Foundations of Western Civilization: Greece and Rome

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Foundations of Western Civilization: Greece and Rome. Why Start Here?. Our civilization stretches back nearly 3,000 years. If this was not the case, we would have to invent technologies and ideas over and over. We benefit from the works of countless ancestors. DO NOW!. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Foundations of Western Civilization: Greece and Rome

Why Start Here?Our civilization stretches back nearly 3,000 years. If this was not the case, we would have to invent technologies and ideas over and over.We benefit from the works of countless ancestors.DO NOW!What is the difference between a myth and a legend?

MythA myth is a traditional story of gods or godlike beings. Is used to relate the worldview of a people or to explain a practice, a belief or a natural phenomenon.Is thought to contain very little truthThere are many ways to interpret or understand myths.

LegendA legend is a traditional story of ostensibly historical events and mortal or semi-divine heroes, often interacting with gods.Many legends, like myths, reflect the social or political world view of a people Most legends were originally oral tales; their transformation into written literature often occurred several hundred years after the events they describe.

Folk Tale

Folk tales, like fairy tales, are traditional stories told usually about common people that reflect the worldview of a rural or village population.History is usually absent in these stories; they are typically set in an unspecified time and place.

A saga is a tale originally recounted orally but later preserved in written prose.We think of them as Scandinavian, but really they are common to Indo-Europeans.Is the story of Troy a saga?SagaBronze Age Greece

Migrations in the Aegean Region

Dorian Greek InvadersCame to inhabit much of mainland Greece, having driven the Achean Greeks onto the islands of the Aegean Sea. Main cities were Corinth and Sparta.Known for their fair hair and complexion.Famous heroes include:Helen of Troy (originally from Sparta)Leonidas, King of SpartaPossibly Achilles (described as being blonde)

Common Indo-European Religious HeritageThe term for "a god" was deiwosLatin, deusSanskrit, deva Persian, divs Welsh, duw Irish, diaLithuanian, DievasLatvian, Dievs.Dyus Phatr is the god of the day-lit sky and the chief god.The name survives in Greek Zeus with a vocative form Zeu pater (pater = father)Latin Jpiter *Perkwunos, known as "the striker, or the thunderer, is known as Slavic Perun, and Norse Thor.*H2eus(os), is believed to have been the goddess of dawn,[9] Greek Eos, in Rome as Aurora, Gallic Esus, a god of hearths; Greek, Hestia, goddess of the hearth; Latin Vesta, goddess of the hearth; possibly also in Germanic mythology as ostreCommon TrendsThey believed in living life to the fullest, because death was going to happen whether you wanted it to or not.The only response to death was to make a mark on the world. Become a legend.This is in sharp contrast to Christian beliefs, which stressed rewards in the next life. ZeusKilled his own father (who deserved it)Zeus is the father of Hercules and many other gods (see later slide).He is the most powerful of the Gods.He appears in many stories.Unfaithful.

All of Zeus childrenZeus had eight children on OlympusThe twins: Apollo and ArtemisAthena (born fully armored out of Zeuss head when he had a bad headache)HephaestusHermesAresDionysusAphrodite (adopted)

Wife of ZeusGoddess of marriage, protector of childbirth & heroesPortrayed as extremely jealous and vindictiveTries to kill Hercules.Hera

God of the sea, horses and earthquakesLives in a palace beneath the oceanCarries a three-pronged tridentGave people the horseMarried a sea nymph named AmphitriteLike his brother, he fathered many children.Very fond of his sister DemeterPoseidon

god of the underworld and the deadgod of wealth (owned all precious metal)Wore a cap that made him invisibleKidnapped Persephone and made her his wifeHades

The UnderworldIs not the same thing as HELL. All people went to the Underworld when they died.Hades is NOT the devil. Hes as noble as the other gods.Charon: the boatman who would ferry people/spirits across the river Styx so they could make it to the Underworld. He wanted to get a tip, so people were buried with coins on their eyes so they could pay him.Cerberus: 3-headed dog who guards the gate.3 Levels: Tartarus: Place of pain and suffering.Asphodel Fields: Where spirits roam like shadows.Elysian Fields: Where Heroes go paradise.

Demeter means Barley-motherAnother name for her is Ceres, from the word cerealGoddess of the cornfield, mistress of planting and harvesting, lady of growing thingsShe had a son and a daughter. Her daughters name was Persephone.Her daughter was kidnapped by Hades. (reasons for the seasons)Demeter

god of light, music and poetrymost beautiful godalso the god of medicinetaught people the art of healingfine marksmancould predict the futureApollo

goddess of hunting, wild things, unmarried girls and the moonShe decided never to marryOnce when she was bathing under the moonlight a human was watching her. She threw rain drops on him and changed him into a stag. Then she had him killed by his own dogs.

Artemis

Zeus favoritegoddess of wisdom, strategy, protector of cities and civilizationsgoddess of handicrafts and artShe sprang from her fathers head fully clothed and in armor. Hephaestus, Zeus son, had to release Athena by cutting his head open with an axe.Athenagod of fireThe only ugly god, but he was peaceful, loving and popular.He walks with a limp because Zeus threw him over the palace walls one day when he took his mothers side over Zeus.Made all the Olympians thrones, armor, furniture and weaponsMarried Aphrodite

HephaestasZeus graceful, happy son by the goddess, MaiaGod of shepherds, merchants, travelers and thievesVery mischievous and trickyStole Apollos cows the day he was bornGuided the newly dead to the underworldInvented the alphabet, astronomy, scales, playing cards and card gamesZeus messengerWore winged sandals and a winged capHermes

god of warBoastful, cruel and had no mannersSon of Zeus and HeraLoved to fight, but was a coward once he got hurtWherever he went there was violence and bloodshed

Ares

god of wineZeus youngest sonHis mother, Semele, was a princess and a mortal womanHis mother was consumed by fire when she was tricked by HeraHe was saved by Hermes.Taught people the art of wine making & the consequences of too much wineDionysus

Goddess of love, beauty, and desire.Wherever she walked flowers sprang up beneath her feetshe appeared from the foam of the seaHer son is Eros (Cupid)

Aphrodite

DO NOW!Suppose that Helen of Troy was not the reason for a major war between mainland Greece and the Trojans. What other, more realistic, reasons might there have been for conflict?w Homer wGreatest of the Greek poetsLived approximately 1000 B.C.Epic poems- 1st to make stories a unified wholeSung for entertainmentStories taught Greek ideals

30Blind, traveled to towns well known, entertainment like a concert todayHomers Great EpicsThe IliadIlium- Greek for TroyStory of the Trojan War10 yearsFought over Helen of Troy

The OdysseyFollows the Trojan War10 yearsOdysseuss journey to return to GreeceA metaphor for every persons journey through life.

What were thereal & mythicalcauses of theTrojan War??The Start of it AllThree generations of misery and bloodshed started because a wedding planner failed to invite an important goddess

Peleus and Thetis WeddingPeleus was a mortal man.Thetis (mother of Achilles) was a sea nymph and the daughter of Zeus.Peleus had been on many adventures and had already been married, but things went sour when he accidentally killed his father-in-law.He saw Thetis, fell in love with her, and tried to kidnap her.She managed to fight him off with a snake until he eventually won her over.The Big Affair Peleus and Thetis WeddingWith Zeus consent, all the famous mortals, gods, and goddess attended Eris, the goddess of strife was not invitedEris was insulted and snuck into the wedding reception

A Golden AppleEris tossed a golden apple onto the dance floor.On the apple were the words, To the fairest.The golden apple was a serious party killer. Who was the most beautiful?

To the fairestWho is the fairest of them all?The competition was between:Athena Zeus daughter and a real daddys girlHera Zeus wife and Queen of the GodsAphrodite The Goddess of LoveThey asked Zeus, as the King of the Gods, to award the prize, but he was no foolThe Judgment of ParisZeus gave the task to Paris, son of Priam, the King of Troy.Zeus knew that Troy was fated to be destroyed because of an old run-in with Apollo and Poseidon.Paris was the torch to set the whole city on fire.

Paris Ill-fated ChoiceAthena offered him victory in warHera offered him power over nationsAphrodite offered him the most beautiful woman in the world

What would you choose?

Helen of TroyParis accepted Aphrodites offer He then learned that the most beautiful girl in the world was ALREADY MARRIEDShe was Helen, daughter of Leda and ZeusShe was married to Menelaus, king of Sparta

Helens father, TyndareusKnew many men would pursue HelenWas afraid conflicts or wars would be fought over herConvinced suitors to swear an oath

to always protect Helen to support her husband , whomever she chose

Helen of Troy:The Face That Launched 1000 ShipsWhatdid she look like?

The Kidnapping of HelenParis already had a wife named Oenone who warned him not to go through with the kidnappingHe didnt listenHe sailed off to Sparta to be guest at the palace of Menelaus

The Kidnapping of HelenZeus was the Protector of HospitalityKidnapping your hosts wife isnt exactly hospitableTroy is now doomed.

In Sparta, Paris either forcefully carried Helen away from Troy or he seduced her and she left with him on her ownTroy in TroubleWhen Menelaus discovered that his wife was kidnapped, he ran to his big brother Agamemnon who agreed to get wage war to get Helen backMenelaus called all Helens suitors, who were bound to help him get her back.Helen is thus known as the face that launched a thousand ships

Clever Odysseus!Odysseus tried to get out of joining Agamemnon and Menelaus in their fight for Helen by pretending to be crazy.Thetis (whose wedding started all this) tried to get her son Achilles out of fighting, too.

Now the War Can Begin!

Bronze Age Enemies: The Trojan War

Siege of Troy - lasts 10 yearsTroy high and thick walls, surrounded by plain of TroyAphrodite- sides with the TrojansAthena and Hera - side with the GreeksZeus- remains impartialAchilles kills Hector, Prince of Troy defiles body by dragging it behind his chariotParis takes revenge for brother shoots Achilles in heel, killing himGreeks create a plan- Odysseus known for strategy- Athenas favorite warriorPlan of the City of Troy

Sir Heinrich Schliemann

The Seven Layers of Ancient Troy

Homers Troy(VII)Original Wall of the City of Troy

Wall of Troy Recreated

Dome of King Priams Treasury

King Priams Treasure

Mask of Agammemnon

BrutalCombat

The Trojan Horse?

Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BC

The Rise of the Greek Polis

Athens

Naxos

Corinth

Syracuse

Larissa

EboeaSparta (forbid coinage)Rule and Order in Greek City-StatesBy 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or polis, is the formal government.A polis is a city and its surrounding villages; 50-500 square miles.Population of a city-state is often less than 10,000.Citizens gather in the marketplace and acropolisa fortified hilltopRule and Order in Greek City-StatesGreek Political StructuresCity-states have different forms of government.MonarchyTyrannyAristocracyOligarchyEarly GreekGeometrics

Phidias Acropolis

The Acropolis Today

The Parthenon

The Agora

Olympia

Science and TechnologyMathematics and PhysicsEuclidmathematician; his work Elements is the basis for courses in geometry.Archimedesscientist and mathematicianHe accurately estimated the value of pi (p).He explained the law of the lever.He invented the Archimedes screwa pump which raised water from one level to another.He invented the compound pulley for lifting objects.Philosophy and ArtStoicism and EpicureanismZeno founds Stoic school of philosophy which promoted virtuous and simple lives.Epicurus believes people should focus on what the senses perceive.Realism in SculptureColossus of RhodesHellenistic bronze sculpture over 100 feet tall.Sculptors move to non-classical, natural forms; real people.

Glorious Art and ArchitectureArchitecture and SculpturePericles builds the Parthenona large temple to honor the goddess Athena.Within temple, sculptor Phidias crafts 30 foot statue of AthenaSculptors create graceful, strong, perfectly formed figures.Classical artvalues harmony, order, balance, proportion, beauty

The Parthenon from the south.Drama and HistoryTragedy and ComedyGreeks invent drama as an art form; includes chorus, dance, poetryTwo forms of drama: tragedy and comedyTragedytells story of heroes downfall; themes of love, hate, and warComedymakes fun of politics and respected people; slapstick humorGreek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes, SophiclesHistorians Herodotus and Thucydides record and study past events

A Greek theater

Philosophers Search for TruthRise of Great PhilosophersAfter the war, thinkers emerge who are called lovers of wisdom. This is from the Greek words:phileo-to lovesophiawisdomPhilosophers believe the universe is subject to absolute and unchanging laws.People could understand these laws through logic and reason.Philosophers Search for TruthThe SophistsThe word means the wisest, so they were proud of their supposed philosophical knowledge.They claimed they could find the answers to all questions.They used rhetoric to win arguments.They often charged fees for teaching their skills and for arguing for others. They might be considered a type of lawyer of the time.Sophist philosopher Protogoras questions the existence of Greek gods.Philosophers Search for TruthSocratesHe believes in questioning and teaches through the method of questioning.He is believed to have said The unexamined life is not worth living.He is convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens and sentenced to death in 399 B.C.He dies by drinking hemlock, a slow acting poison.Philosophers Search for TruthPlatoHe is a student of Socrates.He writes The Republic, about an ideal society ruled by Philosopher-KingsHis writings dominate European philosophy for 1,500 years.Philosophers Search for TruthAristotleHe was a student of Plato.He uses rules of logic for argument.His work provides the basis for scientific method, still used today.He tutors 13-year-old prince who becomes Alexander the GreatThe Ancient Olympics:Athletes & Trainers

Olympia: Temple to Hera

The 2004 Olympics

Pericles Plan for AthensPericles as LeaderSkillful politician, inspiring speaker, respected generalDominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C.

Pericles Plan for AthensStronger DemocracyPericles hires more paid public officials; creates direct democracyDirect democracycitizens rule directly, not through representativesPericles Plan for AthensAthenian EmpireTakes over the Delian League; uses money to strengthen Athenian fleet.Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power.Glorifying AthensPericles buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to beautify Athens all with money from the Delian League without the whole leagues consent.Athens Builds a Limited DemocracyBuilding DemocracyAbout 621 B.C., democracyrule by the peopledevelops in Athens.Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code based on equality of citizens.Ruler Solon abolishes debt slavery; Cleisthenes has citizens make laws.Peloponnesian Wars

SPARTA

Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.Sparta Builds a Military StateSpartas Government and SocietySparta government has four branches: citizens elect officialsThree social classes:CitizensFree non-citizensHelots--slavesSparta Builds a Military StateA Unique City StateSparta, isolated from much of Greece, builds a military state.Sparta Dominates MesseniansAround 725 B.C., Sparta conquers MesseniaMessenians become helotspeasants forced to farm the land.Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build a stronger state.Sparta Builds a Military StateSpartan Daily LifeSpartan values: duty, strength, individuality, discipline over freedom.Sparta has the most powerful army in GreeceMales move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, serve until 60.Girls receive some military training and live hard livesGirls are also taught to value service to Sparta above all elseRole of Women in Sparta from Persian Fire by Tom HollandVisions of female flesh, oiled and tanned, glistened in the imaginings of many a Sparta-watcher. The Spartans themselves, sensitive to the mockery that labeled their daughters thigh-flashers, would retort sternly, that there was nothing shameful about female nudity, nothing immoral in the slightest. In fact, since it encouraged a sense of sobriety, and a passion for physical fitness, precisely the opposite.Role of Women in Sparta from Persian Fire by Tom HollandYet paramount though the requirements of Spartas eugenic program undoubtedly were, an aura of the erotic still clung to the training grounds nevertheless. The fertility of a future mother was best gauged, a Spartan might argue, by the glowing of her skin and the perfection of her [body]. Physical beautythe long blond hair and elegant ankles for which Spartan girls were celebratedprovided the readiest measure by which moral beauty too could be judged. An ugly daughter, inevitably, would cause her parents alarm and distress. (p. 83)Persian Wars: Famous BattlesMarathon (490 BCE)26 miles from AthensThermopylae (480 BCE)300 Spartans at the Mountain passSalamis (480 BCE)Athenian navy victoriousPersian Wars: 499 BCE 480 BCE

The Persian WarsBattle of MarathonPersian Warsbetween Greece and the Persian Empirebegin in IoniaPersian Army attacks Athens, is defeated at Marathon in 490 B.C.Pheidippides Brings NewsRunner Pheidippides races to Athens to announce Greek victory.The Persian WarsThermopylae and SalamisIn 480 B.C. Persians launch a new invasion of Greece.Greeks are divided; many stay neutral or side with Persians.Greek forces hold Thermopylae for three days before retreating.Athenians defeat Persians at sea, near island of Salamis.Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian retreat.Many city-states form Delian League and continue to fight Persians.The Persian WarsConsequences of the Persian WarsNew self-confidence in Greece due to victory.Athens emerges as leader of Delian League.Athens controls the league by using force against opponents.League members essentially become provinces of Athenian empire.Stage is set for a dazzling burst of creativity in Athens.The Persian WarsA New Kind of Army EmergesCheaper iron replaces bronze, making arms and armor cheaperLeads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from all classesPhalanxfeared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

The Breakup of Alexanders Empire

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Greats Empire

Alexander the Great356-323 B.C.E.

Alexander the Great in Persia

Building Greek Cities in the East

Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)

The Known World 3c B.C.E.

Hellenistic Culture in AlexandriaCultural BlendingResult of Alexanders Policiesa new vibrant cultureHellenistic cultureGreek blended with Egyptian, Persian, Indian cultureTrade and Cultural DiversityAlexandriaEgyptian city become the center of Hellenistic civilizationHellenistic Culture in Alexandria (cont.)Alexandrias AttractionsLighthouse, called the Pharos, stands over 350 feet tallMuseum contains art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens, dining hallLibrary holds masterpieces of ancient literature; supports scholarsScience and TechnologyAlexandrias ScholarsScholars preserve Greek and Egyptian learning in the sciencesAstronomyAstronomer Aristarchus proves sun is larger than EarthProposes planets revolve around sun; not accepted for 14 centuriesEratosthenes uses geometry to calculate Earths circumferencePhilip Builds Macedonian PowerMacedoniaMacedoniaKingdom of mountain villages north of GreeceKing Philip IIruler, brilliant general; dreams of controlling GreeceMacedonians call themselves Greek; rest of Greece does notPhilips ArmyPhilip creates well-trained professional army; plans to invade GreecePhilip Builds Macedonian PowerConquest of GreeceIt was easy because more than one Greek city felt ambivalent about fighting back. (Bauer, p. 579)Some Greek cities invited Philip to invadeAthens asked Sparta for help against invasion, but Sparta declinedAt the Battle of Chaeronea one thousand Athenians were killed.338 B.C. Macedonians defeat GreecePhilip Builds Macedonian Power (cont.)After the Battle of Chaeronea, Philip changes his strategy and treats Athens with great respect, releasing Athenian prisoners of war.As a result the Athenians then chose to pretend that Philip was now a friend of Athens. (Bauer, p. 580)Philip makes a speech at Corinth suggesting Greek submission to his kingship would be good for Greece.The Corinthian League is formed, led by King Philip, with the intent of attacking the Persians.Murder of PhilipPhilip married again, for a fifth time, a Macedonian woman.His son Alexander was legitimate, but half Greek. This marriage gave Attalus, one of Philips generals, occasion to call into question the legitimacy of a half-Greek prince inheriting the Macedonian throne.

Murder of Philip (cont.)Greek historian Diodorus tells us that Philip was killed by his ex-lover Pausonius (who was one of his guards) because Philip rejected him.Some suspect, however, that Alexander was behind the murder.The 2004 film Alexander directed by Oliver Stone puts the lays the blame at the feet of Olympias, Alexanders mother so that her own son would become king and there would be no full-blood Macedonian heir. The film depicts Alexander was an innocent bystander.This occurs in 336 B.C.His son named king of Macedonia and becomes Alexander the Great

Alexander Defeats PersiaAlexanders Early LifeTutored by AristotleInspired by the IliadMilitary trainingBecomes king when 20 years oldDestroys Thebes to curb rebellionAlexander Defeats PersiaInvasion of Persia334 B.C. Alexander invades Persia with a quick victory at Granicus River.Darius III, King of Persia, assembles an army of 50,000-75,000 men.Alexander defeats Persians again, forces King of Persia to flee.Alexander Defeats PersiaConquering the Persian EmpireAlexander marches into Egypt and is crowned Pharaoh in 332 B.C.At Gaugamela in Mesopotamia, Alexander defeats the Persians again.Alexander captures cities of Babylon, Susa, and PersepolisPersepolis, the Persian capitol is burned to the ground.Ashes of Persepolis signal total destruction of the Persian EmpireAlexanders Other ConquestsAlexander in IndiaAlexander fights his way across the deserts of Central Asia to IndiaAlexander conquers Indus Valley area in 326 B.C.Reluctantly returns to Babylon and dies in 323 B.C.Alexanders LegacyAlexander melds Greek and Persian cultures.He takes a Persian wife.Empire becomes three kingdomsMacedonia, Greek city-statesEgyptOld Persia, also known as the Seleucid kingdom