Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application ... · PDF fileForum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT) Wearable Antennas, Sensors

Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)

Wearable Antennas, Sensors and a Novel Class of Textiles

by

Asimina Kiourti and John L. Volakis

ElectroScience Laboratory, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA

[email protected], [email protected]

We present a new class of electromagnetically (EM) functionalized garments that have excellent electrical and mechanical properties [1]-[3]. These are comfortable to wear and of low-cost, but still provide RF performance similar to their copper counterparts.

A key feature of our technology is the use of metal-coated polymer E-threads that can be densely and precisely embroidered onto everyday garments using computerized sewing machines. Because of their unique structure, these E-threads exhibit high mechanical strength, flexibility, and conductivity. The unique features of our fabrication process may be summarized as follows: 1) Geometrical precision achieved in embroidery can be as high as 0.3mm [2], and more recently down to 0.1mm [3]; 2) Our automated embroidery process is not limited by garment types, thickness or material types; 3) The textile surfaces can be easily integrated on polymer substrates to realize fully-flexible prototypes [1]; 4) The textile surfaces feel and behave like any other clothing. At the same time, their RF performance is as good as that of copper, even after 10s of washings.

Our work has already demonstrated the efficacy of our electronic textiles. Example applications include: 1) textile antennas integrated into everyday garments (e.g., suits, shirts, and scarfs) to realize all sorts of communication functionalities [4]; b) body-worn medical sensors (e.g., deep-tissue imaging sensors, wireless fully-passive brain implants, etc.) [5]-[8]; c) textile antennas for integration into airframes, particularly small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) [9]; d) textile-based RFIDs [10]; and e) stretchable and flexible textile antennas embedded in polymer for operation in harsh environments (e.g., automotive, implantable, wearable, etc.) [11].

Overall, we envision smart wearables that integrate several breakthrough technologies (smart textiles; fabric and polymer materials; wearable RF electronics; sensors; data processing; unobtrusive transceivers; RFIDs; energy harvesters) in a comfortable, attractive and unobtrusive manner.

Keywords: conductive textiles, conformal antennas, flexible antennas, textile antennas, wearable antennas, wearable sensors.

mailto:[email protected]


[1] Z. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Bayram, and J.L. Volakis, “Embroidered conductive fibers on polymer composite for conformal antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 60(9): 4141-4147, 2012.

[2] A. Kiourti and J.L. Volakis, “High–Geometrical–Accuracy Embroidery Process for Textile

Antennas with Fine Details,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Oct. 2014. [3] A. Kiourti, C. Lee, and J.L. Volakis, “Fabrication of Textile Antennas and Circuits with

0.1mm Precision,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2015. [4] Z. Wang, L.Z. Lee, D. Psychoudakis, and J.L. Volakis, “Embroidered multiband body-worn

antenna for GSM/PCS/WLAN communications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 62(6):3321-3329, 2014.

[5] S. Salman, Z. Wang, E. Colebeck, A. Kiourti, E. Topsakal, J.L. Volakis, “Pulmonary edema

monitoring sensor with integrated body-area network for remote medical sensing,” IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag., 62(5):2787-2794, 2014.

[6] A. Islam, A. Kiourti, and J.L. Volakis, “A Novel Method of Deep Tissue Biomedical

Imaging Using a Wearable Sensor,” IEEE Sensors Journal, 2015. [7] A. Kiourti, C. Lee, J. Chae, and J.L. Volakis, “A Wireless Fully-Passive Neural Recording

Device for Unobtrusive Neuropotential Monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2015.

[8] C. Lee, A. Kiourti, J. Chae, and J.L. Volakis, “A High-Sensitivity Fully-Passive

Neurosensing System for Wireless Brain Signal Monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2060-2068, Jun. 2015.

[9] J. Zhong, A. Kiourti, and J.L. Volakis, “Conformal, Lightweight Textile Spiral Antenna on

Kevlar Fabrics,” 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Vancouver, Canada, Jul. 19–25, 2015.

[10] S. Shao, A. Kiourti, R. Burkholder, and J.L. Volakis, “Broadband Textile-Based Passive

UHF RFID Tag Antenna for Elastic Material,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2015.

[11] A. Kiourti and J.L. Volakis, “Stretchable and Flexible E–Fiber Wire Antennas Embedded in

Polymer,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13, pp. 1381–1384, Jul. 2014.

Asimina Kiourti has been with The Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory since 2013, where she is currently a Senior Research Associate. Prior to that, she received the Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens, Greece (2013) and the M.Sc. degree from University College London, UK (2009).

Dr. Kiourti has (co-)authored more than 25 journal papers, 45 conference papers, and 6 book chapters. Her research interests include medical sensing, antennas for medical applications, RF circuits, bioelectromagnetics, and flexible textile and polymer-based antennas.

Dr. Kiourti has been the recipient of more than 40 awards and scholarships, including the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMB-S) Young Investigator Award for 2014, the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT-S) Graduate Fellowship for Medical Applications for 2012, and the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) Doctoral Research Award for 2011. In 2004, she received personal recognition from the President of Greece for ranking first in the Achaias prefecture (>300,000 inhabitants) during the Pan-Hellenic University Entrance Exams. e-mail: [email protected] website: http://u.osu.edu/kiourti.1/

John L. Volakis (S’77–M’82–SM’89–F96) was born in Chios, Greece, on May 13, 1956 and immigrated to the USA in 1973. He received the B.E. degree (summa cum laude) from Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from The Ohio State University, Columbus, in 1979 and 1982, respectively. He started his career at Rockwell International (1982–1984), now Boeing Phantom Works. In 1984, he was appointed Assistant Professor at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

becoming a full Professor in 1994. He also served as the Director of the Radiation Laboratory from 1998 to 2000. Since January 2003, he has been the Roy and Lois Chope Chair Professor of Engineering at The Ohio State University and also serves as the Director of the ElectroScience Laboratory. He has carried out research on antennas, medical sensing, computational methods, electromagnetic compatibility and interference, propagation, design optimization, RF materials and metamaterials, RFIDs, milli-meter waves and terahertz, body-worn wireless technologies, and multi-physics engineering. His publications include 8 the books. Among them are: Approximate Boundary Conditions in Electromagnetics (IET, 1995), Finite Element Methods for Electromagnetics (Wiley–IEEE Press, 1998) the classic 4th ed. Antenna Engineering Handbook (McGraw–Hill, 2007), Small Antennas (McGraw–Hill, 2010), and Integral Equation Methods for Electromagnetics (SciTech, 2011)]. His papers include about 370 journal papers, about 700 conference papers, and 25 book chapters. He has also written several well-edited coursepacks, and has delivered short courses on antennas, numerical methods, and frequency selective surfaces.


http://u.osu.edu/kiourti.1/

Dr. Volakis received the University of Michigan (UM) College of Engineering Research Excellence award, in 1998, and in 2001 he received the UM, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Service Excellence Award. In 2010 he received the Ohio State University Clara and Peter Scott award for outstanding academic achievement. Also, in 2014 he received the IEEE AP Society distiguished achievement award and the IEEE AP Society C-T Tai Educator award. He was listed (2004) by ISI among the top 250 most referenced authors. His mentorship includes over 80 doctoral students/post-docs with 30 of them receiving best paper awards at international conferences. He was the 2004 President of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society and served on the AdCom of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society from 1995 to 1998. He also served as Associate Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION from 1988–1992, Radio Science from 1994–1997, and for the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Magazine (1992–2006), the Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications and the URSI Bulletin. Further, he served on the IEEE wide and AP Society Fellows evaluation committee. In 1993 he chaired the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium and Radio Science Meeting in Ann Arbor, and Co-Chaired the same Symposium in 2003 at Columbus, OH. He was elected Fellow of the IEEE in 1996 and is also a Fellow of the Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES). He is a member of the URSI Commissions B and E, and currently serves as the Chair of USNC/URSI Commission B. e-mail: [email protected] website: http://esl.eng.ohio-state.edu/~volakis/ *This use of this work is restricted solely for academic purposes. The author of this work owns the copyright and no reproduction in any form is permitted without written permission by the author.*


http://esl.eng.ohio-state.edu/%7Evolakis/

Asimina Kiourti John L. Volakis

The Ohio State University

[email protected] [email protected]

Wearable Antennas, Sensors and a Novel Class of Textiles

1

Topics

• Vision: smart wearables for healthcare, sports, military, and emergency applications

• A Novel Class of Textiles: flexible E-threads integrated with polymer substrates

• E-textile Applications: wearable antennas, sensors, RFID tags, etc.

• Carefree Smart Clothing: connectors, packaging, power harvesting, and Body Area Networks (BANs)

2

Vision: Smart Wearables for a Very Wide Range of Sensing and Communication Applications

3

Smart phones, PDAs, Laptops,

etc.

Health Monitoring Sensors

Respiration, Humidity, Motion, Blood glucose, ECG, Temperature, EMG, Sweat,

SpO2, Blood pressure

RFID Tracking Bracelets

Textile Body Imaging Sensor

Data Transfer to Remote Personnel

RF power harvesting antennas &

circuits

Power Harvesting

Batteryless Brain Implant

Features/Capabilities • Comfortable and

lightweight for unobtrusive integration into garments

• Durable and robust to withstand daily wear

Textile

Electronics

Wireless Communications

Tracking

Healthcare

Sports

Space

Military

Emergency Applications

Automotive

Textile Electronics: Applications / Markets

4

• Replace RF front-end of mobile phones • Wirelessly transmit position, motion,

identity, healthcare status, etc.

• Concussion-detecting helmets

• Healthcare monitoring

• Sensor-enabled spacesuits

• Sensing and communication capabilities to uplift traditional army and navy uniforms

• Notify of damage/control events

• RFIDs • sensors

• RFID-enabled bracelets • RFIDs on backpacks

• Biometrics sensors • Imaging sensors

Commercial Products Already Exist—albeit expensive

5

Sensoria Smart Socks: detects parameters important to the running form, including cadence and foot landing technique $200

Sensoria Fitness T-shirt: tracks heart rate data to optimize fitness activity $150

Apple Watch: heart rate sensor, GPS and accelerometer used to measure “the many ways you move” > $350

Hexoskin Biometric Shirt: monitors heart rate, breathing rate, activity intensity, sleep positions, etc. > $400

Jawbone Activity Tracker: tracks activity, sleep stages, calories, and heart rate. > $30

Biodevices VitalJacket: easy-to-wear T-shirt enabling physicians to do assessment of cardiac problems in an everyday environment. > $400

https://www.apple.com/watch/

http://www.sensoriafitness.com/

http://www.sensoriafitness.com/

http://www.hexoskin.com/

https://jawbone.com/

http://www.vitaljacket.com/

The International Data Corporation (IDC) predicts wearable electronic vendors will ship more than 45M units in 2015, and grow at a 5-year compound rate of 45.1%, reaching 126.1M units in 2019.

Topics





6

Technology: Automated Embroidery of Flexible E-threads

7 Z. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Bayram, and J.L. Volakis, “Embroidered Conductive Fibers on Polymer Composite for Conformal Antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2012.

• Export antenna design pattern

• Digitize thread route for automated embroidery

• Embroider on fabrics using braided or twisted E-threads (embroidery process uses assistant non-conductive yarns to “couch” down E-threads)

• E-threads: Metal-coated polymer threads, bundled into groups of 7s to 600s to form threads. Each E-thread may be down to ~0.12mm in diameter.

Assistant yarns

E-fibers

Back side Polyester fabric Antenna side

Bobbin

Needle

Embroidery principle

HFSS model

Digitization

Embroidered antenna

E-fibers

Polyester fabric

Export to specific computer program

E-fiber

New Embroidery Process: Achieves Geometrical Precision as high as 0.1mm

8

~1mm precision, cannot print sharp corners

A. Kiourti and J.L. Volakis, “High-Geometrical-Accuracy Embroidery Process for Textile Antennas with Fine Details,” IEEE AWPL, 2014.

Our latest embroidery process can achieve geometrical precision down to 0.1mm. Therefore, for the first time, accuracy of typical PCB prototypes can be achieved directly on textiles.

Archimedean

Logarithmic

Sinusoidal

Former Technology • Thick (0.5mm-diameter) fibers

consisting of 20 to 664 filaments • 2 threads/mm embroidery density

New Technology • Thin (0.1mm-diameter) fibers

consisting of 7 filaments • 7 threads/mm embroidery density

~0.1mm precision, can print sharp corners

A. Kiourti, C. Lee, and J.L. Volakis, “Fabrication of Textile Antennas and Circuits with 0.1mm Precision,” IEEE AWPL, 2015.

9

Textiles on Flexible Polymer Substrates

Advantages of PDMS: • Tunable in εr ~ 3 to 12, low tanδ <10-2 up to GHz. • Low temperature fabrication. • Flexible and conformal • Highly thermal/chemical

stable. • Hydrophobic: impermeable to

water.

Fabrication

Composition: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) + rare earth titanate (RET)

Pour into the mold

Mixing PDMS composite

wBase:wCuring Agent = 10:1

Base Curing Agent

Degas Cure on a hot-plate

Flexible substrate

Z. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Bayram, and J.L. Volakis, “Embroidered Conductive Fibers on Polymer Composite for Conformal Antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2012.

10

Stretchable and Flexible Wire Antennas

A. Kiourti and J.L. Volakis, “Stretchable and flexible E-fiber wire antennas embedded in polymer,” IEEE AWPL, 2014.

Technology: Stretchable and Flexible E-Fiber RFID Antennas Embedded within Polymer*

• The final antenna can be stretched along with the surrounding polymer

• Polymer integration preserves the E-fiber against corrosion

Polyester fabric melted using: • Soldering iron, or • Oven heating

Challenge Traditional wire antennas (copper wires / metal patterns on rigid substrates) are unsuitable for applications that require high flexibility and are subject to continuous mechanical deformation Automotive Tire Sensing

Applications Wearable

Applications Implantable Applications

11

a

Metallized Textiles Embroidered E-threads (ESL, OSU) Embedded Metal Wires • Direct metallization on fabrics. • Patterning via etching. Poor mechanical strength,

especially when flexing.

References: a. S. Bashir, A. Chauraya, R.M. Edwards, J. Vardaxoglou, “A Flexible

Fabric Metasurface for On Body Communication Applications,” Antennas & Propagation Conference, Issue 16-17, 725–728, Loughborough, Nov. 2009.

b. Y. Ouyang, W.J. Chappell, “High Frequency Properties of Electro-Textiles for Wearable Antenna Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 56, Issue 2, 381–389, 2008.

c. P. Salonon, J. Kim, Y. Rahmat-Samii, “Dual-Band E-shaped patch wearable Textile Antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol. 1A, 466–469, Jul. 2005.

d. G. Kim, J. Lee, K.H. Lee, Y.C. Chung, J. Yeo, B.H. Moon, J. Yang, H.C. Kim, “Design of a UHF RFID Fiber Tag Antenna with Electric-thread using a Sewing Machine,” Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, 1 – 4, Macau, Dec. 2008.

Metal Foil Other embroidered surfaces b

c d

• Copper tape/foil adhered on fabrics

Possible delamination during flexing, due to mechanical difference btw Cu foil and fabrics.

• Thin wires embedded in yarns • Structural integrity. Fatigue of metal threads, low

metallization coverage.

• High strength fibers coated with metals. • High conductivity from metal coating,

structural integrity from fiber core.. • Fabrication via high-density sewing/stitching.

Fabric Copper coating

Fabric Copper tape

Fabric/ yarn Copper wire

E-fibers One-side embroidery

Embroidered antenna

• Highly flexible / conformal • Light-weight • Low conductor loss • Excellent mechanical

strength • Accuracy of 0.1mm • Stretchable, if need be • Colorful, if need be

• Similar to embroidered E-threads (ESL), but employing different E-threads/embroidery technologies.

Low surface conductivity. Dimension inaccuracy.

Comparison of our Technology vs. Other Reported Textile Surfaces

Topics





12

Wearable E-Textile Applications at the ElectroScience Lab

13

[1] Medical Imaging Sensors [2] Wireless & Batteryless Brain Implants

[4] Wearable Antennas for RF Communications

[3] Antenna Logos

[5] RFID Tag Antennas

14

• Operates at 40 MHz (HBC ) • Deep detection: >10 cm • Suppresses interference from outer layers (skin, fat, muscle, bone)

A surgery-free on-body monitoring device to evaluate the dielectric properties of internal body organs (lung, liver, heart) and effectively determine irregularities in real-time ---several weeks before there is serious medical concern.

Metal Electrodes (PEC)

Active Port (1) Passive Ports Torso

• 17 electrodes + 16 ports • One excited port, the rest are

passive for readouts • Non-uniform to improve

impedance matching

[1] Body-Worn Textile Imaging Sensor

L. Zhang, Z. Wang, and J.L. Volakis, “Textile Antennas and Sensors for Body-Worn Applications,” IEEE AWPL, 2012

• Fully-passive and wireless neurosensors to acquire brain signals inconspicuously.

• Integration of extremely simple electronics in a tiny footprint to minimize trauma.

• Acquisition of extremely low signals, down to 20μVpp. This implies reading of most signals generated by the human brain.

[2] Fully-Passive and Wireless NeuroSensors

15 C. Lee, A. Kiourti, J. Chae, J.L. Volakis, “A High-Sensitivity Passive Neurosensing System for Wireless Brain Signal Monitoring,” IEEE T-MTT, 2015.

Front Back 10 m

m

8.7 mm

0 °

15 °

30 °

45 °

60 °

75 °90 °105 °

120 °

135 °

150 °

165 °

180 °

-165 °

-150 °

-135 °

-120 °

-105 ° -90 ° -75 °

-60 °

-45 °

-30 °

-15 °

-15-10-505

copper tape

textile

STEP 3: Embroidery of Conductive Portion

ColorfulAssistant Yarn

Unicolor E-thread

Front sideBack side

Bobbin

Needle

front side

back side


Unicolor E-thread

[3] Colorful Textile Antennas Integrated into Embroidered Logos

16

STEP 1: Antenna Design

Feed point

37.4

mm

24.4 mm

STEP 2: Digitization

STEP 4: Embroidery of Non-Conductive Portion


Colorful Non-Conductive Thread

Front sideBack side

Bobbin

Needle

front side

back side


Colorful Non-ConductiveThread

Unicolor E-thread

Frequency [GHz]

2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

|S1

1| [

dB]

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

copper tape

textile

The colorful textile antenna prototype achieves excellent performance as compared to its copper counterpart. Concurrently, it is flexible, lightweight, and mechanically robust.

17

[4] Antennas for Body-Worn Communication

• 2dB realized gain at all three bands • Omnidirectional patterns in all bands

Z. Wang, L. Lee, D. Psychoudakis, and J.L. Volakis, “Embroidered multiband body-worn antenna for GSM/PCS/WLAN communications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 2014.

Multiband Dipole for GSM/PCS/WLAN Bands

Textile antenna is as good as the ordinary cell antenna with the best location •Textile antenna is low-profile,

unobtrusive, and comfortable to wear.

Note: “1-bar”: -100 to -95dBm, “4-bar”: -85 to -80dBm, “6-bar”: -75 to -70dBm, “7-bar”: >-70dBm

RFID tag

5 ft

18

ELML E-fiber RFID tag antenna embedded in polymer

• Stretchable (up to 10-15%)

• Flexible

• Polymer preserves integrity of E-fiber antenna and protects it against corrosion / Easy integration within tire sidewall (bonding during tire curing)

• Comparable performance to its copper wire counterpart

Reader

5 ft On Tire Threshold Power Test Textile: 22 dBm Copper foil: 20 dBm

S. Shao, A. Kiourti, R. Burkholder and J.L. Volakis, “Broadband, Textile-Based Passive UHF RFID Tag Antenna for Elastic Material,” AWPL 2015

On Tire Threshold Power Test Textile: 20 dBm Copper foil: 21 dBm

OnTire Threshold Power Test Textile: 24 dBm Wire: 24 dBm

Simple Folded-Dipole Tag

ELML Dipole Tag with Circular Loops

On-Tire Threshold Power Testing:

[5] RFID Tag Antennas

Topics





19

Multilayer layer printing (vias to connect between multi-layers printed using E-threads)

Single layer printed embroidered RF circuit

Multilayer interconnection

E-thread tail passes through upper substrate for interconnection

Fully cured in oven

Multilayer printed embroidered RF circuit

Upper trace

Lower trace

E-thread via pin

E-thread tail

1

2

3

Single layer TLs are fabricated by printing E-thread TLs on polymer

Via hole drill on upper substrate and E-thread tail pass through the via by assistant needle to connect the upper TL Freshly mixed polymer is used to integrate the overlap section of two substrates avoiding covering the lower TL

Fully cured at elevated temperature

1

2

3

Assistant needle

20

Packaging of E-Textiles to Avoid Corrosion

21

• S21 increased due to corrosion of silver • Protection required:

– Conformal to E-textile circuits. – Avoid polymer penetrating between

fibers (NO liquid precursor). • Select PU (polyurethane) films: chemically

stability and elastomeric. Allow long-term use, washing/drying.

Frequency (GHz)

Original

After one year

5cm E-fiber TL

Polyurethane (PU) protection

εr~3.2, tanδ~0.02, 0.19mm thick

S21

0 1 2 3 4-1.2

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

Frequency (GHz)

S21

(dB

)

No protectionW/ PDMS protectionW/ PU protection

RF Energy Harvester to Power On-Body Devices

22

rectenna rectifier circuit

Current Status

Ohio State’s current RF energy harvester can continuously power temperature/humidity meter (25μW meter) using WiFi

high-efficiency (>80%), better than commercially available harvesters

•Harvest RF energy at multiple frequency bands is coming. • Still need to maximize efficiency / Reach efficiency beyond

80%. • Fabricate antenna or antenna arrays of the harvester on

textiles.

Ambient WiFi energy harvesting system.

Olgun, Chen, Volakis, Design of an efficient ambient WiFi energy harvesting system, IET Microw. Ant. & Propag., 6(11): 1200-1206, 2012.

Body-Area Network for Medical Sensing (MS-BAN)

23

Wireless body-area network for medical sensing (MS-BAN)

Features • Body-worn multifunctional apertures on RF functionalized garment: - Textile based RF sensors for in-situ medical sensing. - Multiband textile antenna for high-speed communication. • Continuous data transfer through BAN for in-situ monitoring on mobile APP.

Sensor 1

Energy harvester

Sensor 3

Sensor 4

Multiband antenna

Sensor 2

Multiband antenna

In-situ data display on mobile APP

Date storage on Cloud Server

Remote access by Physicians

Data

Body-area sensor network

Salman, Wang, Colebeck, Kiourti, Topsakal, Volakis, “Pulmonary edema monitoring sensor with integrated body-area network for remote medical sensing,” IEEE TAP, 62(5):2787-2794, 2014

Medical Monitoring Everywhere & Anytime: a dream, soon to become a reality

Patient: Portable handheld devices with integrated health care services

Mobile Hospital: Ultra high-speed connectivity (60 GHz) on-site vehicle for preprocessing & visualization

Healthcare Establishment: Two-way rural high speed video link through satellite

24

Satellite Coverage across U.S. by ViaCom

Questions?

25

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Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application ... · PDF fileForum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT) Wearable Antennas, Sensors