Formation Air flight fighter_Engl02_2011

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Charlie November Third e -A1 2011dition



The Author.

The author Cristiano Nunescodename Charlie November, born inNovember 1973 to 04 days in Brazil.His call name is CNshark.Dedicates this book to your childVictor. Good reading.

"Never break formation in less than two elements of

aircraft. One man alone is a disadvantage, a team oftwo aircraft is an advantage. If you split up, add itimmediately to other friendly aircraft "

Major Thomas B. Tommy McGuaire USAF WWII Ace 38 victories.



Air Formacion

Wedge formation to two ship.........................................Wedge formation to four ship......................................Trail formation to four ship..........................................Ladder formation to four ship.......................................Box/ Box Offset formation to advantagens anddisadvantagens.............................................................Box formation to four...................................................Box formation side view and box Offset........................Arrowhead formation to four ship................................Fluid formation to four ship and two ship

Loose duce / two ship....................................................Fluid formation to four ship and advantegens anddisadvantages...............................................................Spread formation to four ship.......................................Spread formation to two and four ship........................Vic formation to three ship...........................................Three ship formation....................................................Stack formation.............................................................Echolon right formation................................................

Echolon left formation...................................................Finger formation to four ship........................................Wall formation four ship...............................................Line abrest formation to four ship................................Air refueling.................................................................Air refueling to formation four ship and tanker..........Air refueling position of after conctact........................Air refueling to approach..............................................Compass and instruments navigation control..............

Fighter F35 and users....................................................

04050607

08091011

12

13141516171819

202122232425262728

29

F/A-18E Super Hornet B2 - Spirit

Phanton Boeing X- 45

Contents



Wedge formation - Two ship

The Nautical Mile (symbol M,O

30

0

60

4000’ - 6000’

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Cn 04

F-16



Wedge formation - Four ship

04 00’ - 6000’0

30

0

60

0

30

0

60

4

00-

00

’

0

’ 6

0

15 - 3 NM

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Eagle 13

Eagle 14

Elements are in two-ship wedge with therailing element lead 1.5 - 3 NM back, offset as

required to maintain visual (Figure). Number wo flies off of number one, maneuvering with

cutoff as necessary to maintain position.Number three flies off of number one,

maneuvering as required to maintain visual.Number four flies off of number three.

Advantages: Very offensive for air-to-air threats forward of he 3/9 line.

Inexperienced wingman may find it easier to maintain a visual on lead and stay in

formation.The formation permits four aircraft to maintain flight integrity under marginal weather or extremely rugged terrainconditions.

Disadvantages: Six o'clock lookout may be poor.Formation easily detected by single threat.The defensive maneuvering flexibility of the

flight is very limited.Number two must be disciplined and fly no

further than 6.000 feet from lead to avoid conflict with trailing element.

Cn 05

F-35



Trail formation - Four ship

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Eagle 13

Eagle 14

1.5 - 3 NM

1.5 - 3 NM

1.5 - 3 NM

Trail Formation

Trail is used exclusivelyfor air-to-ground attack.The problem with trail in anair-to-air situacion is thatthe trailing aircraft is notbeing suported dy any otherjet in the formation. The

t r a i l i n g a i r c r a f t i s ,therefore, very vulnerableto enemy fighters.

Cn 06

B-52 Stratofortess



Ladder formation - Four ship

Eagle 12

Eagle 13

Eagle 14

Eagle 11

10.000 Ft

2 - 4 nm

Four-Ship Formations

The four-ship is under controlof one flight lead and isemployed as a single entityuntil such time as it is forced toseparate into two elements. Atno time should an elementsacrifice element integrity

attempting to maintain thefour-ship formation. Each two-ship element should have itsown radar and visual plan sothat no changes will berequired if the four-ship is splitinto two-ships.

Cn 07

F/A-18A HornetBlue Angels



Box formation

Box / Offset Box

In the box formation, elements use the basic line abreast two- ship maneuvering and lookout principles.The trailing element takes 1.5 to 3 NM separation, depending on terrain

and weather.The objective of the spacing is to give maximum separation to avoid

easy visual detection of the whole formation, while positioning the rear element in a good position to immediately engage an enemy converting onthe lead element. Because the aircraft is difficult to see from a direct trail position, a slight offset will facilitate keeping sight of the lead element (Figure page 10). Use of air-to-air (A-A) TACAN between the elements, and the radar in the rear element, will help keep the proper spacing. However,proper emission control may preclude their use in combat. Thearrowhead variation (or Joe Box) makes number two's formation easier,

freeing him for more lookout (Figure page 11). NOTE: In an ATC environment, the trailing element should fly 1 NM or less if standard formation is required. Formation maneuvers are initiated by element leaders. Number three maneuvers to achieve prebriefed spacing on thelead element (based on threat, mission, weather, etc.)

Advantages:

The formation provides excellent mutual support and lookout.The rear element is positioned to engage an adversary making a stern

conversion on the lead element.It is difficult to visually acquire the entire flight.Element spacing for an attack is built into the formation.

Disadvantages:

The formation is difficult to fly in poor visibility and rugged terrain.Depending on position, the trailing element may be momentarily

mistaken as a threat, especially if staggered too much off to one side.

?

?

?

?

?

?

Cn 08

F15C - Eagle



Box formation - Four ship

Eagle 11 Eagle 12

Eagle 13 Eagle 14

6000’ - 9000’

1.5 - 3 NM

6000’ - 9000’

Cn 09

Sukhoi Su27 Flanker-B



Box formation - Offset box

Four ship - Side view

*6000’ - 9000’Ft

* Position may be modified within a 4000’-12.000’ feetsenvelope by flight lead.

1.5 - 3 nm

6000’ - 9000’

6000’ - 9000’Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Eagle 13

Eagle 14

Cn 10

Offset box

F22 Raptor



Arrowhead formation - Four shipor

Joe Box

0

60

0

30

3 0 0 0 ’

1.5 - 3NM

*6000’ - 9000’

Cn 11

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Eagle 13Eagle 14



Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Eagle 13

Eagle 14

*6000’ - 9000’

0

70

0

70

300

300

0 0 ’ -

0 0 0 ‘

5

3

5

3 0

0 0 ’ - 0 0 ’

*Position may be modified within a 4000’-12.000' envelope by flight lead.

-

5 0 0 ’

3 0 0

0 ’30

0

0

70

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Fluid formation - Four ship

Loose duce - Fluid two

4000’ - 6000’ Apart

Eagle 11 Eagle 12

Cn 12

Boing X-32 JSF



Fluid formation - Four ship

Fluid Four

Element leads maintain line abreast formation, while

wingman assume fighting wing (Figure page 12).Number three maneuvers off number one as if in line abreast.Number two and number four maneuver off their element leaders to maintain the outside of the formation. Element leads are responsible for deconfliction of elements whencrossing the opposing element's six o'clock.

Advantages:

Inexperienced wingman are kept close for ease of maneuvering.

Four-ship maneuverability is good.Formation provides concentration of force.Easily converts to three-ship when one aircraft falls

out.

Disadvantages:

Adversary can acquire all four aircraft.

Defensive maneuvering rapidly becomes confusingdue to the proximity of aircraft.

Cumbersome to maneuver at low altitude in roughterrain.

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

0

70

0

30

5 0

3

0

’ - 0 0 0 ’

Fighting wing

Cn 13

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

0

70

0

30

Eagle 12

Eagle 11

F-22A



Spread formation - Four ship

6000’ - 9000’

6000’ - 9000’

6000’ - 9000’

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Eagle 14

Eagle 13

Variation

0

0 - 30

0

0 - 30

Spread Four

Element leads maintain the samespacing as for fluid four, but wingman position themselves 0º to 30º back from their element leads and

6000' to 9000' spread (see Figure).Increased lateral spacing for wingman facilitates maneuvering.Each element uses fluid maneuvering.Number three flies off number one.The elements are not always required to be line abreast. On some occasions they may be briefly in trail.

Advantages

Spread formation makes it difficult for an adversary to visually acquirethe entire flight at once.

Firepower is maximized for BVRweapons employment.

Disadvantages:

Maneuvering is difficult if the lineabreast position is maintained.

Very difficult for wingmen to fly at low altitude.

?

?

?

?

Cn 14



Spread formation - Four ship

*6000’ - 9000’

*6000’ - 9000’

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Eagle 14

Eagle 13

0

0 - 30

0

0 - 30

For two ship

Cn 15

*Position may be modifiedwi th in a 4000 ’ -12 .000 'envelope by flight lead.

Cockip F-35

Page MDF F-35(Multiple Display Function)

*6000’ - 9000’



Vic formation- Three ship

Eagle 11

Eagle 12 Eagle 13

*6000’ - 9000’

1.5 - 3NM

Cn 16

MQ- 1 Predator B-2

A160T Hummingbird

X-45a Boing



Three- ship formation

Three-Ship

There may be occasions when a priority mission requiresmaximum available aircraft and a three-ship is the onlyalternative. Mutual support requirements to ensure survivabilityand recovery are paramount; therefore, a three-ship contingencyshould be briefed on all four-ship missions. On these occasions, thefollowing three-ship formation discussion is applicable.

Responsibilites:Number One—navigation, then radar and visual lookout.Number Two—visual and radar lookout, back-up navigation.Number Three—visual, then radar lookout.

Vic FormationThis is basically the arrowhead four-ship without number two(Figure page 11). The lead aircraft maneuvers as desired. Thetrailing element uses line abreast maneuvering to follow.

WedgeThis is the same as four-ship wedge without number four.

Fluid ThreeThis is the same as fluid four with one airplane missing. If the three-ship is caused by one aircraft falling out from a briefed four-ship,the following position changes should be followed: if lead falls out,

number three assumes lead and number two moves to line abreast;if number three falls out, number four moves up to line abreast; ifnumber two or four fall out, there are no changes.

Three-Ship SpreadThis is the same as spread four with one aircraft missing. Roles andresponsibilities caused by fall out from a four-ship are the same asfluid three.

????

Cn 17

F-15 Eagle

E-3 Sentry AWACS



F-16 fighting

Stack formation - Four ship

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Eagle 13

Eagle 14

2000’

2000’

Cn 18

2000’

A-10C

A-10A Thunderbolt II



Echolon right formation - Four ship

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Eagle 14

Eagle 13

000’ - 6

’

4

000

000

-

’

4

’ 600

0

4000’ - 6

00

’0

0

30

0

30

0

30

0

60

0

60

0

60

Cn 19

A-10 Thunderbolt II



Echolon left formation - Four ship

060

0

30

0

30

0

30

060

0

60

0 ’ 60

400 - 0 0’

0 ’ - 60

400 0 0’

0 ’ - 60

400 0 0’

Eagle 1

Eagle 13

Eagle 12

Eagle 14

Cn 20

Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II



Finger formation - Four ship

0

30

0

70

0

70

0

30

Eagle 11

Eagle 12Eagle 13

Eagle 14

Position may de modifield within

50

0’ - 3

000’

0

’- 3

00

5

0

0

’

500’ - 0

’3 0

0

Cn 21

Mil Mi-35



Wall formation - Four ship

6 - 8 NM

10.000 Ft

Front View

Cn 22

Eagle 11

Eagle 12Eagle 13

Eagle 14

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Eagle 13

Eagle 14

F-35



Line abrest formation - Two ship

Eagle 11

Eagle 12

Eagle 12

0

30

0

30

Eagle 11 Eagle 12

Eagle 12

Eagle 12

6 0’ - 0 ’0 9 00

Cn 23

Front View

Mikoyan Mig-29

Sukhoi Su27 Flanker-B



Refuel air formation

Observation Position

As the flight approaches the Aircraft tanker, the refueling boomoperator will initiate a radio check which must be acknowledged byall flight members. Wingman move to the observation positionwhen cleared by their leader. This position is established to allowthe aircraft in the refueling position complete freedom ofmovement around the contact position. Receivers in the observationposition will maintain a position slightly behind the tanker wingand a minimum of one receiver wing span clearance laterally from

the tanker, unless IFR or night operations require less spacing. For areference, align the tanker wingtip light with the fuselage windowaft of the wing root. Stack vertically to maintain a position whichenables you to see the tip of the opposite wing above the tanker'sfuselage. The IP (Inicial Point) may fly an observation positionslightly aft of the one described above to allow him to observe otherpilots refueling.

This is stage refueling:

Pre-refueling Checks

Pre-contact Position

Contact Position

Maintaining Contact

Post -Refueling

?

?

?

?

?

Cn 24

F-16

F-15 Eagle



Refuel air formation - Pre contact

Fly the position to the pre-contact position:

Wingman 2 takes observation position off lead wing (old deck position).egund element takes observation position right of the On deck position.

efueling order is FL 2 3 4...

FLTanker

Eagle 12

IP

Eagle 13

Eagle 14

Pre-contact Position

Cn 25

KC-135 Stratotanker

F-15C Eagle

Right



Refuel air formation - Mid

Eagle 12

Leader ship

FL

Eagle 14

IP

Tanker

KC - 10

Pre-contacto Position

On Deck position

Cn 26

F-15C

Boom operator Tanker



Refuel air formation - ApproachCn 27

ARCP RECEIVERHOLDING POINT

0

26 LEFT AT 21 NM

TANKER TURNS TO

REFUELING HEADING

ARCP/TANKERORBIT POINT2 MIN LEGS

050 nm : 10

040 nm : 13

030 nm : 180

21 nm : 260

25 nm : 210

20 nm : 270

18 nm : 45

SLANT RANGE/BEARING

2.5 NM

0

35 /15 NM

310 KCAS

0

30 BANK TURN

0

7 / 4.5 NM

Cockpit F-18 Hornet

RED

YELLOW

YELLOW W/RED STRIPES

GREEN W/YELLOW STRIPS

GREEN W/

YELLOW STRIPS

YELLOW W/RED STRIPES

GREEN W/YELLOW APPLE

RED

YELLOW

LEFTAZIMUTH LIMIT

UPPER ELEVATION0

LIMIT 25

18 FT. EXTENDEDOUTER LIMIT

6TEXTENDEDINNER LIMIT

LOWERELEVATION

0LIMIT 40

RED

RED

GREEN

GREEN

GREEN

RED

GREEN

GREEN

GREEN

RED

RIGHTAZIMUTH LIMIT

010

010

0

25



Compass and navigation control

Cn 28

ADI

HSI

ADI- Altitude Director IndicatorHSI - Horizontal Situation Indicator

W 1 0

1 2

1 4 1 6

1

1

11

SW

NW NE

0

S

70

180

360

0

0 7 2 0

0 8 2

0

0 9

2

0

0 0

3

0

0

1 3

0

0

2 3

N



F35

General characteristics

Crew: 1

Length: 51.4 ft (15.67 m )

Wingspan: 35 ft (10.7 m )

Height: 14.2 ft (4.33 m )

Wing area: 460 ft (42.7 m)

Empy weight: 29.300 lb (13,300 kg)

Loaded weight: 49.540 lb (22,470 kg)

Max take off weight: 70,000 lb (31,800 kg)

Powerplant: 1x Pratt & hitney F135 Afterburning turbofan

* Dry thrust: 28,000 lbf (125 kN)

* Thrust with afterburner: 43,000 lb (191 kN)

Internal fuel capacity: 18,480 lb (8,382 kg)

Performance

Maximum speed: Mach 1.6+ (1,200 mph, 1.930 km/h)Range: 1.200 nmi (2.220 km) on internal fuel

Combat radius: over 590 nmi (1.090 km) on internal fuel

Service ceiling: 60.000 ft (18.288 m)

Rate of climb: classified (not publicly available)2 2

Wing loading: 91.4 lb/ft (9 446 kg/m )

Thrust/weight:

* With full fuel: 0.87

* With 50% fuel: 1.07

G-limits: 9G´s

F-35 Variation

F-35A Ctol

F-35B Stovl

F-35C Carrier version

Active Matrix liquidcrystal dispalyimage display

Sensor fusion

Binocular 40 degree bydegree field-of-view

Integrated day andnight camera

Ejection safe to 600knots equivalent airspeed



F35Armament

Guns: 1x General Dynamics GAU-22/A Equalizer·25 mm (0.984 in) 4-barreled gatlingcannon, internally mounted with 180 roundsHardpoints: 6x external pylons on wings with a capacity of 15.000 lb (6.800 kg)and 2xinternal bays with 2 pylons each for a total weapons payload of 18.000 lb (8.100 kg) andprovisions to carry combinations of:Missiles:

Air-to-air:AIM-120 AMRAAM,

AIM-132 ASRAAM,AIM-9X Sidewinder,IRIS-T, Joint Dual Role Air Dominance Missile (JDRADM)(after 2020)

Air-to-ground:AGM-154 JSOW,AGM-158 JASSMBombs:

Mark 84,Mark 83 andMark 82 GP bombsMk.20 Rockeye II cluster bombWind Corrected Munitions Dispenser capablePaveway-series laser-guided bombsSmall Diameter Bomb (SDB)JDAM-seriesB61 nuclear bomb

AvionicsNorthrop Grumman Electronic SystemsAN/APG-81AESA radar

C-130E Hercules Tanker

Weapon bay on a mock-up of the F-35









Documents

Formation Air flight fighter_Engl02_2011