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Formulations, Adjuvants & Drift
• In the Basic Manual
– Formulations - Page 43
– Adjuvants - Page 47
– Drift – Pages 55
Pages 62, 63
What is a Formulation
• How a pesticide is packaged.
• Contains:– Active Ingredient– Inert Ingredient
Types of formulations
• Liquid
– pounds a.i. per gallon
• Dry
– % a.i. per pound
A.I. Chemical properties influences formulation.
Active Ingredients – a.i.
Pesticidal effect
Inert Ingredients
• “Inactive” ingredients mixed with a.i.
• Formulation easier to handle or store.
• Toxic or non-toxic
ANTIFREEZEANTIFREEZE
Liquid Formulations
• EC –emulsifiable concentrate
• S - soluble
• ULV – ultra low volume
• F or FL - flowables
• ME – micro-encapsulated
Dry Formulations
• WP – Wettable powder
• DF – Dry Flowable
• WDG – Water Dispersable Granule
• D - Dust
• P or G – Pellets or Granules
• M or ME – Micro-Encapsulated
Effects of Different Formulations
Formulation Hazards Phytox Equipment Agitate Compatible
WP Inhale Safe abrasive Yes High
DF/WDG Safe Safe abrasive Yes Good
SP Dusts Safe Non-abrasive Some Fair
D Inhale Safe NA NA NA
G or P Inhale Safe NA NA NA
EC Dermal Maybe Seals, gaskets No Fair
F or FL Dermal Maybe abrasive Yes Fair
S Dermal Safe Non-abrasive No Fair
M or ME Dermal Safe Generally ok Yes Fair
Convert a.i. to formulated gallons pg 73
Gallons of FormulatioFormulatio
nn
=active ingredient
lbs. a.i per gallon
0.50 pounds of picloram required
0.50 lbs. A.I.0.25 gallons Tordon™=
2 lbs. A.I. Per gal.
Convert a.i. – dry formulation
Gallons of Formulation
=active ingredient
lbs. a.i per gallon
1 pound of tebuthiuron required
1 pounds A.I.1.25 pounds Spike™=
0.80 a.i. per pound
% a.i per pound
Lbs. Of formulation
COMPATIBILITY TEST
– A small scale test using a 1 quart jar– Proportions
• 1 teaspoon per pint = 1 pint per 100 gallons of water
– Check for lumps, clumps, gunk, goop, glop, heat
Spray Additives
• Carrier – body to formulation–Aids in storage and application–At time of manufacture
• Diluent–Dilutes concentrated formulation–At time of Application
• Solvents –Aid in mixing
•Adjuvants
- Enhance or modify performanceerformance
Adjuvants include:Adjuvants include:
• Acidifiers -neutralize alkaline solutionsAcidifiers -neutralize alkaline solutions• Acidifiers - lower pH.Acidifiers - lower pH.• Buffering agents - stabilize the pH of Buffering agents - stabilize the pH of
spray solutions. spray solutions. • Anti-foaming agents Anti-foaming agents • Compatibility agents Compatibility agents • Deposition aidsDeposition aids• Drift control agents Drift control agents • Emulsification aidsEmulsification aids
• Acidifiers -neutralize alkaline solutionsAcidifiers -neutralize alkaline solutions• Acidifiers - lower pH.Acidifiers - lower pH.• Buffering agents - stabilize the pH of Buffering agents - stabilize the pH of
spray solutions. spray solutions. • Anti-foaming agents Anti-foaming agents • Compatibility agents Compatibility agents • Deposition aidsDeposition aids• Drift control agents Drift control agents • Emulsification aidsEmulsification aids
Surfactants
Reduces Surface Reduces Surface TensionTension
Surface Acting Surface Acting AgentAgent
30-60o
Contact Angle with a surfactant:
* 30 to 60 degrees.
* More leaf surface is covered
Surfactants/wetting agentsNon-ionic Surfactants
•Composed of alcohols and fatty acids
• Non-ionic = no charge • Cationic (+) • Anionic (-) • Reduces surface tension • Improves spreading, sticking and herbicide
uptake• All purpose
OilsCrop Oil Concentrates (COC)
• Blend of paraffin based petroleum oil and surfactants
• Provides penetration characteristics of crop oil and surface tension reducing qualities of the NIS
• Used primarily with grass herbicides
True Seed Oils
• Seed oils(corn, soybean, canola) with an alcohol to form an ester• MSO and ESO• Methylated Seed Oil• Ethylated Seed Oil
More crop friendly than COCs
FERTILIZERS SURFACTANTS
• Improved herbicide performanceImproved herbicide performance• Neutralizes hard water mineral ionsNeutralizes hard water mineral ions• Ammonium sulfateAmmonium sulfate• Adjust pH Adjust pH
– more herbicide is transported into the plant.more herbicide is transported into the plant.
– 2,4-D2,4-D
– Pursuit (imazethapyr)Pursuit (imazethapyr)
– Poast (sethoxydim) Poast (sethoxydim)
• Used primarily with broadleaf herbicides.Used primarily with broadleaf herbicides.
Water Quality
• pH (alkalinity)
• Hard Water
• Dirty Water
Water Quality
• Alkaline Hydrolysis – effect of high pH
• Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides degrade in pH >7.
Organophosphates
• Malathion/Parathion
• Dorsban/Lorsban
• Diazinon
Carbamates
• Sevin
•Lannate
Water Quality – Low pH
• pH 5-7 is optimum for most herbicides.
• Acid Hydrolysis
• Sulfonyl Urea herbicides degrade in acidic environments.– Ally and Escort
• Most sulfonyl ureas are stable in pH > 7.9
Water Quality – Hardness
• Hard Water –Ca+ and mg+
– ppm or grains
– Affect salt-based herbicides – Roundup, 2,4-D.
O-CH2-C-O- NaCl
Cl
Ca2+
Salt-based herbicide or a surfactantCalcium replaces the sodium
Different 2,4-D’s & Hard Water
Form of 2,4-D Stability in Hard Water*
• Di-ethyl amine Fair
• K, Na salts Poor
• Esters Good
Formulations, Adjuvants & Drift
• In the Basic Manual
– Formulations - Page 43
– Adjuvants - Page 47
– Drift – Pages 55
Pages 62, 63