Four medallions from the Arras hoard / by Agnes Baldwin

8/20/2019 Four medallions from the Arras hoard / by Agnes Baldwin

1/48

NUMISMATIC

NOTES

AND

MONOGRAPHS

No.

28

FOUR MEDALLIONS

FROM

THE

ARRAS

HOARD

By AGNES BALDWIN

THE

AMERICAN

NUMISMATIC

SOCIETY

BROADWAY

AT

I56TH

STREET

NEW YORK

I926

This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Sat, 30 Jan 2016 15:10:01 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions


2/48

PUBLICATIONS

The American

Journal

of

Numismatics,

1866*1920.

Monthly,

May,

1866-

April,

1870.

Quarterly, July,

1870-October, 191a.

Annually, 1913-1920.

With

many

plates,

illustrations, maps

and tables.

Less than

a dozen

complete

sets

of

the

Jour-

nal remain

on

hand.

Prices on

application.

The numbers

necessary

to

complete

broken

sets

may

in

most cases be obtained.

An

index to

the

first

fifty

volumes has

been

issued

as

part

of

Volume

LI. It

may

also

be

pur-

chased

separately

for

3.00.

The American

Numismatic

Society.

Catalogue

of the

International

Exhibition of

Contempo-

rary

Medals.

March, 1910.

New and

revised

edition.

New

York.

191

1.

xxxvi,

412

pages,

512

illustrations.

10.00.

The

American

Numismatic

Society.

Exhibition

of United

States

and Colonial Coins.

19 14.

vii,

134 pages,

40 plates.

1.00.



3/48

NUMISMATIC

NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS



4/48

Numismatic

Notes

and

Monographs

is devoted oessays ndtreatisesn sub-

jects

relating

to

coins,

paper

money,

medals

nd

decorations,

nd

is

uniform

with

Hispanic

Notes and

Monographs

published

by

the

Hispanic

Society

of

America,

and

with

Indian Notes

and

Monographs

ssued

by

the

Museum

f the

American

ndian

Heye

Foundation.

Publication Committee

AgnesBaldwin

Brett,

Chairman

HenryRussell

Drowne

W. Gedney

eatty

Editorial

Staff

Sydney

hilip

Noe,

Editor

Howland

Wood,

Associate

ditor

V.

E.

Earle,

Assistant



5/48

COPYRIGHT

926

BY

THE

AMERICANUMISMATIC

OCIETY

PANDICK

RESS,NC.,

NEW

ORK



6/48


7/48

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

FROM

THE

ARRAS

HOARD

BY

AGNES

BALDWIN

THE

AMERICAN

UMISMATIC

OCIETY

BROADWAY

T

56TH

STREET

NEW

YORK

I926



8/48


9/48

ARRAS

HOARD

i

i

FOUR

MEDALLIONS FROM

THE

ARRAS HOARD

By

Agnes

Baldwin

The

following

our medallions

rom

theremarkable

oard

found t Beaurains-

lez-Arras

n

1922

are additions o the

nine

published

n

Arethuse,

January,

1924. They nclude wo medallions ith

associated

or

double

portraits

f

mem-

bersof

the

first

etrarchy

f Diocletianus

(Pis.

i,

iv)

which

are

unique

and un-

published,1

nd two

of

Constantius

Chlorus. One

of

the atter

PI. iii)

is a

second

xample2

f

themedallion

f

Con-

stantius illustrated

n

Arethuse PI.

viii,

7,

while

the other s a

unique

piece

and

has

already

been

published

y

Mr.

M. Schulman.3 Besides these four

medallionsfrom

the

hoard

which are

now

in

this

country,

fifth

iece

is

known

o

be

in

the

cabinet f an

Ameri-

NUMISMATIC NOTES



10/48

2 FOUR

MEDALLIONS

can

collector.

How

many

more there

wereoriginallyn the hoard s notnow

known,

ince

the workmen

ho discov-

ered

it while

digging

n

a

clay deposit

made

away

with a

considerable

ortion

of

the

medallionsnd

aurei,*

f

which

part only

was

subsequently

ecovered.

Rumor

arries

he number

f

medallions

found,

o

as

high

a

figure

s

fifty.

t

is even

reported

hat several

of

them

were shownto a dealer

n

Ghent,

who

melted hem

up, believing

hem to

be

spurious.Thusthehoardwas notexam-

ined and

studied ntact.

According

o

M.

Duquènoy,

urator

f

the Arras

Museum,

the

treasure

was

buried

n

two vases

one

of

silver,

of

which

fragments

ave been

recovered,

and

the otherof

clay.

The silvervase

was

presumably

ontained ithin

he

lay

pot.5

It is

suggested

y

M.

Duquènoy

that he hoardwas

perhaps

tolen

n

an-

cient imes nd buried n the lay deposit

at

Beaurains-lez-Arras,

s

there re

no

traces

f

walls or

buildings

ndicating

n

ancient

ettlementt

the

find

pot.

Most

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



11/48

ARRAS HOARD

Fig.

i

AND

MONOGRAPHS



12/48

4

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

of

the

gold

coins

nd medallions

re

dis-

colored with a dull, silverish oating,

probably

ue to chemical eaction f

the

aluminum

onstituentf the

clay

soil

in

which

hey

ong lay

buried.

The thirteen medallions

thus

far

known

were issued

by

the

following

emperors:

iocletianus

2);

Maximianus

Herculius

1)

;

Constantius

hlorus

7)

;

Constantius

nd

Galerius

Maximianus

(

i

; Diocletianus,

Herculius,

Constan-

tius and

Galerius

(1);

Constantinus

Magnus (1).

The latest medallion s

that

of Con-

stantine he Great

s

Augustus

with

he

Principi

iuventutis

reversefrom

he

mint

of

Trêves,

Fig.

1.

The

gold

unit

whichwas

struck

ontemporaneously

ith

this

medallions

the oin hown

n

Fig.

2.

6

The

reverse

ype,

igure

f

Constantine

in

military

ress and

cloak,

tanding

o

r. with

pear

and

globe,

he

inscription,

Principi iuventutis,andthemint-mark

PTR

Percussa

Trevirorum

re

identical

with

those

of

the

medallion;

while

the

obverse

differs

only

in

bearing

the

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



13/48

ARRAS

HOARD

5

head

aureate

nstead f

thebust

aureate,

draped,withcuirass, s on the medal-

lion,

and a briefer

nscription.

This

coin,

which

was

in

the

hoard,

s

a

solidus,

and hence annot

e earlier han

309-310,

Fig.

2

when

monetary

eform as effected

y

Constantine

hrough

he

substitutionf

the

solidas

of

c.

4.55 gr.,

or

seventy-two

to

the

gold pound,

or

the ureus

weigh-

ing

c.

5.45

gr.,

or

sixty

to the

pound.

According

o

Maurice,

t

belongs

o the

third ssue

of theTrêves

mint,

amely

o

the

period

etween

May, 309,

dateof the

recognition

f Constantine

nd

Maxi-

minus

I

Daza

as

Augustiby

Galerius,

andJune, 13,dateofthedeath fDaza.

Another

xample

f this

type

of

solidus

was

present

n

the

hoard,

f

slightly

if-

ferent everse ie.7 Another

olidusof

AND

MONOGRAPHS



14/48

6 FOUR

MEDALLIONS

Constantine,

ig.

3,

with

reverse

ype,

threemilitarytandards,nd inscription

s. p.

Q.

R. óptimo

principi,

and

mint-

mark PTR

and obverse

imilar to the

above

piece

was also in

the

hoard.

This

latter

coin

is classified

y

Maurice

as

belonging

ikewise o

the third ssue

of

Constantine

t

Trêves,

09-313.

The re-

verse

inscription,

. p.

q.

r.

optimo

principi,

is

explained

by

Maurice

(Nam.

Const.

,

204,

bronze oins

of the

Roman

mint struck

imultaneously

or

Constantine, icinius and Maximinus

Daza),

as

referring

o

the

rapprochement

of

Constantine

nd

the

Roman

Senate,

after

he defeat

nd

deathof Maxentius

in

the battle

f the

Mulvian

bridge

nd

the

entry

f

Constantine

nto Rome

on

October

26,

312.

On

this

occasion

the

Senate

decreed

o Constantine

he titulus

primi

ordinis,

r

primi

nominis itulus

namely,

he

right

of

placing

his name

at the head of the list of theAugusti

and

of

legislating,

hich

had

previously

belonged

o

Daza,

who had

refused o

yield

t

to Constantine.

his

piece,

hen,

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



15/48

ARRAS

HOARD

7

if

the above

interpretation

f

its

reverse

inscriptione correct,elongs oward he

end of

the

period

309-313,

nd

supplies

us

with

a

terminus

ost

quem

for

the

burial

of the

hoard,

ince

therewas

no

Fig. 3

solidioflaterdate nthehoard. Forthe

later issues

of Constantinewhich

are

associatedwith he

Arras hoard oins

n

the Ratto Sale

Cat.

April, 1923

(cf.

Note

4),

suchas Nos.

443, 449,

ff.

and,

also,

we are bound o

conclude,

o.

446,

a

dated

piece

of

thefourth

onsulate,

15

A.

D.,

not

llustrated)

erenot

part

of

the

hoard,

ccording

o the

testimony

f

those

who

examined

t.

Moreover,

hese

later coins of Constantinen the Ratto

Catalogue,

hiefly

f the

periods 13-317,

324-326

nd

336-7,

re

quite

ommonnd

are

in a moreworn

ondition

han hose

AND MONOGRAPHS



16/48

8

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

issues

of Constantine

hich

re

known

to have been in the hoard and belong

to the first

art

of his

reign. Finally,

the

gap

existing

between he

issues of

Constantine's

arlier

eriod

nd these

ate

coins

in

the Ratto

Catalogue

makes

t

impossible

o

regard

he latter

group

s

part

of

the hoard.

Of No.

447

in the

Catalogue

we have

already

poken

s an-

other

example

of the

solidus,

Fig.

1.

No.

448,

an

aureus

of

Constantine

s

Caesar,

306-308,

was

probably

n

the

hoard. As to Nos. 444-445,we can

safely

onclude hat

hey

did not

belong

to it.

The

very

rare aureus

of Maxen-

tius,9

Ratto,

No.

440,

which

s in mint

condition,

elongs

o the

period

09-312,

and

would,

ccording

o

the bovereason-

ing,

have

been

an issue

previous

o the

s.

p.

g.

R.

piece

of

Constantine.

f we

accept

the

date

assigned

to this latter

coin

by

Maurice,

he date of the

deposit

of thehoardshouldbe givenas about

312-313.

However,

we should

e

inclined

to date the

hoard,

side from his

par-

ticular

oin and the date

assigned

o

it

NUMISMATIC NOTES



17/48

ARRAS HOARD

9

by

Maurice,

ather

n

the

middle

f the

period 309-312 or verysoon after the

introduction

f

the

sol-idus

n

309-310.

The

fact that there were

only

two

or

three

olidi

n

the

hoard,

nd thatthese

are

all

specimens

f

Constantine's

arliest

issues,

points

rather

owardthe middle

than

the

very

end

of

the

period.

The

period

during

which

the

coins

were

hoarded,

therefore,

xtends

from

284,

date

of

the

accession

f

Diocletianus,

o

309-312, he same rangeas thatof the

medallions. The

aurei

of an

earlier

period,

escribed

elow,

epresent

treas-

ure

of

gold surviving

rom ver a hun-

dred

years,

which

was

in

the

possession

of

the

owner

or

owners)

who formed

the

hoard

during

he

ast

quarter

f

the

Third

Century

nd

early

part

of

the

Fourth.

Such

are the

conclusions

hich

can

he

drawn

from a

study

of

this

famous

hoard under

the

present

ondi-

tions. A rigorouslycientificccount f

the

hoard

n

its

entirety

annot e

given

untilmoreof the

now

scattered

material

becomes

vailable,

nd

a more

complete

AND

MONOGRAPHS



18/48

IO

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

picture

f

the

hoard

can be thus con-

structed.

As to

the

general

nature

f

the

hoard,

incomplete

s it

is,

we are

able

to

draw

what

seem to

be

sound

inferences. t

contained

old

medallionsnd

aurei

plus

solidi

of

the

period

from

Diocletianus

to

Constantine

he

Great;

many

urei

of

an

earlier

eriod

from he

Antonines

o

Caracalla,

some of

which

were

set

in

mountings

ith

attachmentso

be

worn

as

pendants and,

in

addition,

ilver

denarii

(forty-one

were seen

by

the

writer n

Arras)

chiefly

f

Constantine

(type

of

Cohen,

706,

rev.,

virtus mili-

tum and a

fortified

ateway,

mint-mark

ptr).

Besides

these

coins,

there

were

also

objects

of

jewelry, old

necklaces,

bracelets,

silver

poon,

ems,

ring,

chain,

etc. Thus

the

ensemble

may

be

imagined

o have been

the

property

f

some

high

civil

functionary

r

military

chief, r of his family,esidingn Gaul.

In

all

probability,

t

was the

family

treasure f some

wealthy

ndividual

o

whom

ome

of

the medallions

ere

pre-

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



19/48

ARRAS

HOARD

ii

sented

s marksof

distinction,

ewards

for politicalor military ervice. The

coins

n

the

hoard

fall intotwo

distinct

groups:

(i)

the earlier

urei

preserved

as

bullion,

nd

as

jewelry

in

frames

(Hadrianus,

Faustina

Sr.,

Faustina

Jr.,

Commodus, aracalla,

Julia

Domna are

among

the mounted

ieces

seen

by

the

writer)

some of

which

show

signs

of

considerable

circulation,

overing

the

period

from

bout 118 to

211;

(2)

later

aurei

(and

solidi

ranging

rom

Diocle-

tianus to Constantinewhose condition

varies

from

lightly

worn

to

fine,

ril-

liant

state,

extending

ver

the

period

284-312.

As

in

the

case

of themedallions f the

Helleville

find,10

hose fromArras are

nearly

ll

unique

pieces,

for

these mul-

tipl

-aurei

were struck

as

imperial

largesses

and were not issued

in

very

large quantities. They

are

chiefly

ive

and tenaureipieces, ll remarkablyell

preserved;

ome

n

mint tate. There

s

no

large

medallion f

Galerius

Maxi-

mianus,

lone,

which

s

quite

n

keeping

AND

MONOGRAPHS



20/48

12

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

with the

circumstance

hat

the

greater

number f the medallions erestruck t

the

Gallic

mint,

nd

that

half

at

least

were truck

y

Constantius

hlorus.

The

hoard,

herefore,

s far

as

we can

judge,

was

formed

ithin

he

restrictedrea of

Constantius'

omain.

CONSTANTIUS

CHLORUS

AND GALE-

RIUS MAX

M

AN

US,

as

Caesars,

293-305

.

D.

I.

Obv.

DD.

NN.

CONSTANTIOT MAXI-

MIANO OBB. AESS.

(ominis)

N

(ostris),

Constantio

t

Maximiano

Nobilissimis

Cacsaribus,

To

our

lords,

Constantius

and

Maximianus,

most

noble

Caesars

Half-length

igures

onfronting

f

Con-

stantius nd

Galerius

Maximianus,

eads

laureate,

wearing

the

imperial

mantle;

Constantius,

n

the

left,

holds

a

globe

surmounted

y

a

Victory

n

his

right

hand,

while

Galerius,

n

the

right,

olds

a scepterurmountedy n eagle.

Rev.

PRiNCiPVM

vvENTVTis

Princi

pum

nventutis)

(Of)

The

Firstof

the

Knights .

The two

Emperors

tanding

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



21/48

ARRAS

HOARD

13

in

military

resswith

loak,

bareheaded,

resting left arms on long, upright

scepters,

each

holding

a

patera

with

which

they

re

pouring

libation

pon

a

tripod-altar

laced

between

hem;

in

the central

background,

wo

military

standards;

n

the

exergue,

prom

{Per-

cussa

Romac),

Struck

t

Rome .

Gold

Medallion. 10

aurei

or

denio,

38

mm.

54.27 gr.

Unique

and

unpub-

lished.

Plate I.

This

unique

medallion f

Constantius

Chlorusand GaleriusMaximianusto-

gether

s

Caesars

is

one of

the earliest

medallions

n

the

find,

s is

evidenced

y

its

moreworn

onditions

compared

ith

that

of the others.

The occasion

of

its

issue s

perfectly

lear from

he

obverse

and

reverse

ypes

and

inscriptions.

t

was

struck

n

293,

to

commemoratehe

elevation f

Constantius

nd

Galerius o

the rank of

Caesars

Principes

iuven-

tutis. On theobverse, ehavethepor-

trait

bustsof

the

two new

associates n

the

empire

f

Diocletianus,

lad

in

the

imperial

mantle nd

holding

mblems

f

AND

MONOGRAPHS



22/48

14

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

sovereignty,

hile

on the

reverse he

two

Emperorsre representeds taking he

oath

of office t the

tripod,

ccording

o

the traditional

ype.

Diocletianus

scended

the throne

n

November,

84,

and

reigned

lone

until

April, 285,

when

he

associated with

him MaximianusHerculius

directly

s

Augustus

without irst

aving ppointed

him

Caesar.

On

March

1,

293,

he

called

to the

rank

of

Caesars

Constantius

nd

Galerius

Maximianus,

nd

just

as

Dio-

cletianuswas the first

Augustus

and

Maximianus

Herculius the

second,

so

Constantius

as

the first

aesar

n

rank,

and

Galerius

he second.11

Hence there

is

significance

n

the order

f

the

names

of

the

Caesars

in

the obverse

nscrip-

tion.

Correspondingly,

he

portrait

n

the

eft

s

unquestionably

o be

identified

as

that

of

Constantius,

he

Caesar

of

senior

rank.

That this

position

f the

senior n rank orrespondingohisprior

mention

n

the

nscription

unning

rom

left o

right

n medallions

ith onfront-

ing portraits

was a

regularly

bserved

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



23/48

ARRAS HOARD

15

convention,

s

borneout

by

other

medal-

lions of this type. On the medallion

of

Diocletianus

nd

MaximianusHer-

culius

n

Florence,12

hetwo

Augusti

re

so

placed

n

order

of

seniority,

iocle-

tianuson

the eft and

Herculiuson

the

right.

For,

although

he

portraiture

f

this

period

is

very conventional,

er-

culius is

here

unmistakable

n

account

of

his

prominent

eature a

decidedly

retroussé

ose. On

medallions

truck

y

Constantine

he

Great,having

s

reverse

types

confronting

ustsof the

Caesars,

Crispus

and

Constantine,

r.,13

nd of

Crispus

and

Constantius

I,14

the

fig-

ure on

the

left

n

each case is

that of

Crispus.

This is

made

evident,

ot

by

the

portraiture,

hich s

utterly

onven-

tional,

ut

by

the

deviceof

representing

the

senior n

rank,

Crispus,

s of

larger

size than

the

uniors,

who

were,

ndeed

so

manyyears

younger.15

Our medallion as struck t Rome nd

is

the second

ne

in

the Arras

find

rom

thismint.

For,

the

medallion f

Diocle-

tianus,

Arethuse,

PI.

viii,

3,

although

AND

MONOGRAPHS



24/48

i6

FOUR MEDALLIONS

without

mint-mark,

s

probably

product

oftheRomanmint,ccordingo itsstyle.

The

flan,

ikethat

f

the bove

mentioned

denio of

Diocletianus nd Herculius

n

Florence,

s smaller nd

thickerhan hose

of

the other

dentones

f

the

hoard,10

namely,

he

London medallion f

Con-

stantius,

retJiuse,

.

c.,

PI.

vii,

and the

medallion

earing

the

portraits

f

the

four members

f

the

first

etrarchy

f

Diocletianus

Plate iv).

Of 'these two

latter

pieces,

the

London

medallion

s

from

the mint

of

Trêves,

while the

medallion

f

the

tetrarchy

ears no indi-

cation

f

the

place

of

issue,

but

from

ts

stylemay

be

assigned

o the

Gallic mint.

The

gold

units,

r

aurei,

orresponding

to

our

multiple-piece

f

ten urei

are

the

coins struck

y

Constantius,ohen,

33,

and

by

Gal

ri

s,

C.

178,

ar. On the

for-

mer

piece, Fig. 4,

the reverse

ype

s

that

of

the

Emperor

n

military

ress

withcloak,bareheaded,tanding o left

holding

military

tandard n

the

right

hand and

resting

n

a

long scepter

with

the

left;

the

inscription,

Principi

NUMISMATIC NOTES



25/48

ARRAS

HOARD

17

iuvENTUTis,

nd mint-mark

rom are

identical ith hose nthemedallion. n

Fig. 4

the atter

piece, Fig.

5,

the

reverse

ype

is

similar,

ut the

Emperor

s

laureate,

and

the

inscription

s

Principi

iuven-

tut. The obverses ear laureateheads,

and

the

inscriptions,

N

Constantio

Fig. 5

Caes and

D

N

Maximiano

Caes,

thus

correspondingerfectly ith he nscrip-

tion

on our

denio

of

Constantius nd

Galerius,

which s

also

in

the

dative

ase.

Thus we

have

in

these

coins the

units

AND

MONOGRAPHS



26/48

i8

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

which

were issued

contemporaneously

with the medallion, correspondence

demonstrated

bove

in

the

case

of

the

Principi

iuventutis denio and

solidus

of

Constantine.

Other

xamples

may

be cited f

medal-

lions of

which

there

xist

differente-

nominationsn

gold,

s

follows:

he me-

dallion of Diocletianus

nd

Herculius

above mentioned

n

Florence,17

denio

to which

there is a

corresponding

quinio18

n

Berlin;

the

medallion

f

Her-

culius n Budapest,19 quinio,with he

reverse

ype

f the

two

Emperors

eated,

facing,

n

curule

hairs,

ach

carrying

globe,

crowned

by

Jupiter

?)

on 1.

and

Herculeson

r.,

with

the

nscription

Perpetua

concordia

Augg. and

mint-

mark

PR,

for

which

there

exist

cor-

responding

urei

struck

y

Diocletianus

and

Herculius20

with a

slight

modifica-

tion n

the

type,

hetwo

Emperors

eated

to 1. on curulechairs,each carrying

globe

nd

crowned

y

Victory,

bove nd

between

hem,

with

he

nscription,

on-

cordi

e

Augg. nn.

These

aurei

are

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



27/48

ARRAS HOARD

19

withoutmint-mark

nd

are doubtless f

the Romanmint s is the medallion.21

From

heexistence

f

these urei

of

each

Emperor,

we should

nfer hat

a

quinio

of

similar

type

to that

of

Herculius,

though

ot

now

known,

was

also

issued

for

Diocletianus.

The

quinio

f

Herculius

ust

mentioned

was issued

n

293,

therefore,

n

the

same

year,22

s ourmedallion

rom

Arras

with

the

double

portraits

f

Constantius

nd

Galerius,

he

Caesars

whose

ppointmentit commemorates.he occasion for its

issue was

probably

he

celebrationf

the

Decennalia

of

the two

Augusti

s

may

be

inferred rom

he

reverse

ype

nd n-

scription. Thus,

in

the

year

293

there

were truck

1

our

denio

f

the

Caesars,

commemorating

he

naming

of

the two

new

colleagues

n

the

empire,

nd

(2)

presumably,

wo

quiniones,

ne

each of

Diocletianus and

Herculius,

the

two

Augusti, o recallthe ong-standingar-

mony,

perpetua

oncordia,

xisting

be-

tween

hem,

nd

to

express

hopes

for

ts

continuance.

AND

MONOGRAPHS



28/48

20

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

CONSTANTIUS

HLORUS,

s Caesar

293-305 . D.

2. Obī'

FL. VAL.

CONSTANTIVSO-

BiLissiMvs

C.

Fl(avius)

Val(erius)

Constant

ns,

Nobilissimus

C(aesar).

Head

of Constantius

Chlorus

to

r.,

bearded,

earing

he

ion's

calp

as head-

dress.

Rev.

marti Victoři

To

Mars

Vic-

tor . Mars Victor

dvancing

o

r.,

wear-

ing

helmet

nd

floating

mantle,

arrying

a trophy ver 1. shoulder nd a spear

transversely

n

r.

hand;

in

the

exergue,

TR.

Gold

medallion.

5

aurei,

or

quinto.

23

mm.

26.15

gr.

Unique.

Plate

II.

This medallion

was

issued,

s its ob-

verse

nscription

ells

us,

while

Constan-

tius

was

still

Caesar, hence,

within he

period

293-305.

The reverse

ype

quite

plainly

lludes

o a

military ictory.

M.

Schulmanop cit.note ) refershe ype

to

events

f the

year,

98,

n

whichCon-

stantius

on a

victory

ver he

Alemanni

who had

invaded

Gaul

in

the district

f

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



29/48

ARRAS

HOARD

21

the

Lingones

Langres).

However,

he

obverse ypeof this medallion onnects

it

with nothermedallion

f

Constantius

from heArrashoard

earing

n

identical

head

of

Constantius

n

the lion's

scalp

with a

reverse

depicting

he

Emperor

standing

o

r.

in

military

ress,

with

spear,holding

ut his

right

and

o

greet

a

kneeling

emale

igure

ho holds

pear

and

shield,

while

Victory

at the left

crowns the

Emperor,

Arethuse,

PL

viii,

6.

This

medallion

s connected

n

turn

by

identical everse

ype,Emperor

and

kneeling igure

nd

Victory,

with

third ssue

of

Constantius,

rethusePI.

viii,

5, having

as

obverse

type

a

bust

of

the

Emperor

n

imperial

mantle,

old-

ing

a

scepter

urmounted

y

an

eagle.

These three

medallions re

all of

Con-

stantius s

Caesar,

and

are bound to-

gether,

ll

three,

s

strictly

ontempo-

raneous ssues

by

their

nterlinking

b-

verse and reverse ypes, nd theirmint-

marks.

Hence the

question

rises

whether

t

can be the

victory

ver

the

Alemanni

AND

MONOGRAPHS



30/48

22

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

which ccasioned he ssue of this

eries

of three medallions r someother nd

more

onspicuousmilitary

uccess.

Is

it

not

more

probable

hat

these three

me-

dallions

efer o

the

victory

on

by

Con-

stantius

ver

Allectus

n

296,

and

which

was

celebrated

y

the

striking

f

the

famous ondon

medallion? This

is the

opinion

f

the authors

f

the article

n

Arethuse,

ho

nterpret

he

kneeling ig-

ure as

thatof

Britannia.23

The

head

of

Constantius

overedwith

the lion's

scalp

of

Hercules,

s an en-

tirely

unique

representation

or this

Emperor.

It is

not

merely

servile mi-

tation

of

the

head-dressworn

by

the

Emperor,

Maximianus

Herculius.

The

explanation

s far

more

interesting.

When

Diocletianus nd

Maximianus,

he

Augusti

associated

with

themselves,

he

two

new

Caesars,

Constantius and

Galeri

s,

the two

elder

Emperors

ach

proceeded o founda divine imperial

dynasty,

nd

each

adopted

n

heir

into

this

new

mythical

amily.

Diocletianus

took

for

himself he

surname f

Jovius,

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



31/48

ARRAS

HOARD

23

and

thereby

established

the

Jovian

dynasty,makingGaleriushis heir and

successor,

hile

Maximianus

ssumed he

name

of

Herculius,

and founded

he

Herculian

dynasty,

dopting

Constantius

as

his heir.24

Hence

the

ion's

scalp

of

the

hero,

Hercules,

which

its so

oddly

on the

aristocratic

oman

head of

Con-

stantius

hlorus.

CONSTANTIUS

HLORUS,

s

Augustus,

305-306 . D.

3.

Obv

IMP.

CONSTANTIVS

IVS F.

AVG.

Imp

erat

r)

Constantius

Pius

F(elix)

Aug(ustus).

Bust

of

Constan-

tius,

bearded

nd

laureate

o

1.,

wearing

the

imperial

mantle,

nd

holding

n his

right

and

the

scepter

urmounted

y

an

eagle.

Rev.

TEMPORVM

elicitas.

The

Luck

of the

times ,

r The

auspicious

era . Two figurestanding,lad in the

toga,

each

holding

volumen

n

the 1.

hand and

a

patera

n

the

r.,

withwhich

they

re

pouring

libation

pon tripod-

AND MONOGRAPHS



32/48

24

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

altar

placed

between

hem,

n

front f

a tetrastyle emple; on each side, a

camillus,

r

noble

youth,

olding

palm;

above

the

altar,

a

flute-player

in

the

background

etween

he

columns,

eads

of

spectators;

n

the

exergue,

tr.

Gold

medallion.

5

aurei,

or

quinio.

32

mm.

1.35 r-

Second

xample

nown.

Plate

III

.

The

similar

medallion

ow

in

Arras,

Arethuse,

I.

viii,

7,

is

from

different

obverse nd

reverse

ies.

This medallionwas issued

during

he

period,

05-306,

or

Constantius as

not

elevated

o

the rank

of

Augustus

until

May

i,

305,

and

he

died on

July

5, 306.

The

reverse

ype

ecalls

he

Luck of

the

times

nd

has its

prototype

n

bronze

medallions

f

the

reigns

of

Antoninus

Pius,

Marcus

Aurelius,

ommodus,

hi-

lippus,

Jr.,

Philippus,

r.

25

On certain f

these

pieces

of

Marcus

Aurelius ndCommodus,he nscriptions

Vota

suscepta,

Vota

publica,

Vota

soluta

show

that

this

type

depicts

he

ceremony

f

the

celebration

f

the

Vota

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



33/48

ARRAS

HOARD

25

festivals,

he

Quinquennalia

r

Decen-

nalia,thefive-yearndten-yearnniver-

sariesof

the

reign.

0

On

the

gold

medal-

lion of

Diocletianus

from our

hoard,

Arethuse,

. c.

PI.

viii, 2,

a similar

ype

(without

he

temple

nd

assistants)

oc-

curs

with

he

nscription

elicitas

tem-

porum.

The

piece

was struck

t Trêves

in

the

eighth

onsulship

f

the

Emperor,

namely,

n

303.

As this was

the

year

of

the Vicennial

festival of

Diocle-

tianus,

7

t would eem easonable

n

view

of thereverse

ype28

o attributeheoc-

casion

of the ssue

of this

datedmedallion

to the

Vicennalia,

r

twentiethnniver-

sary

f his

reign.

Constantius'

edallion,

on

the other

hand,

could not

have been

issued

simultaneously

ith

that

of Dio-

cletianus

ust

cited

ince,

f

course,

e

was

not

yet

n

Augustus

n

the

year, 03.

But

as

thereverses

f both

f

these

uiniones

are

similar,

earing

s

they

do

the same

inscriptionnd thetraditionalypewhich

commemorates

he

Vota

festivals,

ur

medallion

f Constantius

robably

efers

to a

similar

vent.

As

it was

certainly

AND

MONOGRAPHS



34/48

26

FOUR MEDALLIONS

issued fter

May

i,

305,

when Constan-

tiusandGaleriuswereraised otherank

of

Augusti

through

he

abdication f

Diocletianus nd

Herculius

who

retired

to

the

rankof

seniores

Augusti,

he two

Emperors

n

the reverse re mostnat-

urally

to

be

interpreted

s

Constantius

and

Galerius. The medallion

may

then

have

been

struck

o

commemorateheir

appointment

s

Augusti

n

305

while

at

the same

time

recalling

their

recent

Decennial

nniversary

n

303.

If

thisbe

correct,we shouldassume that a cor-

responding

edallion

was also

issued

by

Galerius.

9

To

conclude,

ur medallion

probably

ommemorates

he

appointment

of

Constantius

s

Augustus,

nd

the

two-Emperorype

on

the

reverse

ug-

gests

hat similar

uinio

may

have been

issued for

Galerius

n

his

domain. The

medallion f

Diocletianus,

rethuse,

I.

viii,2,

would

lready

ave been ssued

n

303,and our reverse ypewas probably

inspired y

it.

The obverse s

by

far

the best

por-

trait

f

this

Emperor

nown

n

coins

or

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



35/48

ARRAS

HOARD

27

medallions. Constantius

was

the

only

memberfthe etrarchyho was a lineal

descendant

f

an

ancient

Roman

family.

His

forebears

were descended

from

Claudius

I

Gothicus

n

the female

ine,

and his

origin

s

vouched

or

by

his

deli-

cate aristocratic

rofile

with ts

strongly

characterized

oman

nose.

Compare

is

portrait

n

our

medallions,30

os.

2

and

3,

withthatof his

son,

Constantine

he

Great,

n

the Arras

medallion,31

ig.

1,

and

note the

long,aquilinenoses,

and

thenobserve he

decidedly lebeian

fea-

tures f

Maximianus

erculius nd Dio-

cletianus n

this

same

group

of medal-

lions.32

One

gains

from

hesenew

por-

traitson

the

medallions rom

Arras of

the Trêves

mint,

much

more

vivid

nd

doubtless

more correct

dea of the

per-

sonal

ppearance

f both

Constantius,

ho

was

so

genuinely

Roman,

nd of

his

son,

Constantine

he

Great,

han

from

ny

of their medallionportraitshitherto

known.

Compare,

or

example,

he

gold

medallion

of

Constantius

struck at

Siscia,

Gnecchi,

I.

5,

9,

and

the Arras

AND

MONOGRAPHS



36/48

28 FOUR

MEDALLIONS

medallion

truck

t

Tarraco,

Arethuse,

PI. viii, 8, neither f which an now be

regarded

s a faithfulikeness. Constan-

tius

Chlorus,

hus

surnamed

rom his

pale coloring,

was of milder

isposition

than

Maximianus

Herculius,

and this

characteristic

s

especially

eflected

n

the

portrait

n our medallion.

He

was be-

tween

ixty

nd

seventy ears

old,

when

the medallion as issued.

DIOCLETIANUS, MAXIMIANUSHER-

CULIUS,

CONSTANTIUS HLORUS

AND

GALE

IUS

MAXIMIANUS,

293-305

.

D.

4.

Obv.

DIOCLETIANVS

VG.

T

MAX-

iMiANVS .

Diocletianus

Aug(ustus)

et

Maximianus

C(aesar).

Busts

of

Dio-

cletianus

on

the

eft)

and Galerius

Max-

imianus

(on

the

right),

confronting,

bearded

nd

laureate,

nd

wearing

the

imperialmantle.

Rev.

MAXI

I

AN S AVG.

T CONSTAN-

Tivs c.

Maximianus

Aug(ustus)

et

Con-

stantius

(aesar).

Busts

of

Maximianus

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



37/48

ARRAS

HOARD

29

Herculius

on

the

eft)

and

of

Constan-

tiusChlorus on theright). Typesimi-

lar

to

obverse.

Gold

medallion.

10

aurei,

or

dcnio.

42

mm.

54.40

gr. Unique

and

unpub-

lished.

Plate

IV.

This

truly

remarkablemedallion

re-

sents the four

co-rulers

of

the

first

tetrarchy

f

Diocletianus,

rouped

ot s

pairs

of

Augusti

and

Caesar

s,

but,

as

pairs,

onsisting

ach of an

Augustus

nd

a

Caesar. Diocletianus

nd his

adoptedson and heir to the

empire,

Galerius

Maximianus,

ccupy

the

obverse,

while

Maximianus

Herculiusand his

adopted

son

and

heir,

Constantius

hlorus,

ppear

on

the

reverse.

There

is

no

mint-name,ut,

s

stated

above,

this medallion

lso

was

probably

struck

t

Trêves as

were the

majority

of

those

n

the hoard. The

medallions

struck n a much

arger

flan

than

the

medallion f Constantius nd Galerius,

No.

i,

which s of

the

same

denomina-

tion.

To

this

circumstance,

he broader

flan

nabling

he artist o

engrave

pon

AND

MONOGRAPHS



38/48

30

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

it

heads on

a much

arger

scale,

s

due

themoremedallic haracterf thepiece.

Furthermore,

s both

he obverse

nd

re-

verse

are

occupied y

portrait

usts nd

there

s no

exergual

ine,

the medallic

quality

s

still further

eightened.

The

occasion

or

he ssueof this

piece,

one feels

convinced,

must

have been an

extraordinary

ne. Does

it then

com-

memoratehe

formationf

the

tetrarchy

in

293

This would

be

perfectly

n

keep-

ing

with

the

subject

matter f

the me-

dallion,

which

epresents

neach

face,

n

Augustus aired

with

Caesar

It

must

surely

ave

been ssued

within

he

period

Mar.

i,

293-May

,

305,

after

he acces-

sion of

Constantius nd

Galerius as

Caesars,

nd

before

heir

levation

o

the

rank

of

Augustiupon

the

retirement

f

Diocletianus nd

Herculius o

the

posi-

tion of

seniores r

honorary

ugusti.

But is

it

not

ust

as

probable

hat

he

medallionwas struck n 303, to com-

memorate

n

eventof

even

greater

m-

portance,

he

Vicennial

anniversary

r

jubilee

of

the

reign

of

the two

Augusti

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



39/48

ARRAS

HOARD

31

and

the Decennial

anniversary

f

the

Caesars Thiswould ertainlyavebeen

an

occasionof

signal

importance

hich

would

call

for

the ssue of a

commemo-

rative

piece

such as

this. As far

as

the

hoard n

general

s

concerned,

his

date

is

perfectly

n

keeping,

or

the burial

musthave

been

as

late

as

309-312,

he

broad

date

of

the

issue of

Constantine

the Great's

medallion,

rethuse

PI.

viii,

9,

and it

may

possibly

have

been

just

following

heend

of

this

period,

o

udgefrom he

presence

n the hoardof the

solidus f

Constantine,

ig.

3, which,

c-

cording

o

Maurice,

was

not

truck

efore

312-313.

(See,

however,

bove

page

6.)

Moreover,

hismedallion

s

in

fresh,

rac-

tically

mint

ondition.

Hence the

date,

303,

appears

he more

probable

when

we

compare

ts

condition

with

that of

the

medallion

f

Constantius nd

Galerius,

No.

i,

whichwas

certainly

truck

n

293,

and is by farthemostwornof all the

medallions

ere

described.

Of

those till

in

Arras,

only

the medallion

f

Diocle-

tianus,

Arethuse,

PI.

viii,

3,

shows

a

AND

MONOGRAPHS



40/48

32

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

similar

degree

of wear. Of

course

too

much tress annotbe laid on theargu-

ment

s

to

condition

n

relation o

me-

dallions,

or

these

ommemorative

ieces

probably

were

very

seldom

circulated.

Nevertheless,

his

difference

f

condition

would

nclineus to

place

the

medallion

of

the

tetrarchy

n the

year

of

the dual

anniversary

f

the

Augusti

and

the

Caesars

rather han

n

that

f

theforma-

tion of

the

tetrarchy.

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



41/48

ARRAS

HOARD

33

NOTES

1

Medallion,

o.

i, may

ossibly

ot

elong

to the

hoard.

t

is

somewhatore

orn

han

the

other

medallions,

nd has

not the

dis-

colorationf

he

old

eculiar

othe

medallions

and

urei f

this

ind. t is from

he

mint f

Rome,

hilemost

fthe

ther

edallionsear-

ing

a

mint-mark

re

from

he Trêves

mint.

There

s,

however,

neother

medallion

n

the

hoard, hich,hough ithoutmint-marks,

according

o its

style,

robably

lso fromhe

Roman

mint,

rethuse

PI.

viii, 3. Hence,

the mint-mark

lonedoes

not constituten

objection

o

the nclusionf

No.

1

in

the

hoard.

Also,

t was

brought

o this

ountry

with ther

medallionsrom rras.

2

Cf.

N

vilie at.

XI,

PI.

38,

977

3

Jaarboek oor Munt

n

Penningkunde

19

3, llus.,

.

80.

4

Thenumberf urei

s

conjectured

ohave

been

pwards

f

three

undred.

bout

ighty

of them

elonging

o the

period,

iocletianus

to ConstantineheGreat, ppearedn the

Ratto ale

Cat.,

April,

923 Nos.

375

if).

About

30

aureiwere een t Arras

y

the

writer,

f

which

7

were f

the

period

f the

Antonines.

AND

MONOGRAPHS



42/48

34

FOUR MEDALLIONS

5

t

is

equally

easonableo

suppose

hat

thehoardwascontained

n

the wovases

ep-

arately,or t was madeup oftwodistinct

lots,

n earlier ot

of

aurei

ranging

rom

Hadrianuso

Caracalla,

nda later ot

rang-

ing

rom iocletianuso

Constantine

he

Great.

6

Cohen, 12;

Maurice,

um.

Constant.

,

p. 399,

X.

7

Ratto ale

Cat.,

April, 923.

No.

447.

8

Cohen, 56

Maurice,

,

p.

401,

xiv.

»Now

Jameson

oll.,

at.

ll,

No.

476.

10

Rev.Num.

906.

Il

J.

Maurice,

ev.Num.

904, .

74.

1-

Gnecchi,

ed.

Rom.

I.

5,

1

Cohen,

3.

13

ohen,.320,

No.2.

14 ohen,.321,No. 1.

ISCrispus

as born

n

300,

nd

Constan-

tius

I in

317.

According

o

Maurice,

on-

stantine,

r.

was born

n

314.

{Num.

onst.

iii,

p. 190.)

18

he medallionf

Constantine,

rethuse,

PI.

viii,9,

is

probably

lso to be

reckoned

as a denio

f he olidus

tandard,

s its

weight,

40.72 gr., though

omewhat

ight,

eems o

class t

as a

ten

solidi

iece.

17

Gnecchi,

ed.Rom.

I.

5,

1

Cohen,3,

Florence.

18Gnecchi,I. 5,2,Berlin.

1»

Gnecchi,

I.

5, 7:

not

n

Cohen, udapest.

20

ohen,

.

419, 8

and

p.

498,

7.

21

Cf.

Jameson

at.

I,

Pl.

xiv,

Nos.

309,

3

1

for hese

ypes

f

urei.

NUMISMATIC

NOTES



43/48

ARRAS

HOARD

35

22

ts

obverse,

ead of

Maximianus

er-

culius

n

the

ion's

calp

s of

the

ame

ie s

thatof anothermedallionf thisEmperor,

also

fromhe

O-Szöny ind,

ith

ifferent

e-

verse

ype

Num.

eit.

891,

l.

IV, 3, 4)

and

this

atter

everse

ppears

n a

third

edallion

of

Herculius

romhe

ame

ind,

ith he

n-

scription

irtuti

ugg.

V.

et

IUI cos.

ibid.

PI.

viii,

1)

which

roves

hat

ll three

were

struck

n

293,year

f the

fifth

onsulship

f

Diocletianus

ndthe

fourth

f Maximianus.

23

f.

also

W.

Kubitschek,

er

Schatzfund

von

Arras,

um.

eit.

1924,

.

86 ff.

24

J.

Maurice,

ev.

Num.

904,

.

72.

Cf. further,he article y Col. Voetter,

Herculi nd

ovi,

Num. eit.

1901,

or oins

of the

members

f the

etrarchy

n whichhe

Jovian

nd

Herculian

itles nd

ymbols

ccur.

A series

rom he

Romanmint

ears

n

the

exergue

he

following

Diocletianus,

-

thunderbolt

Maximianus,

-club

Chlorus,

-

club;

Galerius,

-thunderbolt.

gold

medal-

lion

formerly

n

the

Paris abinet

adas

re-

verse,

ovio

et

Herculio,

ith he two

Em-

perors,

iocletianus

nd

Maximianus,

acri-

ficing

t

a

tripod,

nd,

above,

Jupiter

nd

Hercules

n an

altar,

olding,

espectively,

thunderboltnda club. A bronzemedallion

(Cohen,

.

481,

No.

41)

bears he confront-

ing

busts

of

Diocletianus

nd

Maximianus,

and

on the

reverse,

oneta

ovi ct Herculi

Augustorum

uorum,

ith

figure

f

Moneta

AND

MONOGRAPHS



44/48

36

FOUR

MEDALLIONS

between

upiter

nd Hercules.

Constantius

and

Galerius,

s

Caesars

each ssued n iden-

ticalreverseype,heEmperornhorseback

(Cohen,

06

and

215)

with

espective

nscrip-

tions,

irtus

er

uli

Caesarisnd

Virtus

ovi

Caes ris.

25

Gnecchi,

ed.

Rom.,

is.

50,2,

3;

61,

3;

63,2,

9; 89,

2-

; 108,

; 109,

.

2C

aterbronze

medallions

epeat

his

ype

with

different

nscription,

uch s

Saeculum

NovumLudi

Saecularcs,

hilip,

r.,

Gnecchi,

PI.

108,

;

Philip,

r.,

Gnecchi,

I.

109,

.

27

ommemorated

n an aureus

rom he

hoard, atto,

o.

391.

28

f.

he

ype

fthe

wo

mperors,

iocle-

tianusndMaximianuserculius,acrificingt

an

altar,

ith

otis

and

Votis

cccnnalibus

on mall

ronze

ssues

f

hese

mperors,

.

p.

475,

32,

nd

p.

562,

68.

29

A small

bronze

f

Galerius,

s

Caesar,

C.

235,

with

he

nscription

otis

X

has,

s

reverse,

he

raditional

ype,

alerius,aureate,

clad

n

the

oga,

acrificing

t a

lighted

ltar,

but

heres no

corresponding

ureus ecorded

in

Cohen.

30

Also,

imilar

ypes

n

Arcthusc,

I.

viii,

6, 7.

31

Op. it. l.viii, .32Op. it. l.viii, ,3.

NUMISMATIC NOTES



45/48

Plate

I

Constantius

hlorus

Galerius Maximianus

ARRAS HOARD

MEDALLIONS



46/48

Plate

II

Constantius

hlorus

ARRAS

HOARD

MEDALLIONS



47/48

Plate

III

Constantius

hlorus

ARRAS HOARD

MEDALLIONS



48/48

Plate

IV

Medallion f the

Tetrarchy

ARRAS HOARD

MEDALLIONS

Documents

Four medallions from the Arras hoard / by Agnes Baldwin