Foundation of Hypothesis · Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis • Guarantees that available tools and techniques will be effectively used for the purpose of verification. • Takes

Foundation of Foundation of HypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesis

Dr. Eko Pujiyanto , S.Si., M.T.

Jurusan Teknik Industri - Universitas Sebelas Maret

CotentsCotents• Introduction

• Definitions Of Hypothesis

• Assumption, Postulate and Hypothesis

• Nature of Hypothesis

• Functions of Hypothesis

• Importance of a Hypothesis

• Kinds of Hypothesis• Kinds of Hypothesis

• The Three Steps to Writing a Good Hypothesis

• Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

• Variables in a Hypothesis

• Sources of Hypothesis

• Hypothesis v.s. Thesis

• Contoh Hipotesis

• References


IntroductionIntroduction


IntroductionIntroduction• The second step in the research process

of social study is to formulate hypothesis.

• The hypothesis is a tentative solution of a problem. a problem.

• The research activities are planned to verify the hypothesis and not to find out the solution of the problem or to seek an answer of a question.


• It is very essential to a research

• worker to understand the meaning and nature of hypothesis.

• The researcher always plan or

IntroductionIntroduction

• The researcher always plan or formulate a hypothesis in the beginingof the problem.


Meaning Of HypothesisMeaning Of Hypothesis

• Hypo + thesis = Hypothesis

• ‘Hypo’ means tentative or subject to the verification

• ‘Thesis’ means statement about solutionof a problem.


Definitions Of HypothesisDefinitions Of Hypothesis

• “ An idea or theory that is not proven but that leads to further study or discussion “ – Merriam-Webster Dictionaries Dictionaries

• “It is a tentative supposition or provisional guess which seems to explain the situation under observation.” –James E. Greighton


Assumption, Postulate and HypothesisAssumption, Postulate and Hypothesis

• Assumption: Assumption means taking things for granted so that the situation is simplified for logical procedure.

• Postulate: Postulates are the working beliefs of most scientific activity.of most scientific activity.

• Hypothesis: A hypothesis is different from both of these. It is the presumptive statement of a proposition which the investigator seeks to prove.


Nature of HypothesisNature of Hypothesis

• It is conceptual in nature

• It is a verbal statement in a declarative form.

• It has the empirical referent. • It has the empirical referent.

• It has a forward or future reference.

• It is the pivot of a scientific research.


Functions of HypothesisFunctions of Hypothesis

• It is a temporary solution of a problem concerning with some truth which enables an investigator to start his research work.

• It offers a basis in establishing the • It offers a basis in establishing the specifics what to study for and may provide possible solutions to the problem.

• Each hypothesis may lead to formulate another hypothesis.


Functions of HypothesisFunctions of Hypothesis

• A preliminary hypothesis may take the shape of final hypothesis.

• Each hypothesis provides the investigator with definite statement which may be with definite statement which may be objectively tested and accepted or rejected and leads for interpreting results and drawing conclusions that is related to original purpose.


Importance of a HypothesisImportance of a Hypothesis

• Hypothesis as the Investigator’s“Eyes”

• It Focuses Research

• It Places Clear and Specific Goals

• It Links Together• It Links Together

• It Prevents Blind Research

• As a Sort of Guiding Light


Kinds of HypothesisKinds of Hypothesis

• Question form of Hypothesis

– Is there a significant interaction effect of schedule of reinforcement and extroversion on learning outcomes?

• Declarative Statement• Declarative Statement

– There is significant interaction effect of schedule of reinforcement and extroversion on learning outcomes



• Directional Hypothesis

– Extrovert learns better through intermittent schedule of reinforcement whereas introvert learns through continuous schedule of reinforcement.reinforcement.

• Non-Directional Hypothesis

– H0 : There is no significant interaction effect of schedule of reinforcement and extroversion on learning outcomes.



• Non-Directional Hypothesis– This form null hypothesis is a statistical

hypothesis which is testable within the framework of probability theory.

– A null hypothesis accepted is tentatively to stating – A null hypothesis accepted is tentatively to stating that on the basis of evidence tested it could be that there is no difference.

– If the null hypothesis is rejected, there is a difference but we do not know the alternative or the differences



• General hypothesis is second step and null hypothesis is the fifth step of research process.

• Null hypothesis provides the basis of accepting or rejecting the general hypothesis.accepting or rejecting the general hypothesis.

• Null Hypothesisis a statistical hypothesis which is used in analysing the data.

• It assumes that observed difference is attributable by sampling error and true difference is zero.


The Three Steps to Writing a Good Hypothesis



1. The general hypothesis states the general relationship between the major variables.

2. The directional hypothesis refines the general hypothesis by stating the direction of the difference or relationship.of the difference or relationship.

3. The measurable hypothesis finalizes the direction in more specific terms and uses the correct If...then...because format.



• Example : Anne has noticed that 8th grade girls seem to get better grades on organizational skills tests such as notebook quizzes.

• Anne writes a general hypothesis which • Anne writes a general hypothesis which states:

"Boys and girls receive different grades on organizational skills tests.“



• Anne later writes a directional hypothesiswhich states:

"Girls get better grades than boys on tests of organizational abilities."

( This hypothesis is not measurable in its current form )



• Anne finally writes a measurable hypothesis in the correct "If eighth grades girls take written quizzes, then they will receive significantly higher grades than eighth grade boys because grades than eighth grade boys because eighth grade girls have better writing skills."

– The difference in scores on written quizzes between 8th grade boys and 8th grade girls.

– You should also see that the hypothesis is specific to 8th graders.


Characteristics of a Good Characteristics of a Good HypothesisHypothesis

• In agreement with the observed facts.

• Does not conflict with any law of nature

• Stated in the simplest possible term.

• Permits of the application of deductive • Permits of the application of deductive reasoning which is known to be true.

• Shows very clear verbalization

• Ensures that the methods of verification are under control of the investigator.


Characteristics of a Good Characteristics of a Good HypothesisHypothesis

• Guarantees that available tools and techniques will be effectively used for the purpose of verification.

• Takes into account the different types controls which are to be exercised for the controls which are to be exercised for the purpose of verification.

• Ensures that the sample is readily approachable.

• Indicates clearly the role of different variables involved in the study.


Variables in a HypothesisVariables in a Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is made testable by providing operational definitions for the terms or variables of the hypothesis.

• For a testable hypothesis there are two important things :important things :

1. Variables, and

2. Operational definitions.


Variables in a HypothesisVariables in a Hypothesis


Sources of HypothesisSources of Hypothesis• Specialization of an educational field.

• Programme of reading: Pubished studies, abstracts reearch journals. Hand books, seminars on the issue, current trends on the research area.

• Instructional programmes pursuaded.• Instructional programmes pursuaded.

• Analyse of the area studied.

• Considering existing practices and needs.

• Extension of the investigation.

• Offshoots of research studies in the field.


Hypothesis Hypothesis v.sv.s. Thesis. Thesis• A hypothesis is a statement that can be proved or

disproved. It is typically used in quantitative research and predicts the relationship between variables.

• A thesis statement is a short, direct sentence that • A thesis statement is a short, direct sentence that summarizes the main point or claim of an essay or research paper. It is seen in quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. A thesis statement is developed, supported, and explained in the body of the essay or research report by means of examples and evidence.


ContohContoh HipotesisHipotesis ( S1 )( S1 )

• Pernyataan "Jika-Maka“Jika pegawai mengalami tekanan dalam bekerja yang lebih rendah, maka mereka akan memperolehkepuasan kerja yang lebih tinggi.

• Hipotesis Non dan AlternatifH0 = Tidak ada pengaruh signifikan kenaikan gajiH0 = Tidak ada pengaruh signifikan kenaikan gajiterhadap kinerja pegawai

H1 = Ada pengaruh signifikan kenaikan gaji terhadapkinerja pegawai

• Hipotesa Directional dan NondirectionalAda hubungan langsung variabel gaya kepemimpinandengan ketidakpastian lingkungan bisnis.



Hypothesis to Thesis No. 3

It can be elaborated a cost calculation model that is adaptable to the practical circumstances and is suitable to determine the total cost balance of the design and launching process with taking the risks and interactions launching process with taking the risks and interactions into consideration when some resources, being for certain elements at disposal, are omitted or taken into account only on limited level.



Thesis No. 3

A cost calculation method was elaborated on basis of several functions (estimations) that is suitable to determine the expectable economic results for various design strategies. This model respects the sources design strategies. This model respects the sources being at disposal for the individual elements of the design process, the risks and interactions of cases when certain elements are omitted or used only on reduced level. This calculation model is suitable to be reparatory operation for strategic decisions before performing the design process itself.



Berdasarkan teori-teori dan premis-premis di atas, untuk menjawab sementara masalah-masalah penelitian maka dirumuskan hipotesis sebagai berikut:

1. Proses sintesis gipsum lokal menjadi serbuk 1. Proses sintesis gipsum lokal menjadi serbuk HAg dapat dilakukan.

2. Karakteristik kimia, fisis dan sitotoksisitas secara in vitro serbuk HAg diketahui dan mempunyai karakteristik yang mirip dengan HAk.



3. Karakteristik proses deposisi serbuk dansintering untuk memproduksi bone graftsintetis yang berfungsi sebagai scaffold(scaffold sintetis) diketahui.

4. Karakteristik kimia, porositas, kekuatan 4. Karakteristik kimia, porositas, kekuatan tekan dan sifat sitotoksisitas secara in vitrobone graft sintetis yang berfungsi sebagai scaffold (scaffold sintetis) diketahui danmemenuhi sebagian karakteristik scaffold.


ReferencesReferences

• Singh, Y.K., 2006, Fundamentals of Research Methodology and Statistics, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. [ Chapter 4 Foundation of Hypotheses ]

• http://iqa.evergreenps.org/science/resources/hypoth• http://iqa.evergreenps.org/science/resources/hypotheses/3-step-hypothesis-writing.html

• http://ikhwan-perbaungan.blogspot.com/2014/01/ contoh-hipotesis-penelitian-rumusan.html

• http://doktori.nyme.hu/237/3/angol.pdf


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Foundation of Hypothesis · Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis • Guarantees that available tools and techniques will be effectively used for the purpose of verification. • Takes