Foundations Period Review: What are the key developments that define this

period?

1. TRADE evolves from simple barter system to long distance trade (Silk Roads, Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea trade).

2. NEOLITHIC TRANSITION marks the shift from hunting/gathering to agriculture.

3. MORE FOOD = MORE PEOPLE: settled life leads to new gender roles and responsibilities, women lose status

4. MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS develop at this time: Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Christianity and Judaism.

5. SEDENTARY LIFE = complex political, economic and social organization, arts, architecture and literature and development of EMPIRES (Han, Roman, Gupta)

600-1450 CE: What are the key developments that

define this period?

2. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS: magnetic compass, ship-building technology, gunpowder, printing press, paper money

3. POPULATION MOVEMENT: cultural contact increased: Nomadic groups with settled peoples

4. ISLAM (with Christianity and Buddhism) preach equality of all believers: missionary efforts

5. CULTURAL IDENTITES SOLIDIFIED: Church/Christianity as unifying force in Western Europe, spread of Buddhism and Islam create a new cultural world (broad based), dar-al-Islam

6. POLITICAL: centralized empires (Byzantine, Arab Caliphates, Tang/Song, Aztec/Inca) vs. decentralizd (Japan, Europe)

1. TRADE (a continuity): tremendous growth in long distance trade: addition of Trans-Saharan trade route: Pax Mongolia

1450-1750 CE: What are the key developments that define this

period?

2. POLITICAL CHANGE: improvements in navigation, business organization, adoption of weapons technology allow Europe to begin their dominance of the world

4. SOCIAL: population increased after plague, secondary status of women continues, Americas develop new social structure based on race

5. RELIGIOUS CHANGE: separation of church and state in some parts of Europe, redefinition of the role of the church, redefinition of basic tenets of religion, syncretism, belief system serves as element of stability (China)

3. POLITICAL CHANGE: new forms of control emerge: monarchy, parlimentarism BUT empire still rules, land based empires grow strong (Spain, Portugal, British) (Qing, Mughal, Ottoman). Emergence of the nation-state.

1. GLOBALIZATION: trade becomes truly global with the inclusion of the Americas: The Columbian Exchange

1750-1914 CE: What are the key developments that define this

period?

2. Economic GLOBALIZATION: mechanization and industrialization, free enterprise, global interdependence, search for raw materials and establishment of colonies

3. POLITICAL CHANGE: becomes increasingly more centralized and sophisticated, NATION STATES, China and Japan are drawn into the world market

5. SOCIAL CHANGE: industrialization changes everything: pace of life, structure of the family, emergence of the middle class, emancipation of slaves and women

4. POLITICAL CHANGE: Revolutions around the world establish independence from colonial rule; seek greater representation of the people in government

1. REVOLUTION, NATIONALISM, INDUSTRIALIZATION, IMPERIALISM and EMANCIPATION

C 28: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Political Revolutions: in the Americas, France and Haiti (Atlantic Revolutions)Intellectual Revolutions: emergence of conservatism and liberalismSocial Revolutions: changes ideals concerning the roles of women and slavery

Nationalism and the creation of Nations

What role does the Enlightenment play here?

John Locke

Rousseau

Voltaire

Divine Right of Kings?Mandate of heaven?Popular sovereignty?

What is a: War for Independence? Coup d’etat? Revolution?

Key Moments in the History of Atlantic Revolutions

1776 American Declaration of Independence1783 British recognition of American Independence1787 United States Constitution1780s Tupac Amaru revolt in Peru1789 Outbreak of the French Revolution1791-1804 Haitian Revolution1793-1794 French Terror, execution of Louis XVI1799 Napoleon’s Rise to Power1810-1811 High point of Napoleon’s empire1810-1813 Hidalgo-Morales rebellion in Mexico1810-1825 Wars of Spanish American Independence1815 Final Defeat of Napoleon1822 Independence of Brazil from Portugal

Phase One (Incubation)• Class Antagonism• Government Inefficiency• Inept Ruler• Intellectual Transfer of Loyalty• Failure of Force

Phase Two (Symptoms)• Financial Breakdown• Government Protests Increase• Dramatic Events• Moderates Attain Power• Honeymoon Period

Phase Four (Convalescence)• Slow, Uneven Return to Quieter Times• Rule by a Tyrant• Radicals Repressed• Moderates Gain Amnesty• Aggressive Nationalism

Phase Three (Crisis)• Radicals Take Control• Moderates Driven From Power• Civil War• Foreign War• Centralization of Power in a Revolutionary Council Dominated by a Strong Man

American Revolution1775-1781

Victory=•Ability of colonists to enlisthelp of France•Revolutionaries werepersistent and had a historyof relative autonomy•Participation of Francealso escalated the war forthe British: better to signpeace treaty…

British lose in spite of:•Strong central government•Navy/ Army•Loyalist population

“We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit ofhappiness.”

- American Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776

UNRESOLVED: relations with Native Americans? Relations with Canada and Mexico? Slavery?Women? Distribution of western lands? Post war economic depression? Shays Rebellion 1786-1787?

Outcome of American Revolution:Colonies created a federal republicWith 13 colonies and a written Constitution that guarantees amongother things: freedom of speech andFreedom of religion, Separation ofPowers, Federalist system, checks and balances, some LIMITED voting rights

Abigail Adams, in letter to her husband John Adams,who served in the Second Continental Congress:

“ Remember the Ladies, and be more generous andfavourable to them then your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited powers into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could.

If particular care… is not paid toThe Ladies, we are determined to foment a Rebellion.”

- March 31,1776

First Estate: 100,000Clergy

Second Estate: 400,000 Nobility2% of the populationOwn 30% of the land

Ancien Regime

Third Estate: 24 millionserfsmerchantsfree peasantsskilled workers

bourgeoisie

Each estate has ONE vote in the Estates General(founded 1303, not met since 1614)

Background…

King Louis XVI needs money! $$$$$$$

½ of French royal revenue went to payoff national debt- ¼ more supported Military- No National Bank to provide Loans- No efficient system of tax collectionSo…….

Socio-Economic Data, Socio-Economic Data, 17891789

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

The The Urban Urban PoorPoor

July 1789June 1789: National AssemblyRepudiation of ancien regime

1793

October 1789

1791National ConventionSeptember1792Sans-Culotte

"I forgive those who are guilty of my death“King Louis XVI

1793-1794Reign of TerrorCult of Reason

November1799

40,000Killed300,000Imprisoned

radicalism

The Great Fear

August 1789

WAR withAustriaPrussia

Reforms of the National Assembly: set up a limited monarchy(ie: constitutional monarchy)

Political: proclaimed all male citizens equal before the lawlimited the power of the monarchyestablished the Legislative Assembly to make lawsGranted all tax-paying male citizens the right to

elect members of the Legislative Assembly----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Social/Economic: abolished special privileges of the nobility

announced an end to feudalismcalled for taxes to be levied according to ability to payabolished guilds and forbade labor unionscompensated nobles for lands seized by peasants

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Religious: declared freedom of religion

took over and sold Church landsplaced the French Catholic Church under control of state,

ended papal authorityprovided that bishops and priests be elected and

receive government salaries

The Declaration of The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Rights of Man and

of the Citizenof the CitizenAugust 26, August 26,

17891789V Liberty!Liberty!

V Property!Property!

V Resistance to Resistance to oppression!oppression!

V Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at was in Paris at this time.this time.

The Festival of Supreme BeingThe Festival of Supreme Being

A new secular holidayA new secular holiday

The “Cultural Revolution”The “Cultural Revolution”Brought About by the ConventionBrought About by the Convention

It was premised upon Enlightenment It was premised upon Enlightenment principles of rationality.principles of rationality.

The metric system of weights and The metric system of weights and measuresmeasures

Was defined by the French Academy of Was defined by the French Academy of Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.

It replaced weights and measures that It replaced weights and measures that had their origins in the Middle Ages.had their origins in the Middle Ages.

The abolition of slavery within France in The abolition of slavery within France in 1791 and throughout the French colonies 1791 and throughout the French colonies in 1794.in 1794.

The Convention legalized divorce and The Convention legalized divorce and enacted shared inheritance laws [even enacted shared inheritance laws [even for illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to for illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to eradicate inequalities.eradicate inequalities.

Napoleon’s Empire in 1812

•Successful young general•Austria 1797•Egypt 1798 (threaten BR control of Red Sea)• eliminates HRE•Invited to join Directory• 11/1799 staged a coup d’etat and took over Directory•Emperor 1804•Spain/Portugal 1807•Napoleonic Code/ Concordat

1807

Limits freedom of speech/ censored the press/ established a secret police/ propagandaPost 1812- Empire unravels: 600,000 into Russia/defeated by Russian winterNapoleon abdicated the throne: 1814 : sent to ElbaEscaped from Elba to serve another 100 daysFinally sent to St. Helena: died 1821

Conservatism VS. Liberalism??

Edmund Burke:Society is organicand must be protected from change

John S. Mill:Change is goodChange can bring aboutideals of Enlightenment:Equality, freedomSuffrage

William Wilburforce 1807: end of British slave tradeFollowed by: US 1808, FR 1814, Netherlands 1817, Spain 1845

Abolition of Slavery: GB 1833, FR 1848, US 1865, Cuba 1886, Brazil 1888 Does Political and Economic Freedom

=Equality??

Why if all men are born free, are all

women born slaves?

Remember the Ladies!

Cultural: ( German Volk, Brothers Grimm)Political: (Unification, Independence Movements)Potential Conflicts??

Giuseppe Mazzini 1805-1872: “Young Italy”

Nationalists distrust Indigenous minorities

Pogroms 1881?Theodor Herzl 1897?

Palestine

Congress of Vienna: 1814-1815 those who defeated Napoleon

• conservative political leaders (FR, GB, Austria, Russia, Prussia) believed nationalism and popular sovereignty undermined stability, would inspire further revolutions (Klemens von Metternich: Austria)• sought now to restore the ancien regime/ restore “legitimate rulers” in Europe• wanted to suppress national consciousness (clear threat to these multinational empires)• censored the press• secret police and spies• restore the BALANCE OF POWER

Why did the goals of the Congress of Vienna

ultimately fail?

Europe in 1812Europe in 1812

Europe after the Congress of Vienna 1815

Europe after the Congress of Vienna 1815

Independence Movements:Balkans 1820s: led to Greek independence from Ottoman Empire in 1830Europe: Belgium, Poland in 1830s (Belgium independent, Poland absorbed by Russia) 1848 Nationalist Uprisings : attempt to limit the monarchy:

Italy, Prussia and the German states…ultimately put down

The Unification of Italy and Germany: political leaders + nationalist aspirations

Mazzini unable to oust foreign rule (Spain, Austria) THENCamilio di Cavour (N), (Realpolitick monarchist)King Victor Emmanuele IIGuiseppe Garibaldi (S) = independent Italy 1871

(Chancellor) Otto von Bismarck: “Realpolitick”: (What does my state need and how can I get it?)Ends Justifies the Means =Blood and IronBuild Army, Provoke WAR withDenmark, Austria, France1871: Prussian King William I =Kaiser of the (Second Reich)

Enlightenment

??????

Revolution in Haiti: 1804

Toussaint L’Overture

European European Empires: Empires:

1660s1660s

C 30:Latin America Revolutions INSPIRATION FOR REVOLUTION:Enlightenment

(Liberty, No Divine Right, Popular Sovereignty, Equality)

Peninsulares Vs. CreolesAmerican/ French Revolutions

Napoleonic Wars

Napoleon on the Move Creates

Opportunity

Latin American Latin American IndependenceIndependence

MEXICO 1810: Miguel de Hidalgo

(peasant/ priest) 1821: dictatorship

(free from Spain) 1822: republic

1830s: Southern Mexico independent states

------------- 1855 La Reforma: Benito

Juarez(Zapotec, land reform,

universal male suffrage, freedom of speech,

limit power of church,Suspend loan payment to foreign

powers=Cinco de Mayo)

Mexican Revolution (1911-1920)

Emiliano Zapata Pancho Villa

(class conflict over land)

Constitution 1917Land distribution, universal suffrage,

State supported education, labor reform,Restriction on foreign ownership of Mexican

property)

OVERVIEW

Emiliano Zapata

Viva La Revolution!

Francisco “Pancho” Villa

The Mexican Revolution 1911The Mexican Revolution 1911 (After death of Juarez) = Porifiro

Diaz: 1910 Porfirio Diaz ran for re-election: Peasants and landowners united in protest

= Francisco Madero inspired Mexican Revolution and became first democratic president of Mexico, 1911

US recognizes Madero government

Victoriano Huerta (Diaz nephew) seized control of Mexico and put Madero in prison where he was murdered

Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata fought against Huerta but were not united in their opposition

Carranza eventually elected president in 1917

Porifirio Diaz

Francisco Madero

South America 1790 South America 1828

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)

Latin America: After the Revolutions

Wars disrupted tradeWars devastated the countryside

and agrarian economyCaudillos gained power

Geographic barriers to unityPreservation of social hierarchy

Economic dependencyCivil Wars brought more poverty

Inability to effectively industrializeChanges in Power: Coup d’etat Brazil:

•1807 Napoleon invades PortugalRoyal family flees to Brazil

• 1821 Pedro I set up independent Kingdom when father returned to Portugal

Pedro II assumed full power

The Missouri Compromise 1820

Alabama admittedTo Union as slave state, Dec 1819

War With Mexico 1846-1848

Annexation of Texas was considered “equivalent to a declaration of war against the Mexican Republic.”

February 1848 = Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo• Mexico gave up all claims to TX•Surrendered huge territory (Mexican Cession)• US agreed to pay Mexico $15 million for land•Size of the nation grows by 1/3

The Compromise of 1850

Who Won the Compromise of 1850: The North or the South?

Violence in the Senate May 1856: Senator Charles Sumner and Congressmen Preston Brooks

Fort Sumter, SCApril 12-14, 1861

Lee withdraws to Richmond in April 1865Lee asks for terms of surrenderApril 9, 1865= Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, VATerms= Confederate officers keep weapons, soldiers are fed and allowed to keep their horses and mules, no one tried for treason

Surrender at Appomattox:April 9, 1865

Assimilation VS

Acculturation

DRAW a person with the following features:

Head HairEyes EyebrowsNose and MouthEars NeckShirtArms and HandsPants ShoesPocket and Pattern on ShirtPattern on PantsBeltWristwatch