Fotos de la WWI

8/12/2019 Fotos de la WWI

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Battles andBattles and

OutcomesOutcomes

WWIWWI


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Wars Beginnings

WWI was a total war or aconflict where the countries

involved in the war each use all

of their efforts and resources topower the war effort.

Czar Nicholas II led Russia.

King George V led GreatBritain.

Woodrow Wilson led theUnited States.

Kaiser Wilhelm II ledGermany.

Raymond Poincar led

France. Peter I was the leader ofSerbia.

Franz Josef led Austria-Hungary.

Mehmed V led the Ottomanempire.


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Fighting

the fighting took place on

two separate fronts.

the western front was

where Germany was upagainst France.

on the eastern front theCentral powers facedSerbia and Russia.

During the war resourceswere needed to fund thewar effort so peoplerationed or limited theamount of resources they

would use.

during a conflict an

agreement can be made tostop fighting in order to

begin peace negotiations.This is called an armistice.


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Battle of Verdun the longest and one of the bloodiest engagements

of World War I. February 1916 December 1916

Two million men were engaged. The intention of the Germans had been a battle of

attrition in which they hoped to bleed the French

army white. In the end, they sustained almost as manycasualties as the French; an estimated 328,000 tothe French 348,000.

The area around Verdun contained twenty majorforts and forty smaller ones that had historicallyprotected the eastern border of France and hadbeen modernized in the early years of the

Twentieth Century.


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Map 31.1: Major U.S. Operations in France, 1918


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Trench Warfare Trench Warfare was a

form of field fortification,consisting of parallel rowsof trenches. During WorldWar 1 trenches had

begun to appear by late1914. On the westernfront, trenches ran fromthe Belgium border to the

Swiss Border, and theysoon became home tomillions of soldiers.


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The Battles of the Marne, 1914,

1918 On September 4, 1914, the rapid advances of the German army

through Belgium and northern France caused panic in the Frencharmy and troops were rushed from Paris in taxis to halt the advance.Combined with the BEF (British Expeditionary Force) the Germanswere eventually halted and the War settled into the familiardefensive series of entrenchment's.

Ironically, by the end of May, 1918, the Germans had again reachedthe Marne after the enormous successes of Ludendorff's offensivesof that year. The intervening four years had cost hundreds ofthousands of lives and the armies were still, literally, exactly where

they had started.


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The Battles of Ypres, 1914, 1915,

1917 There were in fact three battles fought

around the Ypres salient during the War.The first, in 1914 was an attempt by the BEFto halt the rapid advances made by the

Germans. The second, in 1915, was notable

for the first use of poison gas by the

Germans. However, it is the long-plannedoffensive of July 31, 1917, that holds the

most significance. Here, a combination of

over-ambitious aims, appalling weatherconditions, and misguided persistence by

Haig led to horrific losses. By the time theoffensive was called off total casualties for

both sides had been approximately 250,000.

The horrors of the battle, in which men

drowned in liquid mud has becomesynonymous with the images of the War.One of the central objectives, the village of

Passchendale (eventually taken on

November 6 by the Canadians), lent its

name to the whole conflict.


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The Battle of the Somme,1916

At 0730 hours on the 1st July, 1916, after a weeklong artillery bombardmentlaunched the now infamous "Big Push" attack across the river Somme. With the

French Army being hard-pressed to the south at Verdun the British intended tobreakthrough the German defences in a matter of hours.

The mistrust that High Command had of the so-called "New Armies" manifesteditself in the orders to the troops to keep uniformed lines and to march towardsthe enemy across no-man's land. This, coupled with the failure of the artillery

bombardment to dislodge much of the German wire, or to destroy their machine-gun posts, led to one of the biggest slaughters in military history.

When the attack began the Germans dragged themselves out of their dugouts,manned their posts and destroyed the oncoming waves of British infantry.

After the first day, with a gain of only 1.5km, the British had suffered 57,470

casualties. Despite this, Haig pressed on with the attack until November 19th ofthe same year. For the meagre achievements, total losses on the British andImperial side numbered 419,654 with German casualties between 450,000 and680,000. When the offensive was eventually called off the British were still 3miles short of Bapaume and Serre, part of their first-day objectives.


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Russia Leaves! Over the first two and a half years

of the war, Russia had

experienced heavy defeatsagainst Germany but at the sametime had significant successesagainst Austria-Hungary. In anycase, however, the war had

become hugely unpopular athome. The Russian death toll wasenormous, Russia wascontinuously losing territory, andthe war had sparked food

shortages throughout the country.Although there was a certain levelof popular sympathy for Serbia,

most Russians felt that the countryhad little to gain in the war and

much to lose.


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Figure 31.1: Approximate Comparative Losses in World War I


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Wilsons 14 Points

1. No more secret agreements.

2. Free navigation of all seas.

3. Free trade.

4. Reduce weapon numbers.

5.Less Colonialism. 6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop

her own political set-up.

7. Belgium should be independent like before the war.

8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine

9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along clearlyrecognizable lines of nationality."

10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary.

11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for theBalkan states.

12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks inthe old Turkish Empire should govern themselves.

13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea.

14. A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorialindependence of all states.


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Paris Peace Conference

The Big 4 The Conference was

dominated by the big four:

U.S. Britain, France, & Italy.Italy would not play much of arole in the final adoption ofthe Treaty of Versailles.

The conference was markedby 6 months of arbitrationand the unconditionalblaming of the war on

Germany. They had to paymassive amounts of wardebts in reparation.

The allies dictated how world

politics would proceed.

David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando,

George Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilsonfrom left to right.


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Terms of the Treaty

The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]

The first 26 Articles of the Treaty set out theCovenant of the League of Nations; the rest of

the 440 Articles detailed Germany'spunishment:

1. Germany had to accept the Blame for

starting the war (Clause 231). This was vitalbecause it provided the justification for...

2. Germany had to pay 6,600 million (called

Reparations) for the damage done during thewar.

3. Germany was forbidden to have submarinesor an air force. She could have a navy of onlysix battleships, and an Army of just 100,000

men. In addition, Germany was not allowed to

place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip ofland, 50 miles wide, next to France.

4. Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe(see map, below). Germanys colonies were

given to Britain and France.

(Also, Germany was forbidden to join the

League of Nations, or unite with Austria.)

While the U.S. felt that true peace could only be

reached by equals and that we shouldnt rubGermanys face in the loss, both France and Great

Britain supported making Germany solely

responsible for fiscal reparations for the war.

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