Fracwater

Fracture Wastewater TreatmentWhat is fracking and source of wastewater in fracking process

Volume of Wastewater from Frac FacilityA frac facility requires millions of gallons of water. Typically around 2 to 7 MM gallons

Composition of Frac WastewaterComposition of constituents is highly variable from time to time and well to well

Frac Wastewater Characteristics

Frac Wastewater Constituents and Concerns Suspended Solids Fouling,Scaling:O&MConcerns Metals Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe:Scaling O&MConcerns Ba, Ra:Scaling and Env. Concerns Organics & Bacteria Bacterial growth:O&MConcerns Residual Fracing Additives:Health Concerns Oil &Grease:O&MConcerns Total Dissolved Solids(TDS) EnvironmentalWater Quality ConcernsEnvironmental Limits for Frac Wastewater by Pennsylvania Dept of Environment Protection Jan 2011TDSPermit RulingCl < 250 mg/LSO4 < 250 mg/LTDS < 500 mg/L May 19, 2011 Requests WWTPs not to accept flowback waters Dec 2011 Special ConditionsGeneral PermitWMGR 123Promotes beneficial reuse/recycle offrac waters from hydraulicfracturingFrac Wastewater TreatmentModular TreatmentMobileCentralized FixedA possible Treatment OptionsTypical Treatment Scheme of Frac Wastewater

Patented Frac Wastewater Treatment Process by Kerfoot Technologies

ConclusionsFrac Wastewater is difficult to treat due high salinity and toxic constituents. However, using advance technologies it is possible to treat and reuse the frac wastewater.A number of technologies to treat frac wastewater are available in the market but each has its own limitation and demerit.The treatment / reuse process for frac wastewater is very expensive.