FORMING LATIN FORMING LATIN VERB TENSESVERB TENSES

How to turn any* Latin verb into any How to turn any* Latin verb into any tense.tense.

* Any regular verb; these are irregular in the * Any regular verb; these are irregular in the present, imperfect and future: present, imperfect and future: sum, possum, sum, possum,

volo, nolo, eo, ferovolo, nolo, eo, fero

INFINITIVESINFINITIVES

amo, amo,

teneo, teneo,

peto, peto, capio, capio,

audio, audio,

amariamari

tenaritenari

peti peti capicapi

audiriaudiri

MAKE THE PRESENT TENSEMAKE THE PRESENT TENSEadd person endings to the stemadd person endings to the stem

amamoror

amariamariss

amaamaturtur

amaamamurmur

amaamaminimini

amaamanturntur

teneteneoror

teneriteneriss

teneteneturtur

tenetenemurmur

teneteneminimini

tenetenenturntur

petpetoror

petiripetiriss

petipetiturtur

petipetimurmur

petipetiminimini

petupetunturntur

audiaudioror

audiriaudiriss

audiauditurtur

audiaudimurmur

audiaudiminimini

audiuaudiunturntur

MAKE THE IMPERFECT TENSEMAKE THE IMPERFECT TENSEadd –add –baba-+endings to the stem-+endings to the stem

for 3for 3rdrd and 4 and 4thth conj, “glue in” the –ba- with an “–e’” conj, “glue in” the –ba- with an “–e’”

amamaababarr

amaamabaribariss

amaamababaturtur

amaamababamurmur

amaamababaminimini

amaamababanturntur

tenetenebabarr

tenetenebaribariss

tenetenebabaturtur

tenetenebabamurmur

tenetenebabaminimini

tenetenebabanturntur

petepetebabarr

petepetebaribariss

petepetebabaturtur

petepetebabamurmur

petepetebabaminimini

petepetebabanturntur

audieaudiebabarr

audieaudiebaribariss

audieaudiebabaturtur

audieaudiebabamurmur

audieaudiebabaminimini

audieaudiebabanturntur

MAKE THE FUTURE TENSE #1-2MAKE THE FUTURE TENSE #1-2add –add –bi*bi*-+endings to the stem-+endings to the stem

amamaabobo

amaamabibiss

amaamabibitt

amaamabibimusmus

amaamabibitistis

amaamabubuntnt

tenetenebobo

tenetenebibiss

tenetenebibitt

tenetenebibimusmus

tenetenebibitistis

tenetenebubuntnt

*notice how the –bi- changes to –bo in 1st sg, and to –bu in 3rd pl

MAKE THE FUTURE TENSE #3-4MAKE THE FUTURE TENSE #3-4add –add –a/ea/e+endings to the stem+endings to the stem

petpetaarr

petpeterieriss

petpeteett

petpeteemusmus

petpeteetistis

petpeteentnt

audiaudiaarr

audiaudieerisris

audiaudieeturtur

audiaudieemurmur

audiaudieeminimini

audiaudieenturntur

capicapiaarrcapicapieesscapicapieettcapicapieemusmuscapicapieetistiscapicapieentnt

3 PERFECT TENSES3 PERFECT TENSES

use a PERFECT STEM FROM THE 3use a PERFECT STEM FROM THE 3RDRD PRINCIPAL PARTPRINCIPAL PART

amo, amareamo, amare

teneo, tenereteneo, tenere

peto, peterepeto, peterecapio, caperecapio, capere

audio, audireaudio, audire

amavamavi = I have lovedi = I have loved

tenutenui = I have heldi = I have held

petivpetivi= I have soughti= I have soughtcepcepi = I have takeni = I have taken

audivaudivi= I have heardi= I have heard

MAKE THE PERFECT TENSEMAKE THE PERFECT TENSEadd PERFECT person endings to the stemadd PERFECT person endings to the stem

tenutenuii

tenutenuistiisti

tenutenuitit

tenutenuimusimus

tenutenuistisistis

tenutenuerunterunt

amavamavii

amavamavistiisti

amavamavitit

amavamavimusimus

amavamavistisistis

amavamaverunterunt

cepcepii

cepcepistiisti

cepcepitit

cepcepimusimus

cepcepistisistis

cepceperunterunt

audivaudivii

audivaudivistiisti

audivaudivitit

audivaudivimusimus

audivaudivistisistis

audivaudiverunterunt

PERFECT ENDINGS againPERFECT ENDINGS again

tenutenuii

tenutenuistiisti

tenutenuitit

tenutenuimusimus

tenutenuistisistis

tenutenuerunterunt

ii

istiisti

itit

imusimus

istisistis

erunterunt

cepcepii

cepcepistiisti

cepcepitit

cepcepimusimus

cepcepistisistis

cepceperunterunt

audivaudivii

audivaudivistiisti

audivaudivitit

audivaudivimusimus

audivaudivistisistis

audivaudiverunterunt

These PERFECT ENDINGS are used only These PERFECT ENDINGS are used only on the PERFECT TENSEon the PERFECT TENSE

Compare them to the normal personal Compare them to the normal personal endings used on other tensesendings used on other tenses

-o-s-t-mus-tis-nt

-i-isti-it-imus-istis-erunt

MAKE THE PLUPERFECT TENSEMAKE THE PLUPERFECT TENSEadd -era-+ normal endings to the PERFECT stemadd -era-+ normal endings to the PERFECT stem

tenutenuerameram

tenutenueraseras

tenutenueraterat

tenutenueramuseramus

tenutenueratiseratis

tenutenueranterant

amavamaverameram

amavamaveraseras

amavamaveraeratt

amavamaveramuseramus

amavamaveratiseratis

amavamaveranterant

cepceperameram

cepceperaseras

cepceperaterat

cepceperamuseramus

cepceperatiseratis

cepceperanterant

audivaudiverameram

audivaudiveraseras

audivaudiveraterat

audivaudiveramuseramus

audivaudiveratiseratis

audivaudiveranterant

Translate all forms into English with “HAD ……ED”

MAKE THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSEMAKE THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSEadd –eri-+ normal endings to the PERFECT add –eri-+ normal endings to the PERFECT

stemstem

tenutenueroero

tenutenueriseris

tenutenueriterit

tenutenuerimuserimus

tenutenueritiseritis

tenutenuerinterint

amavamaveroero

amavamaveriseris

amavamaveriterit

amavamaverimuserimus

amavamaveritiseritis

amavamaverinterint

cepceperoero

cepceperiseris

cepceperiterit

cepceperimuserimus

cepceperitiseritis

cepceperinterint

audivaudiveroero

audivaudiveriseris

audivaudiveriterit

audivaudiverimuserimus

audivaudiveritiseritis

audivaudiverinterint

N.B. –ero ending on 1st person singular;KEEP THE –ERINT for 3rd person pl, to distinguish it from the PERFECT -ERUNT

TRANSLATING THE PERFECT TRANSLATING THE PERFECT TENSESTENSES

PERFECT: I loved, I HAVE loved; he loved, he HAS loved

PLUPERFECT: I HAD loved ---all forms need the word “HAD”

FUTURE PERFECT: I WILL HAVE loved– all forms need the words “WILL HAVE”

Lay-out of the 6 TensesLay-out of the 6 Tenses

Always start with the principal parts to get the Always start with the principal parts to get the proper stems:proper stems:

amo, amare amo, amare amavamavii

PRESPRES amo, amo, amaamas, amat… s, amat… PERFECTPERFECT amavamavi, amavisti, amaviti, amavisti, amavit

IMPEF amaIMPEF amabam,amabas… bam,amabas… PLUPERFPLUPERF amavamaveram, amaveras…eram, amaveras…

FUTURE amaFUTURE amabo, amabis,… bo, amabis,… FUT. PERFFUT. PERF amavamavero, amaveris…ero, amaveris…

First 3 tenses use the PRESENT STEM from the INFINITIVEFirst 3 tenses use the PRESENT STEM from the INFINITIVE

Last 3 tenses use PERFECT STEM from the 3Last 3 tenses use PERFECT STEM from the 3rdrd Principal part. Principal part.