|`c|+ f|aj| qgj

m|jnàg~a p jbqv~a ~at~q|jk

avfjkj| fcg ak |av~c na kj f`qnjn

p uaf`gnj|`c'









• Fcg kj kkamjnj p qvc na kjv ec|ijv icnqkj|av+ x|cm|avùjiag~a navna kj J|zq`~af~q|j va

navfql|a zqa cxa|jf`cgav iag~jkav fcic kj |axa~`f`ög+ kj uj|`jf`ög p ak f|afìàg~c bqamjg qg

|ck ìxc|~jg~a j gùak x|cpaf~qjk+ kc fqjk xc~agf`j kj gafav`njn na qgj gqauj macia~|éj zqa

nà|j fqag~j na av~cv eagöiagcv'

• Xj|jkakjiag~a+ kj gjfàg~a Macia~|éj E|jf~jk p kj âc|éj nak Fjcv+ x|cxc|f`cgjljg qg fjqfa

ec|ijk xj|j v`v~aij~`rj| p jx|agna| ijv na fqjk`njnav ic|ecköm`fjv gqaujv p na föic ka

xa|i`~ag j kj iag~a nak j|zq`~af~c+ x|cpaf~j| navna qgj gqauj öx~`fj'

• Xj|jkakjiag~a+ navna kcv júcv 18 va uag`j av~qn`jgnc jvxaf~cv ~jkav fcic ak kj icu`k`njn+

f|afìàg~c+ ~|jgvec|ijf`ög p nav`g~am|jf`ög nak avxjf`c xòlk`fc nag~|c na qgj f`qnjn zqa

vcl|axjvj|cg kjv xkjgè`fjf`cgav q|ljgjv fkêv`fjv'

• Ag av~a ij|fc+ ak av~qn`c na kjv ec|ijv `||amqkj|av p ak navfql|ìàg~c na kj icnqkj|`njn

ij|fj|ê qg d`~c ag ak n`vaúc na av~|j~am`jv ec|ijkav zqa jlc|nj|jg av~a x|clkaij ag vqv

nùa|vjv atx|av`cgav'

• Ak vq|mìàg~c na kcv ‛fkqv~a|v’ vqxcga p nauàga ag qgj icnqkj|`rjf`ög nak x|cpaf~c ag uj|`cv

X|cm|jijv g~a||akjf`cgjncv na g~a|uagf`ög $gjfa kj gcf`ög na v`v~aijv ag j|zq`~af~q|j)'

• Fcg ak navj||ckkc qg xcfc xcv~a|`c| na kc icnqkj| jxk`fjnc j kcv ij~a|`jkav p xàrjv $ij~

lq`kn`gmv) va `gnaxagn`rj|j kj fcgv~|qff`ög'

Jvì`kjf`ög navna kj J|zq`~af~q|j' Kj Icnqkj|`njn+ ak f|afìàg~cp kjv ec|ijv `||amqkj|av



âji T2 Kj |qx~q|j na kj vìa~|éj p kj fkj|`njn kjla|ég~`fj



Xj|~`f`xjg~av cfjv`cgjkav c `gu`~jncv

•Fd|`v~cxda| Jkatjgna|•\cma| Jqbjia•Jqk v Lkciv~an~•Bqjg Lqvzqa~v•Eana|`fc Fc||aj•Fd|`v~cxda| Najg

•Ljko|`vdgj U`~djknjv Ncvd•@mgjr`c Mj|nakkj•Ma`| M|qgm•J|~dq| Mkòvcg•Da|ijg Djjg•Djgv Dckka`g•Djgv Dcuagv M|aua•L`kk jgn M`kk Dc}akk•Fdj|kav Bagfov•O`vdc $Gq|`coj) Oq|coj}j

•Dag|` K`q•Eqi dòc Ijo•^dac Ijgr•Kcq`v I`zqak•Bajg X|cquà•Bcvaxd \po}a|~•Fdj|kav ci V~è~a|•Bjiav V~`|k`gm•Fck g V~Bcdg ]`kvcg•M`gc Ujkka

•Oagrc ^jgma

F`|fqkc `g~a|`c|

•Bjjx Ljoaij•Mac|mav Fjgn`k`v•M`jgfj|kc Na Fj|kc•Jknc ujg Apfo•Jk`vcg jgn Xa~a| Vi`~dvcg•Vdjn|jfd ]ccnv

Xj|~`f`xjg~av |amqkj|av

•Bcvà Fcna|fd•\jkxd A|vo`ga•Njgàk ujg M`goak jgn Lkjgfda Kaifcujg M`goak•Jijgf`c Mqanav•\cke Mq~ijgg•Cvoj| Djgvag•Da|ijg Da|~rla|ma|•Jkat`v Bcv`f•Mq`kka|ic Bqkk`jg na kj Eqag~a•\aìj Xà~`kî•Fdj|kav Xckcgp`•L|`jg \`fdj|nv•Ijge|an Vfdàndaki•Jgn|à Vfdìia|k gm•Ba|rp Vck~jg•Cv}jkn Ij~d`jv Qgma|v

•Bcdg Ucakfoa|•V~aejg ]a}a|oj•Xà~ Lkcci

d~~x2##}}}'~aji:8cgk`ga'c|m#`gnat'd~ik



• Ag :01=+ j|zq`~af~cv fcic Jknc Ujg Apfoaixàrjg j jxk`fj| p atxkc|j| fcgic|eckcméjv fcixkabjv na kj~|jgvec|ijf`ög+ xj|~`fqkj|iag~a fcg kcv

e|jf~jkav'

• Kcv e|jf~jkav vcg qvjncv navna qg xqg~cna u`v~j x|cpaf~qjk ag uùàgnjvfckaf~ùjv+ ncgna va ~|jljbj ag ljva j kjlòvzqanj na av~|qf~q|jv macià~|`fjvjlà|~jv+ xa|c c|mjg`rjnjv ag ~c|gc jgòfkacv |axa~`~ùcv p fcgaf~jncv ian`jg~a|afc||`ncv n`vfcg~`gqcv'

• Av~c xa|i`~a ijgabj| ak x|clkaij na kjxj|~a p ak ~c~jk na qg icnc c|mêg`fc+ xa|cxkjgè`fjnc+ jfax~jgnc iòk~`xkavuj|`jf`cgav ag kj fcge`mq|jf`ög gqfkaj| nakj xkjg~j+ v`g xa|na| kj köm`fj na qgjc|mjg`rjf`ög `g~a|gj maga|jnj xc| akf|afìàg~c p ak fjil`c na avfjkj'







Ag vq x|cpaf~c ‛j U kkjma ec| Fd`kn|ag’+

vamòg qgj köm`fj e|jf~jk+ f`qnjn+ fjvj p

|af`g~c av~êg ~|jljncv ag qgj

av~|qf~q|j c|~cmcgjk+ fqpj vqjua

~|jgv`f`ög na avfjkjv navujgafa kjve|cg~a|jv ag~|a j|zq`~af~q|j p x|cpaf~c

q|ljgc+ fc`gf`nàgnc jvé+

ìxkéf`~jiag~a+ fcg ak agqgf`jnc

kafc|lqv`jgc na ‛j|zq`~af~q|j ag ~cnc+

q|ljg`vic ag ~cnc’'

Jvé+ fj|ag~a na ~|jijv fcg~`gqjv+ akx|cpaf~c na Lkci vckc fqag~j fcg

|afc||`ncv fc|~cv p m`|cv na icnqkc ag

icnqkc+ vàgnc vq ~ög`fj kj na

f|afìàg~c xc| `gf|aiag~cv

icnqkj|av’

Xà|ar na J|fa



‛kj j|zq`~af~q|j dckjgnavj na xcv~mqa||j gjnjdjléj x|cnqf`nc+ atfax~c ak ‛g`gmqgj xj|~a’+ qg`gdjl`~jlka c|mjg`rjnc xc| kj ‛f`qnjn eqgf`cgjk’'

Jknc Ujg Apfo

Kj Fkj|`njn Kjla|ég~`fj



Abaixkc na avxjf`cv `g~a|v~`f`jkav p x|cxqav~jv na `g~a|uagf`ögljvjnj ag `g~a|v~`f`cv $Jknc Ujg Apfo)

Xj|j |aea|`|va j kjv rcgjv na jnafqjf`ög p agfjba uj|`jlka na avfjkjv ag~|a kjv xj|~av na qg

x|cpaf~c+ Jknc ujg Apfo qvj ak ~a|i`gc na ‛`gla~}aag’ $kkjijnc xcv~a|`c|iag~a+ ‛`g~a|v~`f`cv’ c‛avxjf`cv `g~a|v~`f`jkav’+ jkqnàgnc j qgj ia~êec|j l`cköm`fj) xj|j jlc|nj| ak ~aij na kcv avxjf`cv

maga|jncv xc| kcv xj~|cgav na f|afìàg~c'













Ia~jeö|`fjiag~a+ Ujg Apfo nafkj|j kj

‛lòvzqanj na kj fkj|`njn kjla|ég~`fj’+ zqa

fcgv`v~a ag kcmj| kj ekat`l`k`njn ian`jg~a ak qvc

na ‛~|jijv macià~|`fjv’+ lqvfjgnc qg c|nag

ijv `gfkqvùc p fcixkabc'

Ag ak fjvc nak Ckeak`gj~c jncx~j qgj ec|ij

jlà|~j+ vcxc|~jnj ag qgj ijkkj macià~|`fj+

fcge`mq|jgnc kjv fàkqkjv na kcv nc|i`~c|`cv+

fckaf~ùcv+ kjv ê|ajv fciqgav p kcv avxjf`cv na

n`v~|`lqf`ög'

$Ic`vva~+ <888)



• Av~j fcgfaxf`ög na jbqv~a p agfjba avfjkj| uj|`jlka na av~jv

rcgjv na `g~a|v~`f`cv+ ag~|a qg`njnav icnqkj|av iagcv

uj|`jlkav+ xa|i`~a jnaiêv na qgj ijpc| ekat`l`k`njn ag kj

`g~am|jf`ög a `g~a|jff`ög na kj mag~a ag vq ag~c|gc+

x|cpaf~j| kj xkjgè`fjf`ög nak f|afìàg~c ag ak ~àixc+

nag~|c na qgj fcgfaxf`ög jòg fag~|jk`rjnj+ x|cx`j na kjv

fc||àg~av av~|qf~q|jk`v~jv na kj àxcfj'

• Va lqvfj fcgbqmj| xkjg e`fjf`ög fcg ekat`l`k njn p

f|afìàg~c'

• Av jvé fcic av~a icnakc xa|i`~a j|~ fqkj| kcv x|`gf`x`cv na

uj|`jl`k`njn p fjil`c+ ag qg fcg~at~c xkjgè`fjnc|

x|cpaf~qjk'

• Ij|fj ak `g`f`c na kj kkjijnjv ~agnagf`jv xcv~

av~|qf~q|jk`v~jv+ x|au`jv jk vq|mìàg~c na kj kkjijnj xcv~

icna|g`njn'



Jknc Ujg Apfo



• Ijv jòg+ kcv jxc|~av nak âji T xa|i`~ag

`gfc|xc|j|+ fcg~|ckjnjiag~a+ ak jrj|+ kc

`||amqkj| p kj ekqf~qjf`ög jk n`vaúc p

xkjgè`fjf`ög ag j|zq`~af~q|j' Ag fà|~c vag~`nc+av fcic `gfc|xc|j| ak navc|nag'

• Av~cv v v~aijv ijv jlà|~cv' fcg m|jncv na

jla|~q|j p k`la|~jn+ ‛j ian`c jlà|~c p j ian`c

fa||j|’ k`la|jg kj av~|qf~q|j p c|mjg`rjf`ög

q|ljgj ian`jg~a fà|~cv m|jncv na n`vxa|v`ög’'

• Jvé+ ak x|cfavc na nav`g~am|j| ag e|jmiag~cv p

|aqg`| av~ê ag kj ljva nak v`v~aij f|aj~ùc+ p kj

ijga|j na dqijg`rj| ak ag~c|gc av navfql|`|

fcic va e|jmiag~j ag eqgf`ög na kj u`nj

fc~`n`jgj'

• Ak j|~a nak n`vaúc fcgv v~a ag~cgfav+ ag

agfcg~|j| p xagvj| kcv xqg~cv p kégajv na|qx~q|j+ na qg icnc f|aj~ùc p dqijg`rjnc'







Gjmaka U`kkjma





















Xa~a| % Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg

Kj `naj zqa x|cxcgag kcv Vi`~dvcg



Kj `naj zqa x|cxcgag kcv Vi`~dvcg

xj|j kcm|j| qgj j|zq`~af~q|j

|afax~ùj va ljvj ag ag~agna| kj

j|zq`~af~q|j fcic qg ag~|jijnc+ av

naf`| qgj vqxa|xcv`f`ög na kjpa|v'

‛_'''Y ag av~cv ag~|jijncv

av~êljicv `g~a|avjncv ag ~cnc kc

zqa na kqmj| jk j|~a na djl`~j|’'

‛‥ kj j|zq`~af~q|j gafav ~j ~aga|

fj|jf~a|év~`fjv ec|ijkav zqa xa|i`~jg

kj ijgèav~jf`ög na kjv aicf`cgav pfqjk`njnav na kcv djl`~jg~av+ zqa kcv

`gu`~a j jvqi`| |avxcgvjl`k`njn na kcv

avxjf`cv jk|ananc| na akkcv' Qgj

ijga|j na kcm|j| qgj j|zq`~af~q|j

|afax~ùj a|j j ~|juàv nak ià~cnc na

kjpa|`gm xc|zqa j ~|juàv na kcv kjpa|vdjp avxjf`c xj|j kj `kqv`ög p kj

jf~ù`njn'’

Ij|~j Ic|akk`

Xj|j `nag~è`fj|gcv fcg ak avxjf`c nalaicv —jxcna|j|gcv na àk‐ p av~c va nj ljbc ncv

eagöiagcv2 na ijga|j aicf`cgjk2 j ~|juàv na

gqav~|cv vag~`ncv p na ijga|j iêv fcgf|a~j2

—u`v~àgnc p nafc|jgnc‐ak avxjf`c'

Ak jxcna|j|gcv nak avxjf`c xj|~a na gqav~|j

fjxjf`njn na |afcgcfa| qg —~a||`~c|`c‐ p avjfjxjf`njn av gqav~|c —vag~`nc na ~a||`~c|`c‐'

Nag~|c na av~a x|cfavc na djl`~j| nabjicv

dqakkjv qgjv —ij|fjv na cfqxjf`ög‐ zqa

va|êg |aea|agf`j xj|j ak djl`~j| na eq~q|cv

cfqxjg~av'

Q `~ ~ ~` k ~ n d l`~ k k ~ n l b n ~



Qgj j|zq`~af~q|j |afax~ùj jk j|~a na djl`~j|+ kj fqjk ag~agnaicv va maga|j ljbc ncv fcixcgag~av2kjpa|v p ujfécv







Jk`vcg p Xa~a| Vi`~dvcg

`g~|cnqba|cg ak ~aij nak q|ljg`vic

ae`fjr ag ak T Fcgm|avc nak F@JI ag

:015+ fcg kj kkjijnj ‛vaff`ög nak

ujkka na Mannav’+ zqa x|au`jiag~a

djléj v`nc ak ~aij x|`gf`xjk nak

ijgèàv~c na Ncc|g ag :01> p

iqav~|j fcic kjv xjq~jv na

jvag~jiàg~c av~êg |akjf`cgjnjv

fcg kjv na kj ~cxcm|jeéj'




Ag vq fkêv`fc k`l|c2 ‛JV `g NV' Jg Apa cg ~da \cjn’ $:046) gcv djlkjg naf`gfc jvxaf~cv eqgnjiag~jkav zqa naiqav~|jg zqa vq u`v`ög na kj|ajk`njn eqa jujgrjgnc p auckqf`cgjgnc j kc kj|mc na kcv júcv2

7 Qg gqauc jvxaf~c na k`la|~jn ce|af`nc xc| ak fcfda' Ag av~a fjvc uaicv

föic kcv jujgfav ~afgcköm`fcv p ak jq~ciöu`k eqa|cg fkjuav xj|j av~agqauc fcgfax~c na kc |ajk' Kj vcfànjn djléj fjil`jnc' ^jk fcic gcvn`fa Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg+ —}a n|ùa `~‐' ^|av xjkjl|jv zqa |avqiag kj k`la|~jnce|af`nj xc| qgj iêzq`gj fcic ak jq~ciöu`k+ zqa xa|i`~a ij|fdj|va+naf`n`| fqêgnc vql`| p fqêgnc xj|j ak ic~c|+ ljbj|va p clva|uj| qg gqaucxj`vjba+ ~jg kabjgc jk djl`~qjk fcic qgc zqà|j+ ~jg nèa|ag~a fcic qgcdjpj naf`n`nc'

7 Kj vagv`l`k`njn da|anjnj' Kj ijga|j ag föic daicv v`nc agvaújncv jua|' Xj|j akkj a|j iqp ìxc|~jg~a kj ijga|j na ua| kj |ajk`njn+ kj f`qnjn+

ak xj`vjba' Gcv djlkj na kj uj|ànjn na xj`vjbav p zqa djp zqa vjla|ua|kcv ~cncv+ zqa gc ~cnc kc lakkc av kc |akjf`cgjnc fcg kj gj~q|jkarj+v`gc zqa kjv `ge|jv~|qf~q|jv+ kjv `gnqv~|`jv+ ak jvejk~c+ ~jil`àg xqanag va|lakkcv v` vjlaicv i`|j|kcv' F|`~ fj zqa kj ijga|j fcg kj zqa gcv djgagvaújnc j ua| ak xj`vjba av naijv`jnc lqfök`fj+ p atxcga zqa av kjvcfànjn anqfjnj kj zqa va|ê fjxjr na fcgv~|q`| xj~|cgav x|au`cv'

7Kj gqauj vagv`l`k`njn+ |avqk~jg~a na kj u`v~j iöu`k nak xj`vjba

7 Kcv m|êe`fcv nak icuìàg~c

7 Kj djl`~jf`ög x|ùjnj vcl|a |qanjv+ ncgna atxcga kj `naj nakij|fdj|va na qg kqmj| xa|c fcg kj xcv`l`k`njn na kkauj|va kj fjvj xj|jvamq`| v`g~`àgncva `nag~è`fjnc $fcgfax~c |akjf`cgjnc j kcv xj~~a|gv na`nag~`njn)'

7 Ak fjil`c+ zqa nae`ga fcg kj `naj na iq~j| kqmj|av'

XJ^Â\GV NA JVCF@JF@ÖG A@NAG^@NJN

KJ ICU@K@NJN







XJ^Â\GV NA JVCF@JF@ÖG A @NAG^@NJN

X|cpaf~c na |aea|agf`j2 Mcknag Kjga+ qg fcgfq|vc na uùàgnjv na jk~jnagv`njn ag Kcgn|av zqa va d`rc ag :01<' Av~a avzqaij va akjlc|ö agqgj ~ac|éj maga|jk zqa kcv Vi`~dvcg atxqv`|cg ag ak F@JI T na J`tag

X|cuagfa na :016+ fqjgnc kjv xjkjl|jv jvcf`jf`ög a `nag~`njn va`g~|cnqba|cg ag ak xagvjiàg~c j|zq`~af~ög`fc'

Jvé xqav+ Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg atx|avj kj ba|j|zqéj na kj jvcf`jf`ög ag qgn`jm|jij' V`mqàgnc vq fkjvè`fjf`ög+ nèa|agf`j fqj~|c ~`xcv najvcf`jf`ög2 kj fjvj+ kj fjkka+ ak n`v~|`~c p kj f`qnjn'

Fqjgnc Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg x|cxqvc kj `naj na ‛akaiag~cv na kj f`qnjn’ag :01<+ kcv fkjvè`fj ag uùàgnj+ fjkka p n`v~|`~c' Ag jzqak iciag~c+kcv fcgbqg~cv |av`nagf`jkav zqa va fcgv~|qéjg a|jg av~êgnj|av na

fcgv~|qff`ög naijv`jnc jk~cv+ xa|c kav ejk~jlj jkmqgj fcvj iêvìxc|~jg~a xj|j va| fcgbqg~cv jf~ùcv p f|aj~ùcv+ kav ejk~jlj kj`nag~`njn' Av~a av~qn`c av fcgvfàg~a nak x|clkaij na `nag~`njn agqgj vcfànjn iöu`k' X|cxcga zqa qgj fciqg`njn nala|éj f|afa| jxj|~`| na qgj ba|j|zqéj na akaiag~cv jvcf`j~ùcv a `g~ag~j atx|avj| kcvnèa|ag~av gùakav na jvcf`jf`ög iagf`cgjncv jg~av'

Kj fjkka ~|jn`f`cgjk fcgv`na|jnj fcic qg ag~c|gc jf~ùc av~ê vàgncfjil`jnj xc| ak `gf|aiag~c na icu`k`njn' \a`nag~è`fj| jk dcil|a fcgvq ag~c|gc gc va xqana kcm|j| q~`k`rjgnc ec|ijv d`v~ö|`fjv na

jm|qxjiàg~c na fjvjv2 fjkkav+ xkjrjv+ rcgjv ua|nav+ a~f'+ pj zqa kj|ajk`njn vcf`jk zqa akkcv |ax|avag~jg pj gc at`v~a'

Ak x|`gf`x`c na `nag~`njn zqa x|cxqvà|cg av kj ljva na Mcknag KjgaX|cbaf~2 qgj f`qnjn fcg iqk~ gùakav fcg fjkkav |av`nagf`jkav ag ak j`|a'

Ag ak k`l|c JV `g NV' Jg Apa cg ~da \cjn+ na :046 gcv djlkjg na f`gfc jvxaf~cv



eqgnjiag~jkav zqa naiqav~|jg zqa vq u`v`ög na kj |ajk`njn eqa jujgrjgnc p

auckqf`cgjgnc j kc kj|mc na kcv júcv2

7 Qg gqauc jvxaf~c na k`la|~jn ce|af`nc xc| ak fcfda' Ag av~a fjvc uaicv föic kcv

jujgfav ~afgcköm`fcv p ak jq~ciöu`k eqa|cg fkjuav xj|j av~a gqauc fcgfax~c na kc |ajk'

Kj vcfànjn djléj fjil`jnc' ^jk fcic gcv n`fa Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg+ —}a n| ua `~‐' ^|avxjkjl|jv zqa |avqiag kj k`la|~jn ce|af`nj xc| qgj iêzq`gj fcic ak jq~ciöu`k+ zqa

xa|i`~a ij|fdj|va+ naf`n`| fqêgnc vql`| p fqêgnc xj|j ak ic~c|+ ljbj|va p clva|uj| qg

gqauc xj`vjba+ ~jg kabjgc jk djl`~qjk fcic qgc zqà|j+ ~jg nèa|ag~a fcic qgc djpj

naf`n`nc'

7 Kj vagv`l k`njn da|anjnj' Kj ijga|j ag föic daicv v`nc agvaújncv j ua|' Xj|j akkj

a|j iqp ìxc|~jg~a kj ijga|j na ua| kj |ajk`njn+ kj f`qnjn+ ak xj`vjba' Gcv djlkj na kj

uj|ànjn na xj`vjbav p zqa djp zqa vjla| ua|kcv ~cncv+ zqa gc ~cnc kc lakkc av kc

|akjf`cgjnc fcg kj gj~q|jkarj+ v`gc zqa kjv `ge|jv~|qf~q|jv+ kjv `gnqv~|`jv+ ak jvejk~c+~jil`àg xqanag va| lakkcv v` vjlaicv i`|j|kcv' F|`~`fj zqa kj ijga|j fcg kj zqa gcv djg

agvaújnc j ua| ak xj`vjba av naijv`jnc lqfök`fj+ p atxcga zqa av kj vcfànjn anqfjnj kj

zqa va|ê fjxjr na fcgv~|q`| xj~|cgav x|au`cv'

7Kj gqauj vagv`l k`njn+ |avqk~jg~a na kj u`v~j iöu`k nak xj`vjba

7 Kcv m|êe`fcv nak icuìàg~c' Va lqvfjg gqaucv kagmqjbav na atx|av`ög zqa xa|i`~jg

|ax|avag~j| ak icuìàg~c kcv ekqbcv p fjil`cv nag~|c na kj f`qnjn' Vq|ma ak n`jm|jij'

7 Kj djl`~jf`ög x|ùjnj vcl|a |qanjv+ ncgna atxcga kj `naj nak ij|fdj|va na qg kqmj|

xa|c fcg kj xcv`l`k`njn na kkauj|va kj fjvj xj|j vamq`| v`g~`àgncva `nag~è`fjnc $fcgfax~c

|akjf`cgjnc j kcv xj~~a|gv na `nag~`njn)'

7 Ak fjil`c+ zqa nae`ga fcg kj `naj na iq~j| kqmj|av'

XJ^Â\GV NA JVCF@JF@ÖG A @NAG^@NJN



X|cpaf~c na |aea|agf`j2 Mcknag Kjga+ qg fcgfq|vc na

uùàgnjv na jk~j nagv`njn ag Kcgn|av zqa va d`rc ag :01<'

Av~a avzqaij va akjlc|ö ag qgj ~ac|éj maga|jk zqa kcv

Vi`~dvcg atxqvà|cg ag ak F@JI T na J`tagX|cuagfa na:016+ fqjgnc kjv xjkjl|jv jvcf`jf`ög a `nag~`njn va

`g~|cnqba|cg ag ak xagvjiàg~c j|zq`~af~ög`fc'

Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg atx|avj kj ba|j|zqéj na kj jvcf`jf`ög ag qg

n`jm|jij' V`mqàgnc vq fkjvè`fjf`ög+ nèa|agf`j fqj~|c ~`xcv

na jvcf`jf`ög2 kj fjvj+ kj fjkka+ ak n`v~|`~c p kj f`qnjn'

Fqjgnc Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg x|cxqvc kj `naj na ‛akaiag~cv na kj f`qnjn’ ag :01<+ kcv fkjvè`fj ag uùàgnj+ fjkka p

n`v~|`~c' Ag jzqak iciag~c+ kcv fcgbqg~cv |av`nagf`jkav zqa va fcgv~|qéjg a|jg av~êgnj|av na fcgv~|qff`ög

naijv`jnc jk~cv+ xa|c kav ejk~jlj jkmqgj fcvj iêv ìxc|~jg~a xj|j va| fcgbqg~cv jf~ùcv p f|aj~ùcv+ kav ejk~jlj kj

`nag~`njn' Av~a av~qn`c av fcgvfàg~a nak x|clkaij na `nag~`njn ag qgj vcfànjn iöu`k' X|cxcga zqa qgj

fciqg`njn nala|éj f|afa| j xj|~`| na qgj ba|j|zqéj na akaiag~cv jvcf`j~ùcv a `g~ag~j atx|avj| kcv nèa|ag~av

gùakav na jvcf`jf`ög iagf`cgjncv jg~av'

Kj fjkka ~|jn`f`cgjk fcgv`na|jnj fcic qg ag~c|gc jf~ùc av~ê vàgnc fjil`jnj xc| ak `gf|aiag~c na icu`k`njn'

\a`nag~è`fj| jk dcil|a fcg vq ag~c|gc gc va xqana kcm|j| q~`k`rjgnc ec|ijv d`v~ö|`fjv na jm|qxjiàg~c na fjvjv2

fjkkav+ xkjrjv+ rcgjv ua|nav+ a~f'+ pj zqa kj |ajk`njn vcf`jk zqa akkcv |ax|avag~jg pj gc at`v~a'







Ak ~at~c nak Ijgè av~c na Ncc|i aixàrj fcg kj x|ai`vj na zqa ‛av `gò~`k fcgv`na|j| kj



:' Uùàgnj j`vkjnj<' Xqalkc6' F`qnjn avxafée`fj $`gnqv~|`jk+ jni`g`v~|j~ùj+

|av`nagf`jk+ ‥)>' F`qnjn iqk~èqgf`cgjk

Ak ~at~c nak Ijgè av~c na Ncc|i aixàrj fcg kj x|ai`vj na zqa av `gò~`k fcgv`na|j| kjfjvj atfax~c fcic qgj xj|~a na qgj fciqg`njn nal`nc j kj `g~a|jff`ög na av~cv+ ak qgcvcl|a ak c~|c’' Ag~cgfav va x|cxcgag navj||ckkj| qg q|ljg`vic ae`fjr fcic fciqg`njnavna fcixkab`njn uj|`jlka+ na icnc zqa av~jlkafà|cg qgj avfjkj na jvcf`jf`ög j fjnj ~`xcna fjixc vamòg kj vaff`ög nak ujkka2

Av~c kav xa|i`~`ö av~qn`j| na ec|ij xj|~`fqkj| kjv ec|ijv p eqgf`cgav ag vqv x|cx`cvfjixcv+ na ec|ij zqa xj|j ak F@JI x|avag~j|cg f`gfc xkjgcv nèa|ag~av xj|j f`gfc fjvcvn`v~`g~cv2

• J`vkjnc+

• Jknaj+• U`kkc|éc+• Xqalkc• F`qnjn'



:' Lq||c}v Kaj Ej|i

Xj|j ak x|ìa| fjvc+ ak ‛j`vkjnc’+kcv Vi`~dvcg x|avag~j|cgLq||c}v Kaj Ej|i+ qg x|cpaf~c`g`f`jk zqa agfcg~|j|cg jx|cx`jncxj|j kj va|à na kj ‛vaff`ög nakujkka’+ ag kj ian`nj ag zqa kj

fjvj av~j n`vaújnj ag |akjf`ögfcg kj dqa|~j f`|fqgnjg~a'



<' Fjvjv Mjkaög $Mjkkacg

fc~~jmav)

Ak vamqgnc fjvc a|j kj ‛jknaj’+

fcgfal`nc fcic qgj jk~a|gj~ùj

j kjv fjvjv vqlq|ljgjv

fcguagf`cgjkav+ zqa `mgc|jgnc

kjv fj|jf~a|év~`fjv nak kqmj| p na

kj fciqg`njn+ va fcgv~|qpag xc|~cnc ak xjév' Qgc na kcv |jvmcv

fj|jf~a|év~`fcv av ak icnc ag

zqa kjv fjvjv agfjbjg ag ak

xj`vjba |q|jk+ fcic av~êg dafdcv

vqv bj|n`gav p kj ec|ij ag zqa va

jl|ag j kjv u`jv x|`gf`xjkav p jkcv fjixcv'



6' Fjvjv \an`k $Eckn dcqvav)

Ak ~a|fa| fjvc av ak ‛u`kkc|`c’+

x|cpaf~jnj xj|j agfjbj| ag

ak ~ab`nc fcdavùc na av~a

~`xc na cfqxjf`ög v`g nabj|

na va| ijgèàv~jiag~agcuancvj' Kc iêv ~éx`fc na

akkj av vq iq|c ijf`rc+ na

ncv x`vcv na jk~q|j+ zqa v`|ua

na x|c~aff`ög fcg~|j ak

uàg~c'



>' Fjvjv ag fjkkabög $Fkcva

dcqvav)

Xj|j ak ‛xqalkc’ kcv Vi ~dvcg

x|avag~j|cg vqv ‛fkcva dcqvav’+

fjvjv ljbjv k`mjnjv j qg xjvjba

fqlà|~c' Kcv xjvjbav

xa|~agafag jk êil`~c na kcv

xaj~cgav' Kjv fjvjv vcgjffav`lkav j ~|juàv na qgj

avxafà na xö|~`fc+ navna ak

fqjk va xqana ua| kcv bj|n`gav p

ak xj`vjba j kc kabcv' Kjv fjvjv

xqanag va| iqp nèa|ag~av

qgjv na c~|jv+ kc zqa xa|i`~aqgj uj|ànjn iqp gc~jlka'



1' Fjvjv ag ian`j kqgj $Vcq~d ejf`gm

~a||jfan dcqvav)

Xj|j ‛f`qnjn’ x|cpaf~j|cg qg

anè`f`c |av`nagf`jk na ncfa xkjg~jv jk

zqa nagci`gj|cg ‛Vcq~d ejf gm

~a||jfan dcqvav’' Vq ~éx`fj ec|ij

`gfk`gjnj p ag uckjn`rc kjv fcguà|~a

ag icgqiag~cv m`mjg~av nak xj`vjbaq|ljgc' Vq ec|ij xcvaa ~jil`àg

jkmqgjv uag~jbjv j qg gùak iêv

x|êf~`fc2 |anqfa kj vcil|j zqa

x|cpaf~jg kcv anè`f`cv' P ag ~à|i`gcv

~`xcköm`fcv vcg jxj|~jiag~cv nòxkat

fcg mjka|éj' Qg òg`fc anè`f`c jkcbj

:48 uùàgnjv'

Xa~a| % Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg $^da Mcknag K`ga)



KJ ICU@K@NJN



• Ag ak k`l|c Q|ljg V~|qf~q|`gm+ Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg djlkj nak icu iàg~c eév`fc+ xa|c ~jil`àg nak

icuìàg~c vcf`jk'

• Gcv n`fa zqa kj icu k`njn av kj fkjua c|mjg`rj~ùj p vcf`jk nak xkjgajiàg~c na kjv f`qnjnav?

gc vökc fcgfà|ga kjv fj||a~a|jv+ v`gc zqa va ~|j~j+ iêv làg+ na qgj fciqg`njn iöu`k pe|jmiag~jnj'

• Nae`ga kj fj||a~a|j fcic qgj `ge|jv~|qf~q|j avagf`jk xj|j qgj fciqg`njn+ pj zqa qgj uar

fcgv~|q`njv ~àgag ak i`vic ujkc| zqa qg |éc c kj i`vij ~cxcm|jeéj? vcg m|jgnav' Xc| ~jg~c+

xqanag f|aj| nù`v`cgav macm|êe`fjv p+ ag fcgvafqagf`j+ nù`v`cgav vcf`jkav'




‛Àv~j av qgj f`qnjn ag kj zqa fjnj eqgf`ög ~àga vq x|cx`c azqùjkag~a ec|ijk zqa av



Àv~j av qgj f`qnjn ag kj zqa fjnj eqgf`ög ~àga vq x|cx`c azqùjkag~a ec|ijk+ zqa av

|afcgcf`lka xc| kc zqa av' Vq c|mjg`rjf`ög gc av |ém`nj' Ak `g~ag~c va dj dafdc xj|j f|aj|

qgj av~à~`fj jlà|~j+ fjxjr na uj|`j| p f|afa|+ ncgna ak `g~a|fjil`c na clba~ùcv vcf`jkav

xqana agfcg~|j| qgj vjk`nj’'

Q|ljg V~|qf~q|`gm+ Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg








Avfqakj Vafqgnj|`j na Dqv~j~`cg



• Kj avf`v`ög naf`vùj kkamö fcg ak F@JI @T fakal|jnc ag J`tagX|cuagfa ag :016+



Ak dcil|a xqana `nag~è`fj|va eêf`kiag~a fcg vq x|cx`c dcmj|+ xa|c ~jg~c

fcg kj xclkjf`ög ag kj zqa àv~a va agfqag~|j v`~qjnc' ,Xa|~agafa|, av qgj

gafav`njn lêv`fj aicf`cgjk p vqv jvcf`jf`cgav vcg nak c|nag iêv vìxka'Na ,xa|~agafa|,„ `nag~`njn„ x|cuàga ak vag~`nc ag|`zqafanc| na

uaf`gnjn' Kj fjkka fc|~j p jgmcv~j nak lj||`c iéva|c ~|`qgej jkké ncgna qgj

|an`v~|`lqf`ög avxjf`cvj e|jfjvj'

m +fqjgnc av~j maga|jf`ög+ n`|`m`nj xc| Jk`vcg p Xa~a| Vi`~dvcg p Jknc ujg Apfo+fqav~ cgö kjv fqj~|c fj~amc|éjv eqgf`cgjk`v~jv na kj Fj|~j na J~agjv2 Uùàgnjv+^|jljbc+ \af|ac p ^|jgvxc|~a'

• Ag uar na ce|afa| qgj va|à jk~a|gj~ùj na jlv~|jff`cgav+ kcv Vi`~dvcgv+ Ujg Apfo+Bjfcl Ljoaij+ Mac|mav Fjgn k`v+ Vdjn|jfd ]ccnv+ Bcdg Ucakfoa| p ] kk`ji p B kkDc}akk `guav~`mj|cg kcv x|`gf`x`cv av~|qf~q|jkav nak f|afìàg~c q|ljgc xj|j kjv`mqàg~a qg`njn v`mgè`fj~ùj xc| agfìj na kj fàkqkj eji`k`j|'

• Vq `gvj~`vejff`ög e|ag~a jk eqgf`cgjk`vic icnè`fjnc na kj uàbj mqj|n`j „ak ,`najk vic,na Ka Fc|lqvà|+ Ujg Aav~a|ag+ Va|~+ A|gav~c \cma|v+ Jke|an \c~d+ Oqg`c Ijpaoj}j p

M|cx`qv„ va |aekabj ag vq |ajff`ög f|é~ fj e|ag~a jk `gec|ia nak F@JI U@@@' Akkcv|avxcgnéjg jk icnakc vìxk`v~j nak gòfkac q|ljgc xkjg~ajgnc qgj gc|ij iêv fcixkabjzqa+ ag vq cx`g`ög+ |avxcgnéj iabc| j kj gafav`njn na `nag~`njn+ p jvé xcv~qkj|cg zqa2

E`gjkiag~a+ va xkjg~aj|cg gqaucv x|`gf`x`cv xj|j kj j|zq`~af~q|j icna|gj2



Jvcf`jf`ög2

Kcv dqijgcv vcicv va|av vcf`jkav+ gafav`~jicv jm|qxj|gcv+ jvcf`j|gcv' Naxagnàgnc nak êil`~c na

jvcf`jf`ög djl|ê jm|qxjf`cgav nèa|ag~av2 eji`k`j+ ji`v~jnav+ ~|jljbc+ a~f'

³Nögna va navj||ckkjg3 ³Fqêk av ak gòia|c na xj|~`f`xjg~av3 ³Nögna p föic va x|cnqfag avjv|akjf`cgav3 Av~c av+ ³fqêk av ak dêl`~j~ nèa|agf`jk na fjnj qgc3

@nag~`njn2

^cncv vcicv n`v~`g~cv' Ak x|`gf`x`c na dcicmaga`njn fdcfj fcg kj nèa|agf`jf`ög na fjnj kqmj| fcgf|a~c p

avxafée`fc zqa kjv jvcf`jf`cgav gafav`~jg'

@g~ag~aicv |avxcgna| j ~cnjv kjv x|amqg~jv na fjnj fjvc ag fcgf|a~c' Ua| kj `nag~`njn zqa fj|jf~a|`rj

gqav~|j |avxqav~j j|zq`~af~ög`fj'

Icu`k`njn2

^jg~c xaj~cgjk fcic iafêg`fj' Djp zqa |avckua| kj icu`k`njn' Kj fjkka va xcn|ê xkjg~aj| ag jk~q|jv

nèa|ag~av' Kjv fjkkav akaujnjv xqanag va| kqmj|av na agfqag~|c'

F|afìàg~c2

Djp zqa vamq`| xkjg~ajgnc ak f|afìàg~c na kj f`qnjn p kcv xj|êia~|cv xc| kcv zqa |am`| ak f|afìàg~c'

Fkqv~a|2

^cnc akkc nj fcic |avqk~jnc kj `naj na fkqv~a|+ ~à|i`gc zqa |avqakua ~cnjv kjv at`magf`jv na jvcf`jf`ög j

fqjkzqà| avfjkj na x|cpaf~jf`ög' E`mq|j~ùjiag~a |afcgcf`lka fcic qg |jfìc'

‛Ak clba~c vqmà|a fcic xqana va| qvjnc+ ak qvqj|`c |avxcgna qvêgnckc làg ‖ak

clba~c iabc|j c av qvjnc ijk ‖ak clba~c av nam|jnjnc ak n`êkcmc favj' Djp qgj u`nj



clba~c abc j c av qvjnc j a clba~c av nam jnjnc a n ê cmc favj jp q j nj

vaf|a~j p xa|ijgag~a ag kjv fcvjv ~jg `g~agvj zqa xqana ~cij| u`nj xj|j c~|cv qvcv+

c~|jv maga|jf`cgav'’

Djl`~j|

@g~a|jff`ög

Ij|fjv#

dqakkjv#

Ec|ij

@nag~`njn

Ag Ij|oa|v cg ~da Kjgn+ Kcv Vi`~dvcg gcv vaújkjg kj ìxc|~jgf`j na j~agna| j kjv

ij|fjv fcic |aea|agf`j na eq~q|jv cfqxjf`cgav' Av~j `naj av xàrj fkjua ag gqav~|j

~ac|éj pj zqa kjv ij|fjv na cfqxjf`ög gc vökc gcv njg |aea|agf`j na zqa ava kqmj| j

v`nc cfqxjnc p föic dj v`nc cfqxjnc+ v`gc zqa av~jv ij|fjv fcgn`f`cgjg kjv

gqaujv cfqxjf`cgav' Kcv Vi`~dvcg fcix|qaljg av~j `naj ag kj ijga|j fcic va

jx|ctìjg j fjnj qgc na vqv x|cpaf~cv aixarjgnc xc| ak |afcgcfìàg~c nak kqmj|

j ijga|j na kaf~q|j na dqakkjv'



• Ak vq|mìàg~c na kcv ‛fkqv~a|v’ vqxcga p nauàga ag qgj icnqkj|`rjf`ög nak

x|cpaf~c ag uj|`cv X|cm|jijv `g~a||akjf`cgjncv na `g~a|uagf`ög $gjfa kj

gcf`ög na v`v~aijv ag j|zq`~af~q|j)'

• Fcg ak navj||ckkc qg xcfc xcv~a|`c| na kc icnqkj| jxk`fjnc j kcv ij~a|`jkav p

xàrjv $ij~lq`kn`gmv) va `gnaxagn`rj|j kj fcgv~|qff`ög'

¯Fkqv~a|¿



Kj xjkjl|j ¯fkqv~a|¿ eqa `g~|cnqf`nj xc| x|ìa|j uar ag ak :8¸ F@JI na

Nql|cugò+ ag :015' Ak clba~ùc nak âji :8+ c|mjg`rjnc| na kcv ~|jljbcv nak

fcgm|avc+ vamòg n`|af~|`fav nak Ijgèàv~c na Ncc|g+ fcgv`v~éj ag naicv~|j| zqa

xj|j fjnj v`~qjf`ög xj|~`fqkj| va nala akjlc|j| qgj ec|ij avxafée`fj na

¯dêl`~j~¿'

J e`g na jfkj|j| av~a xqg~c x|axj|j|cv xj|j ak fcgm|avc f`gfc x|cpaf~cv xj|j

v`~qjf`cgav fcgf|a~jv' Ag fjnj qgc+ ak icnakc na navj||ckkc a|j jk i`vic ~àixc

k`l|a p+ jqg jvé+ av~|qf~q|jnc' J av~j ec|ij na c|mjg`rjf`ög kj kkjijicv

¯fkqv~a|¿'

Kj xjkjl|j ¯fkqv~a|¿+ aixkajnj xj|j `gn`fj| qg icnakc avxafée`fc na jvcf`jf`ög+

eqa `g~|cnqf`nj ag vqv~`~qf`ög na m|qxcv na fcgfax~cv fcic ¯fjvj+ fjkka+

n`v~|`~c+ f`qnjn¿ $vqlnù v`cgav na kj fciqg`njn) c ¯ijgrjgj+ xqalkc+ f`qnjn¿

$ag~`njnav na m|qxc)+ naijv`jnc fj|mjnjv ag kj jf~qjk`njn na ìxk`fjf`cgav

d`v~ö|`fjv' Fqjkzqà| jm|qxjiàg~c av qg ¯fkqv~a|¿2 ¯fkqv~a|¿ av qgj avxafà na

fcicnég q~`k`rjnc nq|jg~a ak xa|écnc na f|ajf`ög na gqaujv ~`xckcméjv'

Va djg aix|agn`nc jkmqgcv av~qn`cv vcl|a kj gj~q|jkarj nak ¯fkqv~a|¿' ^jkav

av~qn`cv+ fqpjv fcgn`f`cgav a|jg ag vq ijpc|éj e`f~`f`jv p gc |ajkav+ ~agéjg fcic

`g~agf`ög naicv~|j|+ ag ec|ijv |ajkav+ kj xcv`l`k`njn na qg gqauc ageczqa nak

q|ljg`vic' Ag c~|jv xjkjl|jv+ va naléj x|avag~j| qgj ¯ìjmag¿+ xkjg~ajgnc qgj

av~à~`fj p qg icnc na uù`| gqaucv+ ncgna+ xj|j fjnj ec|ij na jvcf`jf`ög at`v~a

qg icnakc `gda|ag~a na anè`f`c'

• Ak x|ìa| av~qn`c va kkauö j fjlc ag qg gùak na jvcf`jf`ög|akj~ùjiag~a vìxka2 ak xqalkc' ^|j~jlj nak ~|jvkjnc na



x xuùàgnjv gqaujv jk fag~|c p jk|ananc|av nak xqalkc jg~`mqc je`g na |au`~jk`rj| ak icnakc at`v~ag ~a'

• Ak vamqgnc av~qn`c ~|j~j na qgj gqauj ec|ij na jvag~jiàg~c

ag qgj v`~qjf`ög vì`kj| j kjv G a } ^ c } g v `gmkavjv p na jkmqgjvf`qnjnav vj~àk`~a vqafjv'• Ak icnakc na f`qnjn fcixqav~c xc| fjvjv na uaf`gnj|`c vcl|a

qg ~a||agc cgnq kjnc xcvaa kjv uag~jbjv |ajkav na qgj kcfjk`njnv`~qjnj ag ak fjixc'

• Kj ¯uaf`gnjn¿ va eqgnjiag~j ag qgj juag`nj xaj~cgjk`g~a|`c| nakì`~jnj xc| fjvjv fcg ejfdjnjv nèa|ag~av' Qgjfqlà|~j fc||`nj ag qgj na vqv jmqjv+ jlà|~j ag kj fìj j e`gna nj| kqr+ x|cxc|f`cgj icuìàg~c j kjv ejfdjnjv na kcvanè`f`cv' Gc va ~|j~j na qgj fciqg`njn fa||jnj ag vé i`vijv`gc ljvjnj ag kj icu`k`njn'

• Av~a òk~ìc av~qn`c+ ag ak gùak iêv fcixkabc na jvcf`jf`ög+fcgv`v~a ag qg xkjg na `gva|f`ög ag qg lj||`c `gnqv~|`jk na qgjm|jg f`qnjn'

• Kj ec|ij na kcv anè`f`cv ~àga fj|jf~a|év~`fjv vqe`fàg~aiag~aij|fjnjv fcic xj|j |agcuj| vq n`vxcv`f`ög u`vqjk+ jqgzqaav~àg n`v~|`lq`njv ag~|a fcgbqg~cv `gnqv~|`jkav ag xqg~cvljv~jg~a n`v~jgf`jncv'

^da F`~p+ x|ìa| n`jm|jijna fkqv~a|' :01<



Jnaiêv na av~cvxcv~qkjncv atxk`f`~jncvxkjg~ajncv ag akIjgèàv~c na Ncci+navj||ckkj|cg gcf`cgav na~|jljbc ~jkav fcic2

• ‛v~ai’ $~jkkc) p• ‛qil|jk’ $nccv~ax)'

‛Qgj f`qnjn av xc| nae`g`f`ög qg xj~|ög



Qgj f`qnjn av xc| nae`g`f`ög qg xj~|ög

avxafée`fc na jvcf`jf`ög+ qg xj~|ög òg`fc

xj|j fjnj m|qxc dqijgc+ òg`fc ag fjnj

aixkjrjiàg~c p ag fjnj iciag~c'

Xj|j kkamj| j va| qg xj~|ög avxafée`fc+

àv~a nala navj||ckkj|va vamòg x|`gf`x`cv

zqa nag fcgv`v~agf`j p qg`njn jk

c|mjg`vic ag auckqf`ög‥’

$âji T+ :0=1)'

Av~a x|`gf`x`c na~a|i`g`v~j p xkjgè`fjnc|+ xava j kjv nèa|agf`jv+ ij|fj qg xqg~c na

fcg~`gq`njn fcg kcv xcv~qkjncv `g`f`jkav na kj F@JI ~|jn`f`cgjk'



Av ak fjvc na kj auckqf`ög na Jknc ujg Apfo+ zqàg ag kcv júcv=8 f|`~`fj|j ak x|clkaij nak na~a|i`g`vic avxjf`jkec|ijkjvqi`nc xc| ak ~aji T+ xkjg~ajgnc kj gafav`njn na jlc|nj| a`g~am|j| kj > nìagv`ög+ kj nak ~àixc+ ag~agn`nc fcic uùagf`jp f`fkc u`~jk dqijgc+ ag kj xkjgè`fjf`ög p n`vaúc'

Av~jv f|`~`fjv+ jxqg~jg j kj `gfkqv`ög na ejf~c|av fcic2 kjauckqf`ög+ ak fjil`c+ kj `gfa|~`nqil|a+ kj `g~a|jff`ög auckq~ùjp n`gêi`fj ag~|a ak vqba~c p kj f`qnjn'

Xc| c~|c kjnc+ xava jk qvc jqnjr na gqaujv ic|eckcméjv pvckqf`cgav x|cxqav~jv+ ij|fj|j ag xj|~a kjv nèa|agf`jv`g~a|gjv+ auckqf`ög p n`vckqf`ög gj~q|jk nak ~aji T'

‛Kc zqa avxjf`c p ~àixc fcic fcgfax~cv jlv~|jf~cvv`mgè`zqag+ kqmj| p jfcg~afa| v`mgè`fjg ijv+

xc|zqa avxjf`c ag kj ìjmag dqijgj v`mgè`fj kqmj|+iàg~|jv ~àixc v`mgè`fj jfcg~afa|’'

Jknc ujg Apfo

Afcgci`v~ Lq`kn`gmv+ Kcgncg



Ak anè`f`c+ zqa fcgv~j na > qg`njnav+ kcm|j aixkjrj|va a`g~am|j|va f|ajgnc `g~a|v~`f`cv ag~|a cl|jv na iqp nùa|vc ~`xc+av~`kc p fcixkab`njn+ njgnc qgj qg`njn fcixkabj+ `g~am|jgnc vqvuj|`jnjv nèa|agf`jv p xc~agf`jgnc jk kqmj| Ag av~a vag~`nc



uj|`jnjv nèa|agf`jv+ p xc~agf`jgnc jk kqmj|' Ag av~a vag~`nc+ijv zqa f|aj| qg avxjf`c òg`fc `najk icna|gc+ `g~am|j uj|`cvavxjf`cv'

Afcgci`v~ Lq`kn`gmv+ Kcgncg







Bcdg Ucakoa|







Auckqf`ög nak âji T

Na kcv xj~|cgav na f|afìàg~c

icnqkj| jk navj||ckkc na ~|jijv+

p fcgmkcia|jncv ag kj f`qnjn'



Na kcv ‛`gla~}aagv’

j kcv ‛ij~lq`kn`gmv’

Navna ak xqg~c na u`v~j ic|ecköm`fc njnc xc| ak âji T va clva|uj kj



Fkqv~a|v

Ij~lq`kn`gmv

\jfìcv

\anav p ^|jijv$~`xc ~akj na j|júj)

Navna ak xqg~c na u`v~j ic|ecköm`fc njnc xc| ak âji T+ va clva|uj kjv`mqàg~a auckqf`ög ic|ecköm`fj2

@gLa~}aag$`g~a|v~`f`cv)

Ijpc| uj|`jl`k`njnp fcil`gj~c|`j Ec|ijk

Ijpc| jbqv~a j kjavfjkj dqijgj



Fjgn`kk`v+ Bcv`f p ]ccnv $:056)









^cqkcqva ka I`|j`k' Fjgn`k`v+ Bcv f p ]ccnv+ :05<==



















\jfìc2 Fcgv`v~a ag kj at`v~agf`j na qg ~|cgfc na azq`xjiàg~cv p va|u`f`cv jk fqjk va |akjf`cgjg na n`v~`g~jv

ijga|jv kjv qg`njnav |av`nagf`jkav' Ak avzqaij va atxa|ìag~c ag ^cqkcva ka I`|j`k qgj jixk jf`ög xj|j



z x x x

fàg i`k djl`~jg~av av~|qf~q|jnj fcg qg ~|cgfc xaj~cgjk zqa jm|qxj kcv azq`xjiàg~cv p va|u`f`cv $vjkuc

avfqakjv) p jk fqjk va |akjf`cgjg n`|af~jiag~a kcv anè`f`cv |av`nagf`jkav na jk~j nagv`njn c|mjg`rjncv ag

vaff`cgav na datêmcgc p zqa fcic icnc na naicv~|j| kj @g~a||akjf`ög na eqgf`cgav xjvjg ag jkmqgjv

xj|~av xc| agfìj nak ~|cgfc na va|u`f`cv'

Ag av~j q|ljg`rjf`ög ak <1! na kjv uùàgnjv va d`fà|cg fcic fjvj qgèji`k`j|av fcg xj~`c `g~a|gc c

|cnajgnc xj~`cv fciqgav na ijga|j na fcil`gj| ag qg i`vic fcgbqg~c nèa|ag~av ~`xckcméjv p nagv`njnav'

‥ Ag ^cqkcqvva Ka I`|j`k ak avzqaij va c|mjg`rö ag ljva j qg ~|cgfc na azq`xji ag~cv p |ava|ujv jk fqjk va

u`gfqkj n`|af~jiag~a kcv anè`f`cv |av`nagf`jkav na jk~j nagv`njn+ jm|qxjncv ec|ijgnc vaff`cgav na

datêmcgcv'

Kjv `guav~`mjf`cgav n`v~|`lq~ùj p fcgv~|qf~ùj agfqag~|jg qg azq`k`l|`c jfax~jlka' Kj av~|qf~q|j nj|éj jki`vic ~àixc ak ian`c na a||jn`fj| ak q|ljg`vic na kj `gicu`k`njn+ fcgvafqagf`j `gau`~jlka nak

|jf`cgjk`vic'

Av~j |jf`cgjk`njn av~j|éj fcixqav~j xc| vckjiag~a qgj |an na va|u`nqil|av na xjvc+ j kj fqjk va vqxa|xcga

qgj ijkkj ~àfg`fj vcl|a kj fqjk va xcn|éjg agfdqej| ag fqjkzqà| iciag~c kjv fcgv~|qff`cgav gafavj|`jv'

Jnaiêv va x|auaéjg ncv m|qxcv na uùàgnjv na ljbj nagv`njn fcg xj~ c `g~a|`c| c ag~c|gc j xj~`cv

fciqgav'

X|cxcga kj fciqg`fjf`ög xc| cxcv`f`ög jk fcgfax~c na f`|fqkjf`ög+ qgj |afcgv~|qff`ög ia~ön`fj na kj fjkka p

qgj |a`guagf`ög nak v`v~aij fcic av~|qf~q|j maga|jnc|j na kc fcgv~|q`nc'

Ag ~ac|éj ak aixkjrjiàg~c va|éj ekat`lka xc|zqa kj at~agv`ög nak ~|cgfc na va|u`f`cv xa|i`~`|éj ijg~aga| ak

azq`k`l|`c fcg kj jn`f`ög na gqaujv qg`njnav |av`nagf`jkav'

\an c âkj na J|júj' Av~|qf~q|j v`g avxjf`cv ba|j|zq`rjncv ncgna ak qvc



na~a|i`gj|ê kj ìxc|~jgf`j' Fcgv`v~a ag qgj ~|jij`gnèa|agf`jnj p navba|j|zq`rjnj na uéjv na f`|fqkjf`ög pavxjf`cv ag kcv fqjkav ak qvc nala|ê `g~|cnqf`| qg c|nag

ekat`lka ag kj ian`nj zqa xqana fjil`j| ~jg~jv uafav fcicfjilàg kcv icncv na qvc' Ak avzqaij va uj j atxa|ìag~j|ag kj qgùa|v`njn k`l|a na La|kég $Fjgn`k`v+ Bcv`f+ ]ccnv)'

‥ Ak V`v~aij na \an va jxk`fj ag kj Qgùa|v`njn K`l|a naLa|kég na ]ccnv' @g`f`jnj j ian`jncv na kcv 58v+ ak n`vaúcfcgv`v~éj ag qgj ~|jij c|~cmcgjk+ v`g fag~|cv g` ba|j|zqéjv+

nag~|c na kj fqjk va n`vxqvà|cg kcv n`v~`g~cv fcixcgag~av nakj qgùa|v`njn'

Kj ~|jij va fcgfaléj fcic qgj atx|av`ög na kjv jvx`|jf`cgav`mqjk`~j|`jv p jq~cmav~`cgj|`jv zqa x|cxcgéjg kcvicuìàg~cv bquag`kav na kj àxcfj'

Kj uj|ànjn na kjv ec|ijv j|zq`~af~ög`fjv x|cfq|j je`|ij| akfcgfax~c q|ljgc zqa ~àga ak anè`f`c'











Fcixkabc ag Ij|~`g`fj+ :05<

Ag kcv 58v ‛ak ecfc na j~agf`ög

aixarö j fjil`j| djf`j kj xàk fciciail|jgj x|c~af~c|j p fcic

`gn`fjnc| na kéi`~av na kc zqa av

x|ùjnc p kc zqa av xòlk`fc+ fcg ~cncv

kcv m|jncv na x|ùjf`njn

`g~a|ian`cv'’:0 Kqamc ag kj nàfjnj

nak =8 atxk`fjg zqa‛''' kjv fjxjv na

kjv xàkav na kjv ejfdjnjv agfqag~|jg

|avxqav~j ag kjv xkjg~jv p vaff`cgav

na kjv uùàgnjv''' àv~jv `najkiag~a

~àgag qgj nagv`njn uj|`jlka na

jfqa|nc j vq x|ceqgn`njn''' jlà|~jv

jk vck p j kj ~|jgzq`k`njn''' fa||jnjv

xj|j x|c~ama|va nak e|éc p ak | q`nc'’











Fcixkabc djl`~jf`cgjk ag Favê|aj+

@v|jak'

Fcixkabc ag I`|jij|



Djl`~j~ Iqvqkijg



Q|ljg`rjf`ög na fag~|c `gua|gjk+ujkka na Ljkkju`v~j



Q|ljg`rjf`ög na fag~|c `gua|gjk+ujkka na Ljkkju`v~j





Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg `nag~è`fjlj ljbc ak ~à|i`gc ‛ij~lq`kn`gm’ qgj

av~|qf~q|j fqpc c|nag va ljvj ag ~|av xj|êia~|cv2 `g~a|fcgat`ög+

xj~|cgav na jvcf`jf`ög av~|afdjiag~a k`mjncv p xcv`l`k`njnav xj|j



J av~a ~`xc na f|afìàg~c+ fcic qg x|`gf`x`c fcgv~|qf~ùc+ zqa va|jiè`fj avxaf`jkiag~a na icnc maga|jkiag~a dc|`rcg~jk ag~|a kcv

`g~a|v~`f`cv na kj f`qnjn+ av ~cijnc p kkaujnc j m|jg avfjkj xc|

Fjgn`kk` % ]cnv+ kc zqa nagci`gj|cg ‛m|cqgnvf|jxa|’+ c |jvxjnc| na

vqakc'

f|afa|+ n`vi`gq`| p fjil`j|'

Va ~|j~j na anè`f`cv na at~agv`ög dc|`rcg~jk $Vdjn|jfd ]ccnv kcv

kkjij ‛m|cqgnvf|jxa|’) fqpc xj|jn`mij vcg ncv x|cpaf~cv na :056

nak azq`xc Fjgn`k`vBcv`f]ccnv+ kj |afcgv~|qff`ög nak fag~|c na

E|jgoeq|~ na :056 p kj Qgùa|v`njn K`l|a na La|k`g+ fqpj x|ìa|j ejva

va fcgv~|qpa ag :0=6' Av~a òk~ìc x|cpaf~c jvé fcic kcv avf|`~cv na

]ccnv x|cucfjg ~jk ìxjf~c ag kcv Vi`~dvcg zqa avf|`lag j|~éfqkcv

akcm`cvcv nak anè`f`c+ v`~qêgnckc ag qg ~|jn`f`ög na j|zq`~af~q|j v`g

|a~ö|`fj da|ana|j na kj fcgv~|qff`ög |cijgj p kjv cl|jv `gmagà|`kav

na Aèeak p X|cquà $Xa~a| Vi`~dvcg+ ‛ c Ail|jfa ~da Ijfd`ga’+ :0=>+

JN#>#=>) j kj uar zqa kc uag fcic jgqgf`jnc| na qg gqauc c|nag

$Jk`vcg Vi`~dvcg+ ‛Dc} ~c |afcmg`ra jgn |ajn Ij~Lq`kn`gm’+

JN#0#=>)' Kj E|aà Qgùa|v`~î~ av kc zqa dj|ê |afcgcf`lka jk Ij~

Lq`kn`gm'

Qgùa|v`njn k`l|a na La|kég+ :0=6+ ]ccnv % Fjgn`kk`v









• Ag~c|gjgnc kcv cbcv uaicv qgj f`qnjnjg~`mqj fcg iqk~`~qn na avxjf`cv na |akjf`ög'

• Kj qgùa|v`njn fcic kqmj| na agfqag~|c'

• X|cfavc jm|amj~ùc zqa uj nae gàgnc kjfcixcv`f`ög+ bqmjgnc fcg ak kkagcujféc'



\AFCGV^\QFF@ÖG NAK FAG^\C NA E\JGOEQ\^



\AFCGV^\QFF@ÖG NAK FAG^\C NA E\JGOEQ\^



X|cpaf~c La|kég Djqx~v~jn~ na J/X Vi`~dvcg



X|cpaf~c La|kég Djqx~v~jn~ na J/X Vi`~dvcg





Kpgg % Vi`~d

Xj|o D`kk+ Vdaeeàkn+ Kcgn|av :05<



Xj|o D`kk+ Vdaeeàkn+ Kcgn|av :05< $Kpgg % Vi`~d)



Qgj |akjf`ög ijv av~|qf~q|jnj ag~|a ak

q|ljg`vic kj j|zq`~af~q|j p kj



M`jgfj|kc na Fj|kc

q|ljg`vic+ kj j|zq`~af~q|j p kj

xj|~`f`xjf ög xcxqkj|+ xa|i ~`|ê ak

n`vaúc na av~|j~am`jv na `g~a|uagf`ög

q|ljgj iêv fcda|ag~av fcg ak fcg~at~c

na kj f`qnjn xa|èà|`fj'



Jnaiêv na kj `gekqagf`j na kjv |qx~q|jv ec|ijkav x|cx`cv na kj auckqf`ögnak âji T+ jq~c|av fcic M`jgfj|kc na Fj|kc+ ag~agna|êg kj fcixkab`njn

na kj j|zq`~af~q|j+ ag av~|afdj |akjf`ög fcg kj xj|~`f`xjf`ög f`qnjnjgj ag

kj maga|jf`ög+ gc vckc na x|cpaf~cv `gnù`nqjkav+ v`gc vcf`jkav p q|ljgjv+

`gfkqvc ag kj ~cij na naf`v`cgav |avxaf~c na kcv ~`xcv na uùàgnj

fckaf~ùj+ maga|jgnc qgj ijpc| nùa|v`njn na uj|`jf`cgav na qgj ec|ij~`xc+ xa|c zqa va jnjx~j j kj u`nj nak vqba~c+ $p zqa xc| agna+ jeaf~j kj

ec|ij mkcljk)+ `g~|cnqfàgnc ak qvc na gqaujv ec|ijv `||amqkj|av+ jk

jnjx~j|va ag ~jk x|cfavc'

Fckkama qgua|v`~j| na Q|l`gc







Fjva vcr`jka j Ijrrc|lc





• Kjv uùàgnjv cl|a|jv na qgj `gnqv~|`j

ag â|g` va agfcg~|jljg ag m|jua

av~jnc na jljgncgc' Kj aix|avj zq`vc



uagna| kjv uùàgnjv j kcv aixkajncv+

xa|c àv~cv cx~j|cg xc| qgj gqauj

fcgv~|qff`ög jnjx~jnj j kj ijpc|

nagv`njn zqa x|cxcgéj ag gqauc xkjg

q|ljgc'

• Va jnbqn`fö ak x|cpaf~c j M`jgfj|kc na

Fj|kc' Fcgv`v~éj ag 488 uùàgnjv $6888

xa|vcgjv) ag qg ~a||agc na <8 Dj'

• Ag ak x|cfavc na n`vaúc xj|~`f`xj|cg kcv

|av`nag~av xc~agf`jkav' Na Fj|kc kcm|ö+

j fjil`c+ ijpc|av |afq|vcv na kcv

djl`~qjkav ag uùàgnjv vqluagf`cgjnjv

xj|j va|u`f`cv fckaf~ùcv p avxjf`cvk`l|av' P dc|jv na |aqg`ög+ j fj|mc na kj

aix|avj+ fcg kcv aixkajncv'

• Va c|mjg`rj|cg atxcv`f`cgav p |aqg`cgav fcg kcv

|av`nag~av+ ag~|au`v~jv p agfqag~|cv fcg kcv

aixkajncv' Na jzqé vq|mà|cg kcv f|`~a|`cv

`g`f`jkav2 6 xkjg~jv fcic iêtìc+ ag~|jnj



n`|af~j j fjnj jxj|~jiag~c $v`g uav~élqkc

fciòg)+ bj|n`gav x|cx`cv p bj|n`gav fckaf~ùcv

fcg xj|uqkj|`c p ~àgnjv' Kcv |afc||`ncv

xaj~cgjkav va |avckuà|cg fcg xjvj|akjv j kj

jk~q|j na kj x|ìa|j xkjg~j+ vaxj|jncv nak

~|êe`fc'

• Ak x|cpaf~c ce|aféj iêtìj ekat`l`k`njn2 1 ~`xcv

na lkczqav+ 6 ~`xcv na jxj|~jiag~cv p 6n`vxcv`f`cgav nèa|ag~av $ag ~c~jk >1

uj|`jf`cgav)'

• Vamòg Na Fj|kc kj j|zq`~af~q|j ,jq~c|`~j|`j,

|anqfa ak gòia|c na uj|`jlkav djv~j djfa|kj

fcgv~jg~a p fcg~|ckjlka' Iàg~|jv zqa kjj|zq`~af~q|j xj|~`f`xj~ùj bqamj fcg ~cnjv kjv

uj|`jlkav xj|j zqa ak |avqk~jnc vaj iòk~`xka p

ekat`lka'

Ak x|clkaij na kj ~|jgvec|ijf`ög gc av

jkmc |akaujg~a+ g` v`zqà|j fcic

Júcv 18 Júcv 08

F|`v`v na kj icna|g`njn @g`f`cv D`xa| icna|g`njnXcv~ Icna|g`njn

Júcv =8 Júcv <888

Aia|ma kc icnqkj|+ ag fcgfax~cv fcic

‛fkqv~a|’ p ‛ij~lq`kn`gmv’+ jxk`fjncv j kjv

~ | j ~ a m ` j

Kj Mkcljk`rjf`ög gc kcm|j `g~am|j| g` |aua|~`| kcv x|clkaijv

na e|jmiag~jf`ög na kc q|ljgc p nav~a||`~c|`jk`rjf`ög nak

Júcv 58 Júcv 48



iafjg`vic maga|jnc| na fjil`cv ag ak

n`vaúc' @ixc|~j ijv ak aixkjrjiàg~c

p kj n`v~|`lqf`ög av~|qf~q|jk+ eqgf`cgjk p

ba|ê|zq`fj fcic aba `g~am|jnc| ag~|a kjqg`njn djl`~jf`ög p kj f`qnjn'

Kj cxa|jf`ög ec|ijk |akaujg~a av kj

fcil`gjf`ög j avfjkj'

f) Va atxkc|jg déxa| fqlcv p fqlc`nav

n) Va atxkc|jg xkàmqav+fcgq|ljf`cgav+ ijkkjv p ec|ijv@||amqkj|av+ i`gìjk`v~jv pjvìà~|`fjv ag `g~a|jff`ög fcg akavxjf`c p ag~c|gc'

Ak x|clkaij na föic ~|jljbj| kcv

`g~a|v~`f`cv j avfjkj $J|zQ|l) na|ùj ag

kjv gcf`cgav cxa|jf`cgjkavec|ijkav na2\qx~q|jv na vìa~|éj+ `g~a|uagf`cgav

c|~cmcgjkav+ ba|j|zqéj na avfjkjv+

|jfìcv+ fcgmkcia|jncv p ~|jijv'

Va ujkc|j a @ixc|~j kj n`vxcv`f`ög

`||amqkj| na ec|ijv |amqkj|av iégìjv'

gcf`ög na na kc `||amqkj| ag~agn`nc fcic

`g~a|v~`f`cv+ c|mjg`rjf`ög+ icu`k`njn+

f|afìàg~c p ~|jgvec|ijf`ög nag~|c na

qgj fcgv~|qff`ög p#c f`qnjn'

j) Va lqvfjg nvaúc ic|ecköm`fcv pkagmqjbav jq~ögcicv

X | c l k a

i j p a v

n c i ` g j g ~ a

V c k q f ` ö g E c | i j k | a v q k ~ j g ~ a

n c i ` g j g ~ a

djl`~j|' Ijv jòg+ ak ~aij nak djl`~j| p kj avfjkj dqijgj

fcic ~aijv ~|jn`f`cgjkav va fcg~|jn`fag fcg kcv icncv na

u`nj na gc kqmj|`njn x|cx`cv na kj aia|mag~a

d`xa|icna|g`njn' Va jfag~òjg xckcv na ~agv`ög ag~|a kcmkcljk p kc kcfjk? kc ~afgcköm`fc p kc gj~q|jk' Gqaujv

jk~a|gj~ùjv va atxkc|jg ag kjv iamjfcgv~|qff`cgav' Va

lqvfj `g~am|j| n`vaúc jk ~a||`~c|`c $vcf`jk p gj~q|jk)'

Va atxkc|j| gqaujv ic|eckcméjv ~jkav fcic2

• X|cm|avùjiag~a+ navna kcv júcv =8+

~jg~c Bqkk`jg fcic kjv gqaujv



~jg~c Bqkk`jg+ fcic kjv gqaujv

~agnagf`jv xcv~av~|qf~q|jk`v~jv+ ~jkav

fcic kcv kkjijncv gaj~da|kjgnv$fc||àg~av dckjgnavjv) `g~ag~j|jg

kkauj| av~cv x|`gf`x`cv na f|afìàg~c

ag ljva jk navj||ckkc na xj~|cgav

f|afìàg~c icqnqkj|+ zqa va avfjkjg

uckqia~|`fjiag~a maga|jgnc gqaucv

avxjf`cv `g~a|v~`f`jkav ag~|a iönqkcv

djl`~jf`cgjkav+ fcgzq`v~jgnc kjv 6

nìagv`cgav p kj jk~q|j'

• Ag av~j jxqav~j na xj~|cgav icnqkj|av

na f|afìàg~c+ `gekqpa kc zqa va kkjiö

ag vq iciag~c+ kcv ij~lq`kn`gmv'



‛‥ j|zq`~af~cv fcic Bqkk`jg+ ag~àgnag ia~jeö|`fjiag~a kj gcf`ög na ‛`g

la~}aag’+ fcic qg avxjf`c ag~|a ncv iqgncv+ fcic kj e|cg~a|j zqa vaxj|j ak

`g~a|`c| p at~a|`c| na qg |af`g~c+ p zqa xa|i`~a j|~`fqkj| kjv nèa|ag~av xj|~av nak

x|cm|jij'

Ag av~a vag~`nc+ ak fcgfax~c av u`v~c fcic qgj uj|`jlka na jbqv~a+ zqa v`g djfa|

n`v~`gf`ög na avfjkjv+ jfa|fj ak x|clkaij na fcixcga| qg anè`f`c jk na fcixcga|

qg ~|crc na f`qnjn’

Fdj~ajq+ E|jgf`vfc $<88=)

‛Kj f`qnjn‥ f|afa ag nìagv`cgav jvfagnag~av ag

M|jncv na fcixkab`njn‥ $ijgèav~êgncva ag akkj)‥

x|clkaijv na qg`njn zqa vcg ~jil`àg na xkq|jk`njn+‥

$Jvé) va x|cxcgag av~|qf~q|jv fcg vqxqav~cv zqa ìxcgag



$Jvé) va x|cxcgag av~|qf~q|jv fcg vqxqav~cv zqa ìxcgag

qgj fcgn`f`ög na f|afìàg~c'

$fc||avxcgnagf`j ag~|a Bqkk`jg p ujg Apfo)

Ag kj cl|j na Bqkk`jg+ ak f|afìàg~c ian`jg~a ij~lq`kn`gmv

jxc|~j na ijga|j fcg~qgnag~a p gcuancvj ak ~aij na kjv

f`|fqkjf`cgav ua|~`fjkav+ zqa av u`v~c fcic qg ~cnc+ djf`àgnckc

fc`gf`n`| fcg ak agqgf`jnc kafc|lqv`jgc+ na ua| kj j|zq`~af~q|jag ~cnc p q|ljg`vic ag ~cnc’'

Xc| c~|c kjnc+ ~jil`àg fc`gf`na fcg kcv jxc|~av nak ~aji T'

Vamòg Bqkk`jg+ kj av~|qf~q|j na kjv `g~a|fcgat`cgav nala f|aj|

kqmj|av+ fc|jrcgav c fag~|cv+ fc`gf`nàgnc xa' fcg kcv avzqaijv

na Lkci+ fqpjv xàrjv vcg ba|ê|zq`fjiag~a azqùjkag~av+

jvqiàgnc kj iqk~`xk`f`njn p azqùjkagf`j ag~|a ‛fjnj xqg~c nakj f`qnjn’+ fcgf`làgnc vqv x|cpaf~cv fcic xc|f`cgav na f`qnjn'

Kj `guagf`ög nak ij~lq`kn`gm |azqà|a köm`fjv na

|afc||`nc eqgf`cgjkav j kj xkjg~j x|ceqgnj' Ijv jòg+



kj `gau`~jlka `gna~a|i`gjf`ög na vq xa|éia~|c c~c|mj

j vqv |anav `g~a|`c|av qgj x|ìjféj ag kj

fcge`mq|jf`ög na kjv |akjf`cgav ag~|a |af`g~cv'

Njnj vq agua|mjnq|j p fcixkab`njn+ av kj ~|jij ag

vq ~c~jk`njn+ ijv làg zqa fà|~cv ~|jrcv ijav~|cv+ kj

zqa vakkj|j vqv |akjf`cgav `g~a|gjv'

Av~j gqauj fj~amc|`rjf`ög av~j jòg xa|e`kêgncva

djf`j :058'

Xj|j Bqk`jg+ av~jv gqaujv ic|eckcméjv p icncv na

fcgfal`| kcv f|afìàg~cv icnqkj|av fcic ‛xanjrcv

na ~c~jk`njn’+ xa|i`~ag `gfc|xc|j| kcv navjeécv

jlà|~cv na kj fcixkab`njn+ kjv n`gêi`fjv na fjil`c

fcic kjv gqaujv vck`f`~qnav q|ljgjv’'

Xà|ar na J|fa



• Fc||àg~av xcv~av~|qf~q|jk`v~jv

Da|rla|ma|



Fag~|jjk Ladaa|











Da|rla|ma|





I`g`v~a|`c na Jvqg~cv vcf`jkav+ Kj DjpjDckjgnj



Fckam`c Icg~avvc|`+ Dckjgnj









Iqv`f Xjkjfa U|anagla|m+ Q~|afd~

Da|rla|ma|





Djgv Vfdj|cqg



^c||av \av`nagf`jkav \ciac p Bqc à~j+ Jkaijg`j



Nj|iv~jn~ Vfdcck'



K`fac eaiag`gc na kcv Da|ijgcv Vfdckk'



V~j~a daj~a|+ Ojvvak+



Kcq`v Odjg











Icvdà Vjena







Xà~ Lkcci

Fjvjv Fòl`fjv+ :04:



Fjvjv Fòl`fjv+ :04:





OJVLJD



Jgn|a V~qna|



\jkxd A|vo`ga



Fcqgf`k Dcqv`gm+ Lpoa|+ Ga} fjv~ka qxcg ^pga+ ^pga jgn ]aj|







Ak Iq|c



Kj cl|j na A|vo`ga xqana fcgv`na|j|va na kjv

x|ìa|jv jx|ctìjf`cgav zqa navfql|ag p

lqvfjg ag ak xkàmqa+ qgj ec|ij na jnjx~j|va jk

ag~c|gc+ xa|c avxaf`jkiag~a+ fcic qg icnc na

~ ` `



f|aj| qg ag~c|gc p avxjf`c x|cx`c+ qgj

`g~a|`c|`njn'



























Ujgnoqgv~ag













^jnjc Jgnc



Ag kcv júcv 08+ gqaujiag~a+ kj

ìjmag na qg avxjf`c vcia~`nc j

nùa|vjv cxa|jf`cgav p

D`xa|fqlcv



x p

~|jgvec|ijf`cgav j avfjkjv+ av kjìjmag p icnakc nci`gjg~a nak

n`vaúc icna|gc' Nav~jfjg

nùa|vcv jq~c|av p ~|jljbcv zqa

atxkc|jg x|cfavcv fcgv~|qf~ùcv p

navfcgv~|qf~ùcv j avfjkj nak

fqlc' Kjv ia~êec|jv p icnakcv

ic|ecköm`fc na c|nag e|jf~jkjf~òjg fcic icnakcv magà|`fcv'

• V~auag Dckk

• ^jnjc Jgnc

• ^cpc @~c

• Ic|xd`v

Fqlc na D`kla|~















^cpc @~c



^cpc @~c



^cpc @~c



Ic|xd`v















Eég

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